Previous PageTable Of ContentsNext Page

ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

Honey and beeswax

Honey forms a natural nutritious food for rural people. Also, it is used widely for medicinal purposes. Two species of bees, Apis dorsata (rock bee) and Apis indica (Indian bee) produce honey. The former is wild in the montane and submontane regions throughout India. It is a good honey gatherer and a single comb may yield up to 35 kg of honey and 1 kg of wax. The latter is amenable to domestication, but it is not a good honey gatherer. The yield per hive ranges from 3 to 13 kg of honey in the hills and 3 to 8 kg in the plains (Gupta 1994).

About 250 tonnes of rock bee honey and 98 tonnes of Indian bee honey are produced annually. At a price of Rs40/kg, the total value of honey produced is Rs139 million. Beeswax is used in the manufacture of furniture and floor polishes, dressing and waterproofing of leather goods. It is also an ingredient in shoe polish, cosmetics, lipstick and face cream. About 28 tonnes of wax are produced annually, valued at approximately Rs1.6 million (Gupta 1994).

Other non-edible animal products

Lac from the insect Laccifer lacca (commonly known as shellac) is used presently for various purposes in plastics, electrical supplies, adhesives, leather, wood finishing, printing, polish and varnish, ink and other industries. It is also the principal ingredient of sealing wax. Two main strains of the lac insect are recognized: rangeeni and kusumi. The rangeeni crop is raised on several host plants, the most important being Butea monosperma and Zizyphus mauritiana. The kusumi strain is raised on Schleichera oleosa. Both strains produce two crops per year. Lac is collected in two forms, ari and phunki. The former is cut from the host plant and the latter is collected from the brood lac, after being used for inoculation. The lac is then sold as such or freed from the sticks and then sold. The lac removed from the sticks is known commercially as sticklack (Gupta 1994).

The annual production of sticklack is about 14 500 to 20 000 tonnes and the price varies from Rs4 500 to 16 000/tonne (most of the produce sells at around Rs14 000/tonne). The total value of the annual production is Rs203 million to Rs280 million (Gupta 1994).

India produces four kinds of silk: mulberry, tassar, muga and eri. The silkworm Bombyx mori is fed on mulberry leaves cultivated in plantations. Silkworms are also found wild on forest trees, e.g Antheraea paphia which produces the tassar silk. Antheraea paphia feeds on several trees such as Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, T. arjuna, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Madhuca indica. Wild silkworm Antheraea assamensis produces muga silk, and another wild silkworm Philosamia synthia ricini produces eri silk. The estimated annual production of tassar silk is 130 tonnes. Production of other types of silk exceeds 10 000 tonnes (Gupta 1994).

Other NWFP of animal origin in India include horns, peacock tails and wings, feathers, waste from the bristles and hair of pigs, hogs and boars.

Other NWFP

NWFP of mineral origin in India include garnet, granite, limestone, mica, pumice, sandstone (crude or roughly trimmed) and sandstone merely cut by saw and slate.

 

REFERENCES

Gupta, B. N. 1994. India. In Non-wood forest products in Asia. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Jha, L.K. 1996. Forestry for rural development, pp 11 and 16. New Delhi, APH Publishing Corporation.

Poffenberger, M. 1994. Non-timber products and tenure in India. Considerations for future research. Paper presented in the International Seminar on Management of MFP, 13–15 November 1994. Dehra Dun.

Shiva, M.P. 1995. Collection, utilization and marketing of medicinal plants from the forests of India with an overview on NWFPs in Asia Pacific Region. Paper presented at the Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products: Social, Economic and Cultural Dimensions, 28 Nov. to 2 Dec., 1994, Bangkok (Thailand).

Shiva, M.P. & Pandey, B.C. 1998. A potential indicator to augment production of non timber forest products (NWFP) for export and import substitution (export and import trade trends of NWFPs and wood products in India (during 1991–92 to 1996–97). Dehra Dun, India, Centre of Minor Forest Products.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been realized within the framework of the EC-FAO Partnership Programme "Sustainable Forest Management in Asia". The contents are based on available information at FAO headquarters in Rome, as well as on a report provided by Dr M.P. Shiva, Centre of MFP, Indirapuram, Dehra Dun, India.

Additional information on NWFP in India would be appreciated and duly acknowledged.

 

CONTACTS

Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun (India)

Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun (India).

Botanical Survey of India, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun (India)

Centre of Minor Forest Products (COMFORPTS), Indirapuram, Dehra Dun (India)

Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Calcutta

 

ANNEX 1. FOREST SERVICES

The Government of India encourages ecotourism, recreation and wildlife watching. Hunting has been banned almost totally to conserve the fauna.

Table 8. Protected areas in India

Number

Area

National parks (NPs)

85

37 436.58 km2

Wildlife sanctuaries (WLSs)

467

113 691.88 km2

Protected areas (PAs)

552

151 128.46 km2

The Wildlife Institute of India has initiated studies and experiments in the high altitude forests in the Garhwal Himalayas to assess tourism impact on habitats and wildlife for sustainable tourism planning. Information is for instance gathered on the tourist flows in Corbett Tiger Reserve and Dhikala in Rajaji National Park. It has been reported that in Corbett Tiger Reserve, 115 km² out of 521 km² is visited annually by 40 000 tourists (of whom 10 percent are foreigners).

Table 9. Wildlife populations in India

Wildlife

Population

Elephant

More than 10 000

Hog deer

More than 10 000

Mouse deer

1 000 to 10 000

Musk deer

Less than 1 000

Nil gai

More than 10 000

Sambar

More than 10 000

Sangai

Less than 1 000

Swamp deer (wet)

1 000 to 10 000

Swamp deer (dry)

1 000 to 10 000

Tiger

4 005 (in 21 states and Union Territories), 1 121 (in 15 reserves) in 1984; 3 000 in 1995

Lion

284 (in Gir National Park) in 1990; 304 in 1995

Panther or leopard

6 763 in 1989; 212 (in Gir National Park) in 1990; 268 in 1995

White black buck

63 in 1994

Sambar

2 262 (in Gir National Park) in 1990

Manipur brow-antlered deer

52 in 1989

Crocodile

39 (in Crocodile Breeding Centre at Tadoba) in 1987

Ghariyal

1 235 (in Nandan Kanan Biological Park, Orissa in 1994

Sources: Tiger Paper, April – June, 1991 Vol. XVIII: No.2; Department of Environment & Forests, Wildlife Government of India (Tiger Paper, July – Sept, 1989 pp 4–5); Data Centre of Natural Resources and WWF – India Newsletter (1985, 2nd Quarterly); Tiger Paper, July – Sept., 1995 Vol. 22: No.3; Tiger Paper, January – March, 1992 Vol. XIX: No.1, pp 28; Tiger Paper, April – June, 1992 Vol.XIX No.2, pp 31; Singh, H.S. (1995) The Indian Forester, Vol. 121. No. 10, pp 876 and 910; Tiger Paper, July – Sept., 1996 Vol. 23: No.3.

 

QUANTITATIVE NWFP DATA OF INDIA

Product

Resource

Economic value

 

Category

Import-ance

Trade name

Generic term

Species

Part used

Habitat

Source

Desti-nation

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

 

1, 2, 3

     

F, P, O

W, C

N, I

     

Plants and plant products

Food

 

1

Edible plant products

N, I

Export of 3 485 41 MT, Rs.2 683 92 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Oil seeds/fatty oils

N, I

Export of 2 641 39 MT, lakh Rs.61 173 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Oil seeds/fatty oils

Kusum

Schleichera trijuga

30 000 MT, Rs.112 million

Production potential 200 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Pilu

10 000 MT

Production potential 50 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Pisa

Production potential 1 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Karanj

Pongmia glabra

26 000 MT, Rs.78 million

Production potential 110 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Neem

Azadirachta indica

100 000 MT, Rs.150 million

Potential production 400 MT

Gupta 1994

Sal

Shorea robusta

100 000 MT, Rs.200 million

Potential production 5 500 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Mahua

Madhuca indica

25 000 MT, Rs.17 million

Potential production 1 100 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Cashew nuts

Anacardium occidentale

kernel (fr)

60 000 MT p/a

Price for raw kernel Rs.30/kg, for processed nuts Rs.80–120/kg

Murthy and Subrahmanuam 1989

Fodder

 

Fodder

         

Consumption of 229 million MT (1985)

Estimated that India needs about 672 million MT of fodder for a population of 616 million people

Committee, Government of India

 

Product

Resource

Economic value

 

Category

Import-ance

Trade name

Generic term

Species

Part used

Habitat

Source

Desti-nation

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

 

1, 2, 3

     

F, P, O

W, C

N, I

     

Plants and plant products

Medicines

 

Medicines

       

N, I

Export of 42 592 MT, lakh Rs.51 499 (1996–97)

 

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Spices

N, I

Export of 73 046 MT, lakh Rs.51 499 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Perfumes, cosmetics

Essential oils

N, I

Export of 3 554 MT, lakh Rs.17 663 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Sandalwood oil

Santalum album

N, I

Export of 2.00 MT, lakh Rs. 4.65 (1992–93)

Estimated production 1 300 MT

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998;

Gupta 1994

Lemon grass oil

Estimated production 1 200 MT

Gupta 1994

Palmarosa oil

Cymbopogon martini Roxb. Stapf

Estimated production 90 MT

Gupta 1994

Vetiver oil

Vetiveria zizanoides

Estimated production 50 MT

Gupta 1994

Eucalyptus oil

E. globulus

E. citriodora

Estimated production 50 MT

Gupta 1994

Cinnamon oil

Cinnamomum spp.

Estimated production 33 MT

Gupta 1994

Deodar wood oil

Estimated production 2 MT

Gupta 1994

Linoloe oil

Estimated production 3 MT

Gupta 1994

Cinnamon oil

Estimated production 2 MT

Gupta 1994

 

Product

Resource

Economic value

 

Category

Import-ance

Trade name

Generic term

Species

Part used

Habitat

Source

Desti-nation

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

 

1, 2, 3

     

F, P, O

W, C

N, I

     

Plants and plant products

Dyeing, tanning

Dyeing, tanning

N, I

Export of 8 193 MT, lakh Rs.2 765 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Myrobalan nuts

Terminalia chebula

Fr

78 000–100 000 MT p/a, Rs. 15–20 million

Gupta 1994

Wattle bark

Acacia mollissima

ba

23 000 MT p/a harvst’d, Rs.38 million

Gupta 1994

Babul bark

Acacia nilotica

ba

22 000 MT p/a, Rs.55 million

Gupta 1994

Avaram bark

Cassia auriculata

ba

23 000 MT p/a, Rs.35 million

Gupta 1994

Dyeing, tanning

Myrobalans fruit extract (harra)

Terminalia chebula

N, I

Export of 1 127 MT, lakh Rs.249.39 (1996–97)

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998

Myrobalans amla

Emblica officinalis

N, I

Export of 248.98 MT, lakh Rs.53.44 (1996–1997)

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998

Myrobalans other

N, I

Export of 235.97 MT, lakh Rs. (1996–97)

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998

General myrobalans

N, I

Export of 1 705 MT in 1996–97, lakh Rs.427.42

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998

Annatto dye

Bixa orellana

N, I

Export of 109.24 MT, lakh Rs.97.34 (1996–97)

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998

Utensils, handicrafts, construction materials

 

Bamboos and canes

       

N, I

Export of 867.71 MT, lakh Rs.39.69 (1996–97)

 

Shiva and Pandey 1998

 

Bidi

Diospyros melanoxylon

le

     

300 000 MT p/a,

Rs. 15 000/MT, annual value about Rs.4 515 million

 

Gupta 1994

 

Bamboo

e.g. Bambusa arundinacea, B. tulda, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus strictus, D. hamil-tonii, Melocanna baccifera, Ochlandra travancorica

       

When used in paper making or rayon, producers receive about Rs.300/MT Value (potential annual cut): Rs.1 367 million

Price varies with the end-use

Gupta 1994

Agave fibres

Agacia sisalana

Estimated production of 2 500 MT p/a, Rs.45 million

Gupta 1994

Kapok

Bombax ceiba

300 MT p/a, Rs.30 million

Gupta 1994

Grasses

Some 0.3 to 0.4 million MT of grasses could be harvested p/a in India

Sharma 1977;

Gupta 1994

Sabai grass

Eulaliopsis binata

60 000–80 000 MT purchased every year by paper mills,

price about Rs.300/MT

Gupta 1994

Exudates

Gums and resins

N, I

Export of 107 1 58 MT, lakh Rs.50 493 (1996–97)

Shiva and Pandey 1998

Karaya gum; Indian tragacanth

Sterculia urens

N, I

Export of 941 11 MT, lakh Rs.893 87 (1996–97)

Shiva et al. 1996; Shiva and Pandey 1998;

Gupta 1994

 

Oleoresin

Pinus roxburghii

     

N, I

Production of 46 000 MT, Rs.2.8 million

 

Gupta 1994

Others

 

NWFP of mineral origin

       

N, I

Export of 9 380 83 MT, lakh Rs.5 045 (1996–97)

 

Shiva and Pandey 1998

 

 

Product

Resource

Economic value

 

Category

Import-ance

Trade name

Generic term

Species

Part used

Habitat

Source

Desti-nation

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

 

1, 2, 3

     

F, P, O

W, C

N, I

     

Animals and animal products

Honey, beeswax

 

Honey

Apis dorsata,

Apis indica

     

N, I

Apis dorsata honey: 250 MT/ p/a, Apis indica honey: 98 MT,

Rs.40/kg, total value of honey production: Rs.139 million

Wax: 28 MT p/a, Rs.1.6 million

A comb of Apis dorsata may yield up to 35 kg honey and 1 kg of wax

A comb of Apis indica yields 3–13 kg honey in the hills and 3–8 kg honey in the plains

Gupta 1994

Other non-edible animal products

Lac, shellac

Laccifer lacca

Sticklack: 14 500–20 000 MT p/a, Rs.4 500–16 000/MT. Total value of annual production Rs.203–280 million

Gupta 1994

Mulberry, tassar, muga and eri silks

Bombyx mori

Antheraea paphia

Antheraea assamensis

Philosamia synthia ricini

N, I

Estimated annual production of tassar silk: 130 MT

Production of other types of silk exceeds 10 000 MT

Gupta 1994

Importance: 1 – high importance at the national level; 2 – high importance at the local/regional level; 3 – low importance

Parts used: an – whole animal; ba – bark; bw – beeswax; le – leaves; nu – nuts; fi – fibres; fl – flowers; fr – fruits; gu – gums;

ho – honey; la – latex; oi – oil; pl – whole plant; re – resins; ro – roots; sa – sap; se – seeds; st – stem; ta – tannins

Habitat: F – natural forest or other wooded lands; P – plantation; O – trees outside forests (e.g. agroforestry, home gardens)

Source: W – wild, C – cultivated

Destination: N – national; I – international

 

 

Previous PageTop Of PageNext Page