INDEX

Acacia albida 31, 312, 326

Acacia aneura 58

Acacia angustissima 109, 326

Acacia auriculiformis 17, 326

Acacia catecha 418

Acacia caven 32

Acacia farnesiana 326

Acacia mangium 326, 328

Acacia nilotica 326

Acacia tortilis 326

Acacia villosa 55, 104, 418

ACIAR 104, 112, 477, 482, 486, 492

acid soils 96, 97, 111, 133, 138, 160, 161, 164, 176, 203, 324

Acroceras macrum 115, 487, 489

Adansonia digitata 312

Aeschynomene americana cv. Glenn 91, 112, 115, 487–490

Aeschynomene falcata 98, 198

Aeschynomene villosa 495

Africa 4, 23, 31, 77, 88, 110, 116, 122, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132–134, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150, 155, 171, 174, 176–178, 305, 313, 319, 340, 404, 423, 464

African Star grass 345, 418

Ageratum conyzoides 85, 94, 227

agroforestry 26, 253, 465, 466, 471–474, 476, 482–484

Alabang X grass (see Dichanthium aristatum)

Albizia amara 326

Albizia chinensis 55, 104, 326

Albizia falcataria 326

Albizia lebbek 72, 326

Albizia procera 326

Albizia siamea 326

allelopathy 29

alley/cropping farming 161, 162, 425

Alnus acuminata 76

Alyce clover (see Alysicarpus vaginalis)

Alysicarpus glumaceus 148

Alysicarpus indica 148

Alysicarpus rugosus 148

Alysicarpus vaginalis 85, 91, 98, 99, 111, 113, 114, 117, 120, 133, 148, 201

Amaranthus patalas 314

Amaranthus spinosus 314

Amaranthus viridis 314

America 4, 23, 58, 73, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132–134, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 163, 173, 177, 404, 470

Ammalo insulata 223

Anacardium occidentale 2

Ananas comosus 10, 12, 15, 309, 311, 314, 329, 349, 350, 379, 380, 406, 425, 459

Andropogon gayanus 115, 198

Angleton grass (see Dichanthium aristatum)

animal health 165, 253, 376, 393, 482

animal production 2, 17, 20, 22, 59, 84, 85, 117, 119, 132, 145, 209, 233, 246, 248, 253, 258, 265, 272, 279, 284–289, 294, 297, 305, 309, 312, 325, 415, 430, 446, 463, 474, 477, 486, 496

animal size 240, 287, 289, 292

Anona muricata 85, 214

anthracnose 173, 174

Arachis glabrata 112, 145, 494, 495

Arachis pintoi 52, 91, 97, 104, 111, 112, 148–150, 205, 207, 284, 477, 489, 490, 492, 493, 494

Arachis repens 97, 112, 205, 207, 492–494

Araucaria cunninghamii 2, 185

Argentina 158

Artocarpus altilis 314

Artocarpus heterophyllus 312, 314, 326

Asclepias curassavica 85, 182, 270

Asia 3, 4, 20, 21, 23, 74, 85, 86, 88, 104, 125, 133, 134, 148, 150, 153, 156, 157, 171, 172, 176, 177, 224, 272, 311, 312, 330, 348, 349, 404, 418, 450, 463, 506

Asystasia intrusa 57, 85, 94, 111, 270, 271, 283

Athel pines 19

Australia 18, 30, 31, 58, 66, 72, 75, 104, 116, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149–151, 153, 154, 158, 163, 166, 173, 185, 197, 206, 209, 211, 228, 292, 300, 322, 325, 326, 446, 476, 482, 493, 505

Australian Milking Zebu 300, 322, 381

Avocado 11

Axonopus affinis (Carpet, mat or narrow leaf carpet grass) 97, 115, 120, 121, 128, 146, 149, 200, 209, 215, 241, 265, 269, 282, 394, 395

Axonopus compressus (Carpet, mat or broad leaf carpet grass) 17, 31, 51–54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 85–87, 91, 94–98, 100, 107, 108, 112, 114, 120, 121, 128, 145, 146, 155, 200, 209, 215, 241, 243, 260, 265, 269, 270, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 394, 395, 425, 486–489, 492, 493

Axonopus scoparius 199

Azadirachta indica 315, 3491

Bali 5, 11, 44, 93, 104, 109, 146, 150, 152, 160, 162, 174, 183, 212, 240, 241, 249, 259, 262, 284, 285, 292, 361, 380, 401, 415, 417, 418, 420, 490–492, 494, 495

Bali cattle (see Bos banteng)

banana (see Musa sapientum)

Bangladesh 348, 406, 410, 412

Barbados 34, 298

Batiki blue grass (see Ischaemum aristatum)

Bauhinia variegata 326

bees 2

biogas 20, 377, 414, 421, 431

biological control 215, 221

Bitter grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)

Blechum pyramidatum 85, 94, 243

block planting 479

bone meal 316, 334, 336, 341, 347

Boran 296

Borreria laevis 85

Borreria latifolia 85

Bos banteng 240, 241, 380, 415, 417, 418, 420

Bos indicus 294, 296

Bos taurus 293, 294, 296, 298

Botswana 31

Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) 29, 52, 54, 55, 69, 70, 91–93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 121–123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 148– 150, 153–156, 169, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200, 208, 212, 220, 232, 241, 242, 246, 256, 272, 275–276, 295, 305, 324, 324, 352, 353, 398, 477, 488, 489, 492

Brachiaria decumbens (Signal grass) 52, 54, 55, 61, 62, 67, 74, 91, 93–98, 100, 101, 103–106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 121–123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 131, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152–154, 156, 161, 171, 172, 173, 177, 187, 190, 191–193, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218, 220, 241, 242, 246–248, 260, 261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 285, 286, 287, 295, 297, 298, 299, 301, 353, 360, 361, 387, 388, 389, 393, 395, 397, 427, 428, 436, 449, 488, 489, 493

Brachiaria dictyoneura (see Brachiaria humidicola)

Brachiaria humidicola (Koronivia grass) 37, 52, 55, 57, 61, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 103–106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 177, 191–193, 199, 200, 205, 207, 209, 210, 218, 221, 222, 241, 242, 243, 265, 270, 274, 277, 280, 281, 286, 289, 323, 353, 393, 394, 397, 477, 478, 487–489, 492

Brachiaria miliiformis (Cori grass) 12, 29, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 61, 86, 91–93, 95, 101, 103–106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 122, 127–129, 131, 139, 151, 154, 162, 169, 172, 173, 177, 200, 241, 242, 244, 254, 272, 275, 279, 295, 324, 352, 353, 355, 358, 367, 398, 399, 434

Brachiaria mutica (Para grass) 29, 55, 82, 92, 94–96, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 129–131, 133, 173, 191, 192, 199, 200, 207, 209, 218, 200, 241, 243, 256, 265, 269, 275, 276, 277, 285, 287, 289, 292, 298, 305, 318, 323, 353, 384

Brachiaria ruziziensis (Ruzi grass) 55, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 121, 125, 126, 148, 197, 200

Brachiaria sp. 93, 126, 149, 209

Brachiaria subguadripara (see B. miliiformis)

Brahman 139, 150, 241, 260, 321, 322

Brazil 7, 35, 88, 93, 110, 117, 132, 142, 149, 158, 203, 209, 264, 319, 325, 334

British Virgin Islands 176

broadleaf carpet grass 120

Brown Swiss 294, 338, 424

browse shrub 163

buffalo 2, 23, 37, 67, 85, 87, 96, 97, 104, 106, 110, 121, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 155, 165, 177, 178, 191, 200, 205, 207, 221, 241, 244, 265, 270, 271, 279, 280–282, 285, 289, 313, 329, 330, 335, 383, 393–397, 404, 407, 413, 495

Buffalo couch grass (see Stenotaphrum secundatum)

Burma (see Myanmar)

burning 72, 94, 133, 182, 184, 209, 210, 215, 220

by-products 4, 14, 16, 18, 20, 141, 259, 262, 286, 301, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 329, 330, 337, 340, 348–350, 373, 378–380, 382, 401, 404, 415, 416, 425, 427, 429, 430, 432, 442, 447, 449, 464, 485

cacao 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 160, 187, 311, 313, 315, 319–321, 350, 372, 373, 378–380, 397, 406, 407, 408, 425, 428, 455, 458, 459, 500, 503, 505

cacao (cocoa) pod husk 313, 315, 319, 320, 321, 425

Cajanus cajan 314

California 31

Calliandra calothyrsus 55, 94, 104, 109, 111, 160, 326, 328, 418, 495

Calopogonium caeruleum 52, 53, 91, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 117, 151, 152, 226, 270, 271

Calopogonium mucunoides (Calopo) 52, 61, 86, 87, 91, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 111, 114, 115, 116, 138, 139, 150, 151, 169, 172, 186, 197, 201, 206, 221, 270, 277, 488, 489, 490

Cambodia 24

Cameroon 132, 318, 335

Canavalia ensiformis 59

CaO 331

carabao 140, 244, 285, 286, 309, 385, 428, 429

Caribbean 23, 146, 175, 298

Caribbean stylo 175

Carpet grass (see Axonopus affinis or Axonopus compressus)

cash crops 20, 294, 429, 448, 459

cashew 2, 17, 95, 296, 423, 464

cassava 10, 12, 141, 294, 309–311, 314, 318, 319, 334, 337, 340, 344, 415, 416, 421, 423, 432, 436, 441, 459

Cassia occidentalis 227

Cassia rotundifolia 112, 116, 488, 489

Cassia siamea 326

Cassia tora 85, 168, 214, 215, 219–221, 225, 227, 401

Castilloa elastica 85, 182

Casuarina 30

Cattle 1, 2, 11, 13–15, 17–21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 36, 37, 51, 72–76, 78, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96, 110, 113, 116, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 133, 137, 139–141, 144, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 158, 162, 165–169, 173, 176, 182, 184–186, 192, 207, 218, 220, 221, 234, 237, 239–241, 244, 246–251, 255, 256, 260–264, 268–272, 276, 279, 280, 282–289, 292, 293, 295–298, 300, 305, 309, 312, 313, 315–325, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340–345, 347–350, 352, 358, 360, 361, 363, 366, 367, 371, 373, 374, 376–385, 388, 390–395, 397, 399–401, 403, 404, 407, 409, 410, 413–418, 420, 421, 424–426, 429–436, 441, 443, 447, 448, 450, 463–466, 470, 471, 479, 480, 483, 484, 503–505

production 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14–18, 20–24, 26, 29–32, 35–37, 39, 49–51, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 94–98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 112, 117, 119, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 176, 180, 185, 188, 190, 191, 197, 202, 209, 213, 218, 226, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 257–263, 265, 269, 270, 272, 275, 277–289, 293, 294, 295–301, 303–309, 312, 313, 316, 317, 324–326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340, 342, 344, 350, 352–355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 372–374, 376, 377, 380, 382–384, 387, 390–394, 397, 398, 399–401, 404, 406, 407, 410, 415, 418–421, 423–425, 427–432, 434–436, 442, 446, 447, 451, 456–465, 467, 468, 470–480, 482–486, 492, 496, 504, 505

reasons for keeping as brushers or sweepers 21

Cedrus deodara 131

Cenchrus ciliaris 117, 198

Central African Empire 263

Central America 130, 134, 146, 150, 155

Centrosema macrocarpum 149, 487, 488

Centrosema pascuorum 91, 112, 115, 489–491

Centrosema plumieri 488, 489

Centrosema pubescens (Centro) 36, 52–54, 59, 61, 70, 86, 87, 91, 93–96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114–116, 123, 131, 136, 138, 143, 152, 153, 169, 171, 188, 191, 197, 198, 201, 203, 206, 203, 209, 241, 242, 250, 270, 277, 285, 287, 289, 295, 337, 350, 385, 423, 429, 436, 488–490

Centrosema schiedianum 115

Ceiba pedandra 2, 313, 315, 348, 464

Ceratonia siliqua 315

Cercospora leaf spot 152

Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)

chain slasher 222

chickens 166

Chloris gayana 64, 149, 246

Chromolaena odorata 220, 223, 255, 401

Chrysopogon acicultatus 365

Chrysopogon orientalis 86, 91

CIAT 123, 125, 149, 156, 175, 199, 492, 494

CIPAV 412–414

citrus 9, 12, 20, 309, 313, 314, 322, 435, 458, 464

Clerodendron fragans 85, 226, 229

Clidemia hista 85

Clitoria ternatea 91, 424, 488, 489

clove 2, 12, 13, 15, 241, 372, 437, 464

cocoa (see cacao)

coconut (Cocos nucifera) 2, 4–20, 23, 25, 26, 28–32, 35–37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 61, 68, 69, 71–75, 77–79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91–96, 98, 100, 101, 103–105, 108, 109, 110–116, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 131–139, 141–143, 146, 147, 150, 152, 154, 157, 160–162, 164–166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180–187, 204, 209–211, 214, 215, 224, 231, 233, 239–241, 247–250, 255, 256, 260, 262, 263, 267, 269, 270, 274–277, 279, 280, 282–287, 289, 292, 295–297, 301, 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313–316, 322–324, 326, 331, 350–369, 372–380, 382–385, 387–392, 395, 399, 401, 406–410, 412, 414–416, 418, 421, 423, 428–430, 432, 434–437, 455–465, 480, 482–487, 490, 492, 495, 496, 497–506

age 5, 20, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 53, 59, 68, 69, 75–77, 97, 112, 146, 163, 165, 173, 180, 184, 223, 236–239, 268, 271, 279, 285, 287, 292, 334, 344, 377, 390, 395, 418, 426, 430, 434, 437, 455, 459–461, 463, 466, 467–471, 476, 477, 479, 506

area 2–4, 7, 9, 15, 16, 18, 21, 26, 30, 32, 36–39, 41, 46, 49–53, 58, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 93–95, 98, 99, 102, 113, 130, 142, 152, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188, 195, 198, 204, 206, 207, 210–212, 214, 215, 220, 231, 237, 240, 241, 244, 248, 253, 258, 259, 265, 268, 270, 275, 284, 286, 296, 298, 300, 301, 316, 318, 357, 361, 367, 368, 376, 378, 382, 385, 393, 404, 406–410, 412, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 427, 429, 430, 434, 435, 436, 455, 459, 463, 465, 471–474, 485, 495, 497, 498, 501, 505

cattle repellents 75

coconut based farming systems (CBFS) 11, 377, 379, 485, 499, 505

collection 16, 19, 69, 74, 113, 133, 138, 153, 188, 248, 249, 267, 307, 360, 363, 364, 365, 394, 401, 418, 432, 435, 474, 484, 492

commercial production 14

copra cake/meal 20, 262, 283, 292, 309, 315, 319, 322, 323, 327, 334, 336–338, 349, 350, 380, 381, 415, 416, 425, 450, 457

damage by cattle 18, 75–76, 184

density 5, 7, 38, 41, 43, 44

distribution 5, 7–9, 13, 26, 30, 32, 39, 49, 136, 194, 205, 304, 356, 428, 463

drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493

exports 4, 456

fencing 75, 166, 247, 249, 250, 258, 263, 282, 398, 466, 474, 479, 483, 505

fibre mats 164

frond burning 72

frond production 50, 354, 355

growing conditions 462

harvesting 18, 74, 138, 153, 197, 215, 247, 249, 258, 263–265, 267, 330, 337, 343, 385, 390, 407, 416, 476

hedge planting system 499, 501, 502

hybrids 7, 35, 77, 78, 97, 167, 459–463, 485, 493, 500

irrigation 35–37, 165, 378, 379, 412, 414, 416

meal 134, 283, 309, 311, 313–319, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336–338, 341, 342, 344, 345, 347–350, 415, 416, 425, 432, 436, 457

monoculture 5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 77, 353, 372, 378, 381, 382, 384, 385, 458, 474, 482, 483, 500

number of farmers 4

nutrient removal 212

planting systems 5, 8, 78, 479, 496–498, 500, 502, 503

price 16, 286, 374, 375, 376, 377, 388, 390, 399, 400, 406, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 485, 500, 503, 505

production systems 9, 11, 14, 61, 112, 304, 312, 394, 401, 415, 424, 425

rainfall requirement 37

Research Institute (CRI) 13, 92, 284, 295, 331, 359, 372, 412, 423, 465, 477, 498, 499, 505, 506

root damage 18, 69, 184

root distribution 8, 9

shade 11, 17, 18, 26, 30, 31, 39, 43, 46–48, 51–57, 59, 61–68, 88, 91, 93–98, 100–105, 107–113, 116, 117, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135–139, 141–143, 145–148, 150, 152–158, 160–164, 168, 171–178, 180, 186, 198, 204, 228, 231, 237, 240, 250, 254, 256, 270, 272, 275, 279, 292, 295–298, 394, 463, 464, 470, 472, 477, 484–487, 490–495, 497, 503, 505

smallholder 46, 74, 95, 109, 113, 115, 116, 133, 139, 145, 161, 165–167, 213, 222, 224–226, 228, 250, 251, 255, 256, 262, 264, 270, 272, 289, 297, 299, 307, 325, 329, 350, 366, 373, 374, 377, 380, 392, 397, 404, 406, 407, 409, 410, 415, 418, 423–425, 427–429, 432, 435, 436, 448, 450, 451, 457, 458, 460, 464, 485, 499

spacing 7, 15, 20, 26, 31, 40, 76–80, 97, 146, 161, 188, 198, 199, 202, 207, 240, 277, 430, 431, 434, 437, 466, 467, 470–472, 474, 477, 479, 480, 485, 486, 496–501, 505

sprouted nuts 363

suitability for intercropping 5, 93, 372

trunk 68, 69, 73, 210, 313, 315, 330

varietal improvement 5, 455, 460

varieties 7, 12, 35, 46, 77, 78, 135, 136, 140, 166, 167, 174, 242, 295, 418, 459, 460, 461, 463, 496

yield 5, 13, 16, 18, 26–37, 77, 78, 91, 134, 139, 146, 147, 184, 186, 187, 210, 212, 233, 250, 272, 286, 351–369, 372, 374, 377, 383, 384, 387, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 407, 415, 435, 455, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 482, 485, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 503

Codariocalyx gyroides 104, 109

Coffea arabica (coffee) 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 160, 262, 311, 313, 315, 372, 373, 378, 380, 382, 434, 455, 458, 459, 477

Cola nitida 2, 464

Colletotrichum gloesporioides 173

Colombia 88, 123, 149, 155, 199, 203, 305, 312, 316, 319, 338, 410, 412

competition 15, 18, 26, 30–32, 36–38, 59, 61, 68, 74, 104, 105, 107, 132, 135, 141, 164, 180, 185, 186, 202, 209, 210, 218, 221, 231, 276, 357, 358, 360, 361, 455, 463, 472, 484, 498

computer models/modelling 476, 480, 482

concentrates 260, 279, 283, 298, 304, 307, 309, 316, 318, 324, 327, 333, 337, 341, 347, 348, 379, 415

coral soils 127, 152, 168

Cordia alliodora 31

Cori grass (see B. miliiformis)

Cortaderia sp. 466

Costa Rica 59, 76, 89, 120, 126, 134, 149, 160, 320, 345, 350, 485

cotton 38, 311, 322, 323, 334, 337, 344, 432

cover crop 30, 36, 150–153, 172, 173, 226, 428

CPCRI 35, 184, 377–379, 414, 415

creeping guinea grass (see P. maximum cv. Embu)

critical leaf area 265

crop residues 259, 294, 304, 309, 311, 312, 314–316, 318, 323, 401, 404, 420, 442

Crotalaria pallida 227

Cuba 129, 195, 319, 338, 341, 342, 345

Cuphea carthagenensis 227

Cut-and-carry 76, 95, 96, 101, 109, 112, 122, 132, 136, 138, 141, 143, 146, 185, 212, 241, 258, 259, 261–263, 265, 297, 305, 307, 358, 380, 381, 404, 427, 429, 432, 464, 495

advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417

Cyamopsis tetragondoba 348

Cyathula prostrata 94

Cynodon dactylon 66, 115, 296, 482

Cynodon plectostachyus 52, 100

Cyperus aromaticus 85, 227, 230

Cyperus ryllingia 243

Cyrtococcum acoresscens 350

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum 268

Cyrtococcus trigonum 243

dairying 128, 150, 294, 295, 392, 424

Dahomey 356, 357

Dalbergia sissoo 326

Dalrymple vigna (see V. luteola)

Desmanthus 249, 312

Desmanthus virgatus 312

Desmodium auriculatum 298

Desmodium adcendens 91

Desmodium aparine 488, 489

Desmodium canum 52, 86, 91, 96, 101, 111, 143–145, 155, 156, 158, 269, 277, 280, 289, 298

Desmodium discolor 109

Desmodium distortum 109

Desmodium gangeticum 489, 490

Desmodium heterocarpon (see D. ovalifolium)

Desmodium heterophyllum (Hetero) 52, 59, 85, 86, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 128, 133, 134, 138, 140, 149, 153–155, 156, 157, 172, 176, 177, 188, 190, 191, 201, 207, 209, 213, 242, 249, 256, 270, 274, 277, 393, 397, 399, 464, 477, 486–490, 492, 494

Desmodium intortum (Greenleaf desmodium) 52, 59, 91, 96, 97, 101, 115, 130, 142, 150, 152, 156–158, 171, 198, 201, 487–490, 494

Desmodium ovalifolium (or D. heterocarpon) 52, 53, 85, 86, 91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 108, 112, 117, 123, 128, 152, 156, 158, 175, 188, 197, 205, 489, 492, 494

Desmodium rensonii 104, 109

Desmodium salicifolium 109

Desmodium scropiurus 488

Desmodium triflorum 52, 85, 86, 91, 94, 98, 157, 365

Desmodium uncinatum (Silverleaf desmodium) 91, 158, 201

DHP 166, 325

Dichanthium aristatum (Angleton or Alabang x grass) 63, 91, 94, 100, 109, 115, 116, 132, 188, 200, 487, 489

Dichanthium caricosum (Nadi blue grass) 91, 115, 132, 133, 254, 200

digestibility 20, 22, 31, 51, 65–67, 121, 125–127, 142, 148–150, 152, 156, 162, 235, 236, 237, 294, 299, 316, 317, 320, 330, 331, 338, 344, 505

Digitaria decumbens (Pangola grass) 31, 52, 53, 62, 66, 66, 91–93, 95–97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 110, 111, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 142, 147, 150, 154, 171, 177, 178, 190, 197, 199, 200, 202, 206, 210, 211, 213, 215, 220, 236, 237, 243, 246, 264, 272, 269, 279, 286, 287, 298, 299, 307, 342, 352, 361, 387, 389, 395, 428, 436

Digitaria didactyla 149

Digitaria endlichii 488, 489

Digitaria milanjiana 487–489, 492, 495

Digitaria mombasana 91

Digitaria natalensis 487, 488

Digitaria pentzii 52, 91, 100, 487–489

Digitaria setivalva 52, 53, 62, 91, 98, 100, 103, 108, 110, 112, 151, 266

Digitaria swynnertonii 488, 489

Dimocarpus longan 392

disc plough 182, 183

Dolichos argentis 91

draught animals 14, 20, 344, 432, 437

drinking water 20, 21, 125, 272, 316, 417, 435

drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493

ducks 2, 413, 431

dung (see manure)

dung beetle (see Onthophagus gazella)

Durian zibethinus 314

East Africa 88, 110, 116, 132, 134, 143, 178

Echinochloa crus-galli 115

Echinochloa pyramidalis 115

economics 11, 29, 226, 231, 318, 330, 331, 337, 367, 371, 374, 379–382, 392, 394, 406, 415, 416, 425, 483, 485, 498, 500, 503, 505

Ecuador 157, 317

Eichornia crassipes 314

Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm) 2, 11, 18, 28, 29, 37, 38, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 61, 62, 73, 75, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 111–113, 138, 139, 249, 250, 255, 268, 270–272, 282, 283, 297, 311, 313, 315, 329, 330, 366, 373, 381, 401, 464, 465, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 498, 505

elephant grass (see Pennisetum purpureum)

Elephantopus mollis 227

Elephantopus sp. 85, 94, 214, 215, 227, 228, 384, 386, 387

Eleusine coracana 12, 314

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 326

Eragrostis plana 29

Eremochloa ciliaris 85, 86, 91

Erythrina edulis 413

Erythrina glauca 413

Erythrina indica 312

Erythrina lithosperma 326

Erythrina poeppegiana 31, 326, 418

Erythrina sp. 109, 249, 323, 418

Erythrina variegata 326

Ethiopia 188

Eucalyptus deglupta 2

Eucalyptus grandis 7, 58, 59, 63, 64

Eucalyptus tereticornis 38

Eugenia aromatica 2, 435

Eugenia jambos 326

Eupatorium odoratum 85, 270

European cross 296

evapotranspiration 31, 34

exotic pasture (see improved pasture)

facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) 125

farming systems 11, 12, 19, 281, 378, 379, 388, 397, 404, 409, 410, 422, 423, 435, 442, 446, 449, 464, 485, 499, 505

feeding trials 68, 160, 321, 322, 324, 335, 343

feedlot 262–264, 321, 327, 329, 336, 338, 341, 347, 430

fertilizer use 105, 128, 210, 256, 258, 276, 382

Ficus bengalensis 326

Ficus benjamina 418

Fiji 11, 24, 36, 44, 86, 89, 96, 113, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 132–134, 142, 147, 148, 153, 155, 160, 168, 240, 241, 254, 260, 293, 306, 322, 323, 374, 376, 456, 460–462, 504, 505

fire 182, 215

fish 11, 283, 315, 337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 345, 423, 430, 431

fish meal 283, 315, 337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 345

Flemingia congesta 52, 59, 161, 418

Flemingia macrophylla 109

flooding 115, 116, 140, 144, 147, 153, 176

Florida 131, 148, 166, 193, 470, 471, 489, 490

food crops 9, 12, 14, 20, 314, 404, 418, 423, 448, 464, 466, 485, 499

food gardens 207

forage conservation 258, 307

forest plantations 125, 153, 157, 175

Forest Research Institute (FRI) 465, 505

forestry 292, 465, 466, 473, 476, 484

French Polynesia 89

Friesian-Holstein 299

Friesians 293, 297, 298, 300

Galactia striata 59, 209

Ghana 89, 141, 146

giant mimosa (see Mimosa invisa)

Gliricidia ehrenbergii 159

Gliricidia maculata (also G. sepium) 31, 55, 91, 93, 94, 104, 109, 159–162, 193, 194, 201, 267, 305, 324, 413, 418, 434

Gliricidia sepium (see G. maculata)

glycine (see N. wightii)

Glycine max 12, 314

goats 2, 23, 94, 95, 100, 121, 125, 152, 169, 182, 244, 253, 260, 262, 283–286, 317, 318, 329, 349, 360, 381, 382, 418, 424, 429, 436

grain 38, 311, 322, 344, 347, 429

grasshopper damage 128, 137

grass-legume balance 146, 173, 233–234, 247

grass morphology 51, 82

grazing 7, 14, 15, 17–20, 22, 28–30, 37, 51, 61, 63, 67, 69, 72–77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95–97, 100, 105, 107, 109–113, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123–125, 127, 128, 131–134, 136–142, 145–157, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184, 199, 207, 209, 212, 215, 218–221, 224, 226–228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246–253, 255, 256, 258–265, 267–280, 282–289, 292, 294, 296–301, 305, 309, 316–318, 322, 323, 331, 333, 340, 342, 344, 347, 348, 350, 353, 358, 359, 360–367, 369, 373, 380–387, 398, 399, 404, 405, 417–420, 423, 424, 425–429, 434, 436, 447, 459, 463, 465, 466, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476–482, 484, 485, 491–493, 495, 500, 503–506

animal grazing days 243

behaviour 73, 140, 246, 271

early 36, 37, 67, 74, 75, 88, 96, 128, 139, 150, 151, 154, 162–164, 166, 172, 173, 174, 184, 186, 187, 195, 196, 202, 209, 210, 213, 218–220, 225, 231, 256, 329, 331, 344, 352, 355, 399, 424–426, 430, 446, 447, 456, 460, 461, 465, 466, 471, 472, 480, 504, 505

height 5, 40, 41, 43, 44, 74, 76, 85, 93, 97, 105, 109, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–131, 134, 137, 140, 142, 145, 153, 156, 165, 171, 178, 185, 190, 196, 209, 218, 220, 221, 250, 260, 265, 267, 363, 466, 471, 475, 495

interval 61, 62, 64, 66, 98, 100, 165, 234, 235, 237, 250, 260, 263–266, 282, 334, 337, 495

management 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 61, 73, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 96, 105, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 133, 135–138, 141, 146, 170, 173, 180, 202, 210, 217, 218–221, 224, 226, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238, 244, 246–250, 254, 255, 267, 268, 272, 282, 287, 292, 293, 295–297, 300, 305, 329, 360, 364, 365, 369, 372, 377, 379, 381, 383–385, 392, 393, 396, 401, 406, 407, 410, 412, 427, 430, 432, 446, 448, 461–466, 471, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 490, 492, 503, 505–507

overgrazing 76, 97, 121, 130, 136, 171, 219, 220, 226, 231, 237, 248, 255, 268, 466

pressure 61, 72, 76, 85, 88, 120, 123, 151, 173, 178, 203, 237, 265, 268, 331, 363, 486, 495

selective 51, 87, 209, 218, 219, 223, 246, 247, 270, 271

system (see stocking system)

tolerance 11, 35, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112–117, 122, 124, 127–129, 131–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145–147, 154, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173–175, 177, 428, 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493

trials 54, 57, 61, 68, 77, 93–96, 110, 111, 117, 122, 125, 127, 134, 136, 150, 154, 160, 166, 174, 177, 209, 225, 240, 244, 246, 247, 250, 258, 262, 270, 272–275, 277, 279, 286, 292, 295, 296, 301, 316, 320–322, 324, 335, 342, 343, 353, 356, 361, 362, 366, 398, 418, 424, 450, 466, 485, 490, 491, 492, 495, 499, 500

undergrazing 96, 237

zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423

green manure 150, 160, 162, 172, 177

Green panic (see P. maximum var. trichoglume)

Greenleaf desmodium (see D. intortum)

groundnut 12, 320

Guatemala 82, 116, 146, 147, 160, 166, 191, 200, 305, 309

Guatemala grass (see T. laxum)

Guava (see Psidium guajava)

Guinea grass (see P. maximum)

Hawaii 116, 122, 130, 141, 155, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 192, 270, 325, 326

hay 151, 258, 307, 314, 318, 347, 349, 466, 506

HCN 315

heat stress 17, 18, 294

hedgerow 470, 477–479, 503

Hemarthria altissima 93

Hereford 14, 136, 241, 246, 273, 283, 398

hetero (see D. heterophyllum)

Heteropogon contortus 91, 119

Heteropsylla cubana 104, 109, 166, 167, 418, 425, 166, 167, 418, 425

Heteropsylla sp. 223

Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) 2, 18, 29, 30, 40, 46, 47, 50, 54–57, 61, 73, 75, 93–98, 101, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 121, 128, 138, 151, 156, 157, 175, 187, 188, 226, 241, 249, 268, 270–272, 279, 282, 283, 285, 297, 309, 313, 315, 337, 349, 353, 360, 366, 373, 392, 401, 428, 446, 455, 463–465, 476–479, 482, 485, 487, 490–492, 494, 495, 497, 501, 505

seeds 105, 137, 139, 140, 152, 159, 162, 163, 168, 173, 176, 180, 182, 190, 191, 195, 197, 199, 202–206, 218, 220, 221, 235, 311, 313, 314, 423, 429, 440, 441

Hibiscus sinensis 326

Hibiscus tileaceus 214

Hila hila (see M. pudica)

holding size 21, 258, 259, 296, 374, 392, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410

Holsteins 298

Homolepis aturensis 31

Hong Kong 24

horses 23, 142

hurricanes (typhons) 17, 374, 387, 388, 462

Humenachne acutiglume 115

Hyparrhenia rufa 301

Hyptis capitata 85, 215

Hyptis pectinata 85, 215

Hyptis rhomboides 85

ILCA 162, 188, 422–424, 485

Imperata cylindrica (Cogon) 52, 85–87, 91, 94, 107, 161, 209, 210, 227, 255, 284, 286, 287, 350, 425

improved pasture 69, 72, 73, 94, 117, 180, 182, 186, 188, 205, 213, 218, 241, 248, 285, 295, 297, 333, 359, 363, 383, 384, 392–394, 463, 466, 483

India 4, 23, 31, 37, 38, 43, 44, 89, 128, 130–134, 142–144, 147, 148, 171, 174, 184, 312, 317, 318, 324, 325, 338, 348, 349, 354, 356, 367, 377, 406, 410, 413, 414, 456, 461

Indian cross 296

Indian dairy cattle 297, 321, 322, 381, 382

Indian Ocean 132, 143, 153

indigenous pasture (see natural pasture)

Indigofera spicata 97, 495

Indigofera suffruticosa 214

Indonesia 4, 11, 12, 23, 44, 73, 86, 89, 94, 112, 125, 150, 152, 160, 162, 166, 167, 172, 174, 184, 212, 240, 241, 258, 259, 284, 285, 287, 288, 301, 335, 360, 373, 401, 406, 410, 415, 418, 431, 456, 458, 460, 463, 479, 491, 492, 494, 495, 500

Inga edulis 157

Inga laurina 326

inoculation 149, 153, 168, 171, 173, 203, 204

insect damage 177, 254

integrated farming 15, 19, 410, 412, 418, 435, 446, 464

integrating Photon Irradiance meter 49

integrating pyranometer 106

intensive feed gardens 161, 305

intercropping 4, 5, 7–17, 19, 21, 26, 38, 78, 184, 372–374, 377, 380, 399, 406–408, 412, 428, 429, 458, 459, 464, 471, 474, 475, 479, 485, 498, 499, 500–505

advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417

economics 11, 29, 226, 231, 318, 330, 331, 337, 367, 371, 374, 379–382, 392, 394, 406, 415, 416, 425, 483, 485, 498, 500, 503, 505

various crops 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 38, 262, 295, 372, 373, 380, 407, 428, 458, 459, 474, 503, 504, 505

Ipil-ipil (see Leucaena)

Ipomea batatas 10, 12, 20, 141, 294, 309–311, 314, 334, 340, 344–346, 410, 430, 432, 436, 459

IRETA 505

IRHO 97, 150, 209, 280, 282, 289, 357, 462

irrigation 35–37, 165, 378, 379, 412, 414, 416

Ischaemum aristatum (Batiki blue grass) 52, 55, 57, 91, 96, 97, 101, 103–106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 121, 129, 133, 134, 139, 153, 191, 192, 199, 200, 207, 215, 236, 237, 243, 250, 255, 256, 265, 272, 275, 276, 323, 342, 353, 398, 399, 486

Ischaemum indicum 96, 115, 133, 134

Ischaemum muticum 85, 134, 255

Ischaemum timorense 134

Ivory Coast 29, 35, 78, 88, 120, 121, 125, 146, 241, 250, 356, 357, 367, 410, 421, 461, 480, 498, 500

Jamaica 44, 77, 79, 93, 110, 120, 162, 240, 241, 272, 298, 352, 461

Jamaica Hope 298

jaundice 125 (also see photosensitization)

Java 30, 160, 285, 460, 477

Jerseys 293, 295, 298, 300

Jiddu cows 296

Jiffy Pots 192

Juglans nigra 471, 485, 504

Kaimi clover (see D. canum)

Kao haole (see L. leucocephala)

Kapok (see C. petandra)

KARI 423, 424

Kava 11, 13, 459, 503, 505

Kedah-Kelantan cattle 282, 425

Kenya 17, 26, 31, 137, 142, 146, 296, 410, 423, 425

Kola (see C. nitida)

Korea 24

Koronivia grass (see B. humidicola)

Kyllingia polyphylla 227, 230

Lablab purpureus 59, 91

labour use on coconut holdings 12, 13, 17, 19, 21, 82, 180, 181, 182, 192, 195, 205, 207, 213, 214, 219, 222, 247, 248, 258, 259, 261, 263, 294, 363, 366, 376–418, 428–430, 434, 442, 447, 448, 455, 457, 463, 483, 499, 503, 505

Lamda Quantum Sensor 47, 274

land preparation 152, 173, 180, 182, 184, 389, 393

land clearing 180

preparation machinery 181

Lantana camara 17, 85, 182, 214, 215, 227, 256, 270, 401

Laos 24, 317, 330

leader farmers 449, 450

Lecersia hexandra 115

Legumes 12, 17, 29, 30, 50–55, 57, 61, 72, 82, 83, 85, 86, 91–97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 109, 111–117, 119, 121, 123, 127, 128, 132, 133, 138, 141–145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155–157, 159, 165, 170, 174, 176, 186, 188, 191, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205, 207, 209–211, 213–215, 218, 219, 221, 224, 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 244, 247–249, 263, 265, 269, 270, 280, 287, 289, 295, 298, 304, 305, 307, 312, 314, 326, 355, 384, 386, 387, 394, 397, 399, 414, 420, 424, 428, 434, 447, 450, 463–465, 477–479, 485, 486, 487–494

importance of 17, 18, 29, 49, 113, 115, 116, 185, 202, 211, 212, 220, 289, 399, 407, 446, 448, 450

morphology 82, 83, 113

Leucaena diversifolia 109, 117, 164, 326, 418

Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena, Koa haole, Ipil-ipil) 17, 20, 52, 54, 55, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 109, 111, 114, 116, 138, 147, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 191, 195, 201, 203, 204, 248, 260, 261, 297, 305, 312, 316, 324, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336, 353, 355, 384, 388, 410, 413, 427, 429, 434, 436, 495

Leucaena pallida 109

light intensity 46, 55, 59, 62, 65, 66, 101, 117, 156, 224, 421, 498

light transmission 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49–55, 57, 59, 63, 67, 68, 77, 78, 96–98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 110–113, 115, 120–122, 125, 126, 128–131, 133, 134, 136–139, 141–143, 145–147, 151, 156, 174, 176, 177, 239, 240, 254, 268–270, 274–277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 301, 437, 479, 485–487, 490, 491, 494–496, 503

liveweight gain 21, 55, 67, 77, 87, 117, 120, 123, 125, 127–130, 132–136, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 154, 157, 162, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 177, 221, 234, 240, 241, 244, 246, 248, 250, 262, 270, 272, 275–280, 282–290, 292, 301, 316, 320, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 335, 338, 344, 345, 348, 380, 388, 392, 398, 399, 420, 426, 463, 475

living fence 160, 161

Lolium perenne 67, 292

Longan 96, 392

Lotononis bainesii 91, 116

Lotus pendunculatus 115

Lotus uliginosis 466

lychee 96

Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) 52, 54, 61, 65, 66, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 111, 113–118, 123, 127, 133, 142, 145, 147, 152, 155, 164, 168, 169, 171, 188, 198, 201, 202, 206, 213, 215, 234, 235, 257, 263, 276, 280, 360, 488–490

Macroptilium lathyroides 91, 116, 206

Madagascar 143, 146, 174, 319

Madhuca indica 349

maize 12, 26, 294, 309–311, 314, 318, 320, 321, 335, 340, 344, 345, 349, 384, 410, 421, 423–425, 441

Malawi 141, 171, 269, 488, 489

Malaysia 2, 4, 11, 18, 20, 23, 31, 37, 38, 54, 57, 66, 73, 77, 79, 89, 97, 98, 101, 103, 111, 116, 120–122, 125, 128, 130–132, 134, 143, 150–152, 157, 172, 175, 183, 206, 209, 210, 237, 246, 253, 255, 258, 260–262, 264, 266, 268, 271, 282, 283, 293, 295, 297, 299, 309, 316, 321, 322, 330, 349, 360, 366, 373, 374, 378, 381, 382, 406, 407, 410, 425, 427, 456, 458, 463, 477–479, 482, 490–492, 494, 505

Mangifera indica 2, 314, 349

Manihot esculenta 12, 161, 314, 318, 436

manure 17, 19, 20, 29, 73, 75, 123, 141, 150, 160, 162, 172, 177, 207, 212, 256, 263, 309, 315, 350, 358, 361, 388, 404, 407, 414–416, 418, 426, 431, 432, 435, 436

MARDI 54, 75, 89, 97, 98, 112, 132, 210, 297, 427, 464, 478, 480, 482, 491, 505

mastitis 18, 297

mat grass 67, 85, 106, 110, 114, 120, 287

Mauritius 20, 89, 143, 337, 340, 342

meat 14, 20, 21, 24, 119, 233, 244, 245, 256, 269, 281, 282, 294, 316, 347, 349, 373, 381, 391, 393, 397–399, 404, 413, 423, 435

meat quality 244

Medicago sativa 115

Melia azedarach 18

Melinis minutiflora 91, 200

Melochia umbellata 418

Meloidogyne arenaria (see root nematodes)

Merremia 182

Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cattle 294, 324

Mexico 4, 31, 160, 301

Microstegium ciliatum 85

Mikania cordata 85, 255, 283, 337

Mikania micrantha 85, 223, 227, 270

Mikania sp. 277

milk 14, 17, 18, 20, 134, 142, 162, 203, 233, 246–248, 256, 260, 261, 293, 294, 295–301, 305, 318, 320, 322–326, 329–331, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340, 347, 377–379, 381, 388, 391, 392, 404, 409, 413–416, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427–429, 434, 435, 440–442, 447, 457, 464

yield 11, 13, 16–18, 28–31, 33, 35–39, 50, 52–59, 61–64, 68, 72, 76–78, 87, 92, 94, 95–101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 117, 122, 125, 126, 128, 130, 136, 138, 150, 160–162, 167, 174, 184, 186–188, 193–195, 197, 199, 202, 211, 212, 222, 233–235, 237, 243, 246, 257, 260–264, 266, 267, 268, 280, 294–298, 300, 301, 304, 306, 307, 316, 320, 323–326, 329, 333, 335, 340, 352–362, 364–368, 372, 377, 381, 382, 387, 390, 392, 394–396, 415, 420, 424–428, 442, 451, 460–463, 467, 468, 470, 472–475, 477, 480, 482, 486–490, 492, 494–501

milkweed (see A. curassavica)

Mimosa invisa (Giant mimosa) 85, 168, 223, 225, 227, 229

Mimosa pigra 221

Mimosa pudica (Sensitive plant, Hila hila) 52, 85–87, 107, 111, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 145, 168, 170, 223, 225, 276, 227, 243, 249, 269, 271, 274, 276, 282, 287, 384, 386, 387, 399, 401

mimosine 165, 166, 325

mixed farming 11, 12, 15, 294, 353, 354, 372, 377–379, 388, 404, 409, 413, 414, 416, 422, 447

Mongolia 24

monkeys 74, 365

monocropping 5, 15, 377, 408, 474, 475, 498

monsoon 32, 212, 258, 367

Moringa oleifera 312

Moringia pterygosperma 161

Mozambique 356, 357, 423

Mucuna sp. 487–489

Mucuna utilis 92

multicropping 15, 486, 503–506

multinutrient blocks 348

multiple and multistorey cropping 8, 15–16, 141, 379, 458

muriate of potash 212, 258, 434

Musa sapientum 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, 116, 141, 260, 294, 309–311, 313, 314, 316–319, 344, 350, 372, 373, 377, 380, 408, 409, 414, 416, 418, 421, 430, 432, 434, 436, 441, 450, 458, 459

Myanmar (Burma) 24, 128, 133

N'dama 421, 423

Nadi blue grass (see D. caricosum)

NaOH 314, 321, 330, 338

Napier grass (see P. purpureum)

narrow leaf carpet grass (see A. affinis)

native pastures (see natural pastures)

natural pastures 69, 71, 72, 87, 94, 97, 119, 140, 148, 153, 155, 157, 169, 182, 210, 214, 239–241, 244, 249, 250, 271, 274–277, 280, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288–290, 297, 322, 352, 362, 381, 383, 384, 392, 393, 398, 425

Nauru 4

Navua sedge 142, 227, 230

Neonotonia wightii (Glycine) 54, 91, 96, 97, 101, 111, 123, 124, 127, 138, 142, 152, 156, 171, 172, 198, 201, 203, 213–215, 241, 269, 270, 280, 300, 314, 350, 448, 489, 490

Nephrolepis biserrata 85

Nephrolepis hirsutula 85, 228, 230, 256

New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)

New Zealand 67, 72, 75, 125, 185, 209, 253, 465, 466, 468, 476, 479, 480, 483, 485, 505

Nicotiana tabaccum 349

Nigeria 88, 160, 186, 202, 295, 320, 446, 479

nitrogen 18, 20, 29, 30, 50–53, 57, 61–64, 66, 72, 83, 84, 92, 94, 98, 117, 119, 121, 127, 131, 134, 137, 153, 154, 157, 163, 165, 173, 177, 185, 211, 219, 223, 234, 237, 257, 286, 292, 301, 312, 315, 319, 346–348, 354, 355, 361, 365, 410, 424, 463

nitrogen fixation 117, 153, 157, 163, 257

nitrogen transfer 117

nodules 83, 84, 116

non-conventional feed 309, 311, 312

non-protein nitrogen 315, 346

North America 58, 470

North Sulawesi 9, 94, 109, 120, 127, 142, 145, 150, 169, 284, 490–492, 495

North Sumatra 112, 160, 337, 401

nutrient recycling 361, 413

Oceania 4

off-farm income 394, 395, 407, 483

oil cakes 348

oil palm (see E. guineensis)

on-farm trials 117, 449

Onthophagus gazella 73

Oryctes rhinoceros 19, 73

Orbygnya cohune 315

Oryza sativa 11, 29, 148, 203, 206, 260, 261, 263, 279, 307–311, 314, 317, 319, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330–337, 340, 343, 344, 348, 350, 384, 350, 384, 388, 404, 408, 410, 415, 416, 425, 429, 430, 435, 436, 450, 455, 459

rice bran 260, 263, 308, 309, 335, 337, 350, 384, 415, 416, 450

rice by-products 330

rice millmeal 311, 314, 129, 330, 436

rice straw 261, 279, 317, 322, 324, 326, 327, 330–336, 340, 348, 350, 404, 429, 430, 435, 436, 450

Ottochloa nodosum 55, 91

oxalates 142

Pacific 3, 4, 11, 74, 85, 86, 88, 89, 96, 101, 104, 110, 113, 123, 128, 132–134, 139, 144, 146, 148, 153, 156, 213, 223, 224, 226, 254, 272, 292, 311, 394, 418, 449, 450, 456, 457, 460, 462, 463, 505, 506

Pakistan 130

palisade grass (see B. brizantha)

palm kernel cake 283, 309, 313, 329, 330, 349, 425–427

Pangola grass (see D. decumbens)

Panicum coloratum 92, 115, 116

Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) 31, 52–54, 55, 57, 62, 64–67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94–96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 118, 122, 125, 131, 134–139, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 188, 195, 196, 198, 200, 206, 208, 213, 218, 234, 237, 243, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 256, 258, 260, 265, 266, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 285, 295, 297, 298, 300, 305, 307, 316, 317, 324, 340, 342, 352, 354, 355, 356–358, 363, 384, 392, 393, 399, 400, 405, 414, 416, 423, 429, 436, 477, 480, 487–489, 492

Panicum maximum cv. Embu (Creeping guinea grass) 91, 96, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 136, 137, 138, 243, 256, 275, 488, 489

Panicum maximum cv. Hamil (Hamil guinea grass) 57, 91, 126, 137

Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (Green panic) 54, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104, 105, 114, 136, 168, 171, 200, 206, 213, 243, 104, 285, 300

Panicum repens 115

papaya 10, 12, 15, 314, 372, 421, 458

Papua New Guinea 4, 24, 58, 59, 79, 86, 89, 96, 120, 121, 125, 134, 139, 150, 223, 240, 292, 322, 360, 381, 406, 456, 458, 460, 462, 500

Para grass (see B. mutica)

Paraguay 18

Paspalum commersonii 91, 92, 96, 114, 139, 168, 200, 272, 367, 488

Paspalum conjugatum (Sour, bitter, T or Tee grass) 51–54, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 85, 91, 94–98, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 121, 139, 140, 150, 210, 228, 265, 270, 271, 277, 280, 285, 286, 337, 350, 384, 386, 387, 389, 425, 487, 488, 489

Paspalum dilatatum 149, 198, 488, 489

Paspalum fasciculatum 31

Paspalum malacophyllum 101, 487–489, 493, 495, 496

Paspalum notatum 63, 67, 91, 92, 93, 95, 110, 112, 149, 286, 353, 492, 470, 477, 482, 488, 492, 493

Paspalum plicatulum 91, 92, 93, 100, 103, 115, 200, 206, 243, 285, 488, 489

Paspalum scrobiculatum 488, 489

Paspalum wettsteinii 101, 110, 112, 487–489, 492, 493, 495–497

Passion fruit 10, 12

pastoralism 59

pasture

area reduction under coconuts 58, 68, 69, 72, 73

carrying capacity 58, 59, 60, 78, 95, 109, 119, 146, 180, 237, 239, 240, 244, 250, 279, 285, 286, 297, 299, 377, 383, 421, 429, 465, 467, 468, 469, 472, 473, 476, 483, 485

characteristics 5, 40, 53, 61, 82, 83, 87, 88, 101, 104, 105, 113, 114, 119, 167, 180, 218, 221, 223, 410, 463, 466, 482, 492

cost 12–14, 16, 17, 26, 105, 117, 136, 146, 149, 181, 183, 187, 188, 191, 198, 205, 209–215, 219, 226, 231, 233, 258, 261, 263, 264, 282, 321, 326, 340, 343, 355, 366, 377–382, 385, 388–390, 392–395, 397, 398, 409, 415–417, 421, 423, 425, 427, 428, 430–435, 447, 451, 456, 471, 482, 483, 485, 500, 503, 506

crude protein level 143, 149, 236, 237

cutting frequency 264

cutting height 165, 265, 267, 495

cutting interval 61, 62, 64, 66, 98, 100, 165, 234, 235, 237, 260, 263, 264, 266, 495

cutting trials 96, 136, 150

digestibility 20, 22, 31, 51, 65–67, 121, 125–127, 142, 148–150, 152, 156, 162, 235, 236, 237, 294, 299, 316, 317, 320, 330, 331, 338, 344, 505

disease 20, 88, 157, 168, 173, 228, 253, 254, 424, 449, 477

effects on coconut collection 16, 19, 74, 113, 133, 138, 153, 248, 249, 267, 360, 363, 364, 365, 394, 401, 432, 484, 492

effects on coconut yields 29, 30, 38, 91, 96, 146, 184, 186, 272, 351–369, 390, 392

establishment 16, 36, 70, 77–79, 82, 85, 88, 94, 97, 101, 102, 105, 111, 112, 123, 128, 129, 146, 162, 164, 171, 176, 179, 180, 184–186, 190, 191, 193, 194–197, 199, 202, 205–211, 213–215, 218–222, 228, 231, 232, 234, 257, 276, 285, 365, 373, 377, 384, 387, 389, 397–399, 401, 423, 429, 430, 433, 434, 465, 466, 502, 504, 506

disc strip techniques 123

fertilizer rates 213

method of establishment 162, 193, 194, 205

oversowing and sod seeding 209

timing 215, 319

zero-till 123, 206, 209, 120, 215, 270

grazing height 74, 76, 105, 109, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 137, 140, 145, 153, 171, 178, 190, 209, 218, 220, 221, 250, 265, 363

intake 20, 22, 24, 51, 61, 65, 67, 121, 142, 150–152, 156, 166, 237, 263, 264, 272, 293–295, 305, 312, 316–318, 320–323, 325–327, 330, 331, 336, 337, 338, 340, 346–349, 380, 382, 419, 427

mowing or topping 210, 220, 222, 367

nitrogen economy 62

nurseries 154, 177, 188

nutritive value 61, 63, 65, 67, 87, 94, 121, 233, 236, 263, 286, 288, 292, 301, 305, 312, 318, 330, 338, 348, 398, 463

odour 151, 160

palatability 67, 73, 87, 94, 129, 139, 140, 151, 155, 156, 172, 173, 270, 276, 286, 315, 321, 338, 340, 346, 349

persistence 51, 61, 62, 98, 100, 101, 110, 112, 113, 120, 133, 150, 157, 175, 180, 213, 234, 248, 253, 254, 268, 292, 463, 486, 490, 492

planting material 82, 105, 159, 188, 190–192, 195, 196, 198, 205–207, 218, 220

cuttings 70, 85, 105, 109, 122, 123, 127–130, 133, 140, 142, 146, 149, 150, 162, 163, 164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 184, 188–195, 197–199, 202, 205, 207, 213, 218, 231, 394, 398, 436, 466, 492, 495

machine planting 206, 208, 213, 214, 215

size of 9, 20, 31, 37, 69, 70, 140, 187, 195, 196, 258, 259, 268, 289, 366, 374, 383, 404, 406–408, 410, 418, 425

spacing 161, 188, 198, 199, 202, 207, 434

storage 133, 191, 195, 197, 203, 204, 315, 331, 335, 349

types of 13, 190, 203, 206, 218, 307, 397, 420, 446, 480, 503

quality 17, 20, 21, 24, 30, 31, 39, 51, 54, 65–68, 74, 85, 94, 117, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 137, 146, 149, 152, 165, 188, 191, 197, 198, 218, 219, 233, 235–238, 240, 244, 262–264, 271, 276, 280, 283, 288, 289, 292, 296, 297, 299, 305, 307, 316, 322, 323, 329, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 383, 392, 394, 401, 404, 407, 424, 426, 477, 486

rehabilitation 17, 97, 181, 214, 215, 288, 394, 457, 479

seasonality 180, 303–305, 312, 464

shade tolerance 11, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 94, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 122, 128, 129, 131–133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155, 164, 173–175, 177, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493

species selection 11, 35, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112–117, 122, 124, 127–129, 131, 132, 133–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145–147, 154, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173, 174, 175, 177, 428, 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493

for coconut environment 50, 88–113, 129, 135, 136, 147, 156, 178, 486, 490, 502

for drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493

management level 238

tolerance to flooding 116

tolerance to salinity 116

tolerance to waterlogging 115, 142

type of cattle-coconut enterprise 116

Peanut weed or Pistache (Cassia tora)

Pemba grass (see S. dimidiatum)

Pennisetum americanum 141, 194, 305, 432

Pennisetum clandestinum 56, 62, 66, 67, 76, 101

Pennisetum polystachyon 86, 133

Pennisetum purpureum 52, 54, 74, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 140, 141, 146, 150, 171, 172, 185, 193, 194, 195, 198– 200, 243, 259, 264, 266, 270, 297, 305, 307–309, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 335, 336, 349, 352, 377, 382, 384, 424, 425, 432, 436, 450, 479, 498

Peperomia pellucida 277

pepper 10, 12, 13, 15, 104, 372, 377, 379, 414–416, 434, 459

Phanerochaeta salmonicolor 157

Phaseolus vulgaris 314

Philippines 4, 11–13, 17, 23, 29, 43, 44, 77, 79, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 110, 115, 119, 120, 122, 125, 129, 130, 132–134, 138, 139, 142, 148, 151, 166, 183, 184, 212, 240, 241, 244, 248–250, 259, 262, 267, 285, 286, 288, 289, 297, 304, 316, 322, 325, 330, 331, 334, 337, 345, 349, 353, 359, 361, 368, 369, 372–375, 382–384, 387, 388, 390, 397, 398, 401, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410, 418, 428–430, 456–459, 462, 482, 503

photosensitization 112, 125, 286

Phragmites australis 115

Phytophthora colocasiae 503

Phytophthora heveae 462

Pico (see Solanum torvum)

pigs 2, 166, 322, 345, 407, 413, 418, 431

pineapple (see A. comosus)

Pinus caribaea 2, 59

Pinus elliottii 185, 470

Pinus kesiya 2

Pinus palustris 470

Pinus radiata 37, 59, 72, 75, 465–467, 469, 475, 476, 479, 481, 485, 501, 505

Pinus roxburgii 131

Pinus taeda 482

pioneer legumes 152, 186

Pithecellobium saman 312

Pithomyces chartarum 125

plantation 2, 14, 21, 29, 32, 38–42, 49, 57, 61, 63–67, 72–76, 85, 94, 104, 107, 108, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 139, 153, 159, 161–163, 185, 186, 219, 221, 241, 249, 250, 258, 268, 270, 279, 285, 287, 292, 305, 307, 321, 331, 350, 353, 363, 377, 394, 396, 406, 414, 418–420, 449, 455, 458, 459, 463, 464, 465, 477, 479, 482, 485, 486, 490, 502, 504

plastic pots 164

poles 74, 365

Polynesia (see Pacific)

POME 329

poplars 474, 475

Poultry 2, 309, 315, 329, 340, 344, 350, 407–409, 436, 441, 442

manure 309, 315, 350

Prosopis cineraria 31

Prunus avium 30

Pseudarthria hookeri 109

Pseudo-elephantopus spicatus 85, 94, 214, 215, 228

Pseudotsuga menziessi 471

Psidium guajava 2, 15, 59, 85, 182, 224, 226, 228, 256, 314, 416, 464

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 314

Psyllid (see H. cubana)

psyllid resistance 418, 425

Pteridium 85

Puccinia oahuensis 131

Pueraria lobata 94

Pueraria phaseoloides (Puero) 52, 55, 59, 85–87, 91, 92, 93–95, 97, 98, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 128, 130, 141, 150–152, 156, 172, 173, 177, 186, 188, 191, 197, 198, 201, 215, 218, 234, 269–271, 276, 277, 337, 377, 384, 386, 387, 434, 489, 494

puero (see P. phaseoloides)

Puerto Rico 129, 131, 132, 134, 173, 298, 338

pulses 9, 311

P.U.T.P. 415, 417

Queensland 58, 59, 64, 72, 119, 132, 150, 152–155, 160, 162, 172, 180, 197, 198, 209, 264, 294, 295, 300, 486, 490

rambutan 11

rat damage 74

reafforestation 2, 464

Red Dane 297, 321, 382

Rhaphis aciculata 91

rhinoceros beettle (see O. rhinoceros)

Rhizoctonia solani leaf blight 168, 173

Rhizobium 83, 148, 149, 152, 153, 162, 163, 168, 172, 203

rhizomes 51, 66, 82, 140, 142, 143, 146, 190, 191

Rhyncophorous 462

rice (see O. sativa)

Ricinus communis 315, 348

root crops 9, 184, 314, 455

root nematodes 148, 150

root reserves 248

root stocks 85, 142, 190, 191, 195, 205

root systems 7, 26, 83, 141, 191, 219

root weight 248

rubber (see H. brasiliensis)

Rubber Research Institute 477

Ruellia prostrata 85, 243

rumen microbes 166

Ruzi grass (see B. ruziziensis)

Rynchosia minima 487, 488

Sabah 176, 321

Sabi grass (see U. mosambicensis)

Saccarum officinarum 20, 116, 193, 260, 308–311, 315–319, 326, 337, 338, 340, 343–345, 384, 388, 412, 421, 436, 441, 450

bagasse 309, 311, 315, 316, 338–340, 412

cane juice 311, 344, 345

cane tops 260, 337, 342, 384, 430

chopped whole cane 315, 343

derinded cane 342, 343

molasses 134, 151, 200, 260, 307, 309, 311, 313, 315–323, 326, 329–331, 334–338, 340–342, 344, 345, 347–350, 384, 418, 436

Saccarum spontaneum 115

sago 313, 314

saline soils 144

salt blocks 138

Samanea saman 31, 326, 350

sandy soils 32, 37, 144

Sarawak 168, 176

Scamurius sp. 223

Scapanes 462

Schofield stylo (see S. guianensis)

seasonality of forage production 304, 464

seeds

depth of planting 163, 195, 205

dormancy 176, 191, 202

drying 35, 195, 197, 203, 349, 376, 424

formation 51

fungal disease 61, 157, 173, 254

germination 29, 123, 133, 137, 152, 172, 180, 197, 198, 202–205, 207, 209, 218

hardseededness 149, 202

harvesting 18, 74, 138, 153, 197, 215, 247, 249, 258, 263–265, 267, 330, 337, 343, 385, 390, 407, 416, 476

inoculation 149, 153, 168, 171, 173, 203, 204

method of establishment 162, 193, 194, 205

nurseries 154, 177, 188

pelleting 204

preparation 152, 173, 180–185, 199, 202, 207, 209, 220, 389, 393, 437

quality 125, 191, 197, 198, 219

rate 2, 13, 17, 18, 21, 35, 50, 52, 57, 62, 63, 65, 75, 93–95, 105, 119, 125, 133, 139, 140, 145–147, 149, 152, 162, 164, 173, 176, 182, 185, 188, 198, 199–202, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 218, 226–228, 231, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 265, 268, 270, 274–281, 283–292, 300, 313, 316, 317, 320–324, 326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 342, 344, 345, 347, 355, 361–363, 368, 369, 383, 384, 385, 389, 390, 393, 396, 398, 399, 416, 423–425, 434, 446, 448, 455, 460, 462, 470, 475, 476, 483, 495, 497, 500, 503, 505, 506

scarification 168, 172, 173, 202–204

seedbed preparation 168, 173, 183, 185

sowing 70, 128, 147, 152, 163, 171, 172, 180, 184, 198, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 221, 222, 268, 275, 393

storage 133, 191, 195, 197, 204, 315, 349

time of planting 434

treatment 37, 118, 119, 122, 151, 176, 202–204, 215, 221, 248, 258, 262, 273, 274–276, 283, 285, 301, 315, 320, 321, 324, 330, 331, 333–336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 355, 358, 359, 361, 362, 366–368, 382, 386–388, 467, 470, 471, 474, 475, 486, 487

trellises 188

yield 138

sensitive plant (see M. pudica)

sequential cropping 15

Sesbania formosa 326

Sesbania grandiflora 55, 104, 109, 161, 312, 326, 418

Sesbania sesban 84, 109, 312, 326, 329

Setaria anceps 92, 142

Setaria sphacelata 7, 52, 54, 62, 63, 67, 91, 92, 95, 98, 103, 108, 109, 142, 143, 198, 246, 266, 284, 297, 353, 427, 487–489

Setaria splendida 94, 95, 110, 115, 237, 295

Seychelles 20, 89, 144, 212, 298, 316, 410, 430

shade

cloth 63, 486

effects on N fixation 56, 57, 62–64, 93, 122, 153

patterns 15, 43, 46–48, 67, 71, 234, 270, 304, 372, 410, 462, 471, 477, 479, 480

quality of light 39

quantity of light 39, 40, 62

relative humidity 18, 30, 197, 293

temperature 5, 17, 64–66, 135, 204, 293–295, 356

trees 2, 4, 7, 11, 15–18, 28, 30, 31, 37–43, 46, 49, 54, 58–61, 63, 64, 68, 72, 74, 75–79, 85, 88, 92–95, 101, 110, 135, 156, 157, 160–165, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 249, 258, 277, 279, 283, 286, 296, 297, 305, 307, 312, 323, 326, 350, 355, 358, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 369, 373, 387, 394, 406, 407, 408, 412–414, 418, 420, 421, 425, 429, 430, 432, 434, 437, 457, 459, 460, 464–466, 468, 470–477, 479, 480, 482–485, 496, 499, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506

sheep 2, 18, 23, 28, 30, 37, 67, 72, 73, 76, 94, 95, 112, 125, 131, 151, 152, 157, 161, 162, 182, 226, 231, 244, 249, 253, 268, 270, 271, 279, 282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 317, 318, 321, 324, 329, 330, 337, 344, 353, 360, 366, 392, 401, 413, 424, 463, 465–468, 470, 473–482, 484, 485, 491, 505

Shorea robusta 315, 349

Sida 85, 215, 224, 225, 228, 256

Sida acuta 85, 215, 228, 256

Sida glomerata 85

Sida rhombifolia 85, 215, 228

signal grass (see B. decumbens)

silage 125, 162, 258, 307, 314, 325, 330, 337, 338, 436, 466

silverleaf desmodium (see Desmodium uncinatum)

silvopastoral system 30

Simmenthal 421

Sindhi 294, 295

sinhala cattle 241, 295, 296

Siratro (see Macroptilium atropurpureum)

Sisal 311

smallholder dairy development 350, 429

smallholder systems 226, 410, 485

smallholders 19, 97, 113, 128, 166, 171, 205, 258, 262, 265, 283, 316, 349, 374, 380, 394, 397, 405–408, 410, 418, 425, 432, 447, 449, 451, 457, 462, 500, 503

sodium 138, 145, 342

Soil 5, 7, 9, 16–20, 26, 28–33, 35–38, 40, 50, 51, 61, 63, 64, 69, 72, 73, 76, 77, 82, 88, 94, 107, 113, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 139, 144, 146–148, 150, 153, 159, 164, 173, 178, 180–182, 184–188, 191–193, 199, 204–207, 209–213, 218–221, 228, 231, 238, 241, 254, 256, 258, 263, 268, 285, 287, 294, 341, 354, 355, 357, 358, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 373, 381, 390, 410, 412, 420, 421, 424, 435, 436, 446, 462, 463, 465, 472

acidity 107

compaction 19, 31, 72, 73, 192, 193, 368, 369

copper deficiency 213

cultivation 2, 4, 15, 18, 37, 41, 42, 69, 70, 73, 77, 133, 148, 173, 183–185, 210, 365–369, 378, 382, 404, 437, 440, 441, 450, 501

depth 5, 9, 30, 32, 97, 113, 163, 184, 195, 199, 205, 366

fertility 17, 19, 29, 31, 40, 61, 63, 94, 107, 110, 121, 128, 132, 133, 139, 146, 156, 178, 180, 181, 207, 211–213, 238, 254, 263, 282, 294, 331, 355, 369, 390, 420, 435, 436, 446

foliage testing 258

iron deficiency 212

moisture 19, 26, 29–32, 35–38, 59, 63–65, 68, 74, 94, 109, 141, 150, 153, 164, 185, 191, 197, 203, 205, 258, 260, 352, 356–358, 369, 472, 484

moisture deficit 30–38, 50, 76, 185, 357, 358

nitrogen deficiency 63, 212

nutrients 18, 19, 26, 28, 29, 31, 59, 68, 73, 109, 141, 150, 180, 192, 210, 212, 256, 259, 268, 319, 331, 343, 348, 358, 369, 420, 435, 472

organic matter 26, 28, 181, 285, 424, 426, 430, 479

pH 28, 147, 160, 161, 171, 176, 178, 213

phosphorus deficiency 20, 213

potassium deficiency 213, 258, 355,

preparation 28, 147, 152, 160, 161, 171, 173, 176, 178, 180–185, 199, 202, 207, 209, 213, 220, 389, 393, 437

depth 32, 163, 184, 195, 199, 205, 366

timing 184, 185

property relationships 181, 182

temperature 5, 17, 64–66, 135, 204, 293–295, 356

Solanum torvum 17, 85, 177, 181, 186, 214, 215, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 394

Solomon Islands 41, 43, 45, 46, 54, 55, 58, 59, 68, 76, 77, 79, 86, 87, 90, 96, 97, 103, 110, 113, 120–123, 125–127, 129, 130, 133, 136, 139, 144, 146, 150, 168, 169, 174, 184, 224, 239–241, 249, 250, 254–256, 270, 274, 277, 278, 279, 287–289, 291, 292, 358, 362, 365, 366, 390, 456, 458, 460

Sorghum almum 198

Sorghum bicolor 12, 314

Sorghum spp. hybrid cv. Silk 74, 187

sour grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)

South Africa 130, 142, 340

South America 126, 132, 133, 144, 148, 152, 155, 156, 163, 173, 177

South Pacific 11, 104, 110, 113, 128, 133, 139, 223, 224, 226, 254, 394, 449, 450, 457, 505, 506

Southeast Asia 21, 23, 86, 104

soybean 12, 126, 301, 314, 334, 344, 347

Sphaerostephanos unitus 256

spittlebug 126

Sporobulus indica 85

Sri Lanka 4, 11–13, 19, 23, 29, 31, 35–37, 45, 54, 75, 77, 79, 88, 90–92, 109, 110, 116, 120, 122, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148, 156, 157, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 174, 175, 183, 187, 188, 202, 212, 223, 240, 241, 244, 246, 258, 264, 272, 279, 295, 296, 304, 305, 307, 322, 324, 331, 352–356, 358–361, 367, 372, 391, 405–407, 409, 410, 431, 432, 456, 461, 462, 498, 499

St. Augustine grass (see Stenotaphrum secundatum)

Stachytarpheta indica 401

Stachytarpheta sp. 224

Stachytarpheta urticifolia 85, 214, 215

stakes 109, 159, 162, 163, 190, 192, 195, 198, 199, 205, 207

stall-fed cattle 417, 418

stem cuttings 123, 140, 146, 172, 173, 192–195

stem painting 182

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (Pemba grass) 85, 91, 110, 111, 121, 143, 144, 175, 200, 265

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo grass) 37, 51, 52, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 85, 86, 91, 96, 97, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 121, 143–146, 153, 155, 165, 177, 178, 191, 200, 205, 207, 221, 241, 244, 265, 270, 279, 280, 281, 282, 289, 298, 392, 393, 394–397, 477, 486, 492, 495

Stocking rate 75, 93–95, 119, 133, 139, 140, 146, 149, 152, 173, 182, 218, 231, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 258, 265, 268, 270, 274–281, 283–291, 300, 316, 317, 323, 333, 361–363, 368, 369, 383, 389, 390, 393, 396, 398, 425

rotational length of cycle 246, 250–251

overstocking 75, 390

understocking 251, 390

Stocking system 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18–21, 25, 26, 28–30, 39, 49, 68, 73, 76–78, 84, 93, 95, 96, 113, 122, 141, 160, 162, 163, 166, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 209, 223, 237, 238, 241, 244, 246–248, 250, 251, 256, 258–264, 267–269, 271, 276, 281–283, 285, 294–297, 305, 307, 324, 344, 352, 353, 358, 360, 363, 364, 369, 372, 377, 379, 380, 382, 387, 390, 401, 404, 407, 410–415, 417–421, 423–432, 434, 435, 442, 446, 447, 448–451, 457, 463–466, 469–471, 474, 476–478, 480–482, 484, 485, 498–505

advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417

continuous grazing 152, 246–250, 268, 274–276, 286, 287, 387

rotational grazing 246–251, 260, 261, 265, 267, 276, 282, 297, 305, 344, 362, 363, 427, 428, 503–505

zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423

stoloniferous grasses 82, 109, 116, 165, 168, 182, 193, 250

Stylosanthes fruticosa 174

Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo) 52–54, 91, 95, 98, 100, 108, 112, 149, 173, 174, 175, 176, 195, 197, 198, 201, 210, 277, 363, 429, 487, 488, 494

Stylosanthes hamata (Caribbean stylo cv. Verano) 52, 53, 91, 98, 133, 147, 175, 176, 197, 198, 203, 488

Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo) 61, 116, 147, 176, 477, 487, 488

Stylosanthes scabra (Shrubby stylo) 91, 175, 198, 203, 492

subsistence 2, 9, 14, 294, 295, 372, 404, 446, 451

Sudan 176

sugar cane (see Saccarum officinarum)

sulphate of ammonia 258

sulphate of potash 212, 213

sulphur 72, 212

sunflower 345

superphosphate 132, 133, 211–213, 215, 231, 257, 258, 274, 285, 354

supplementary feed 279, 300, 303, 312, 314, 330, 335, 349, 464

sustainability 268, 292, 418, 432

sweet potato (see lpomea batatas)

Swiethenia macrophylla 2

Synchytrium desmodii 157

Synedrella nodiflora 85, 228, 277

T or Tee grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)

Tahiti 148

Tamarindus indicus 312, 349

tannin 155, 156, 349

Tanzania 17, 37, 45, 77, 79, 90, 142, 148, 155, 160, 161, 174, 175, 187, 190, 191, 193, 203, 296–298, 304, 308, 324, 346, 392, 406, 410, 435, 442, 462, 499

taproot 156, 171, 173

taro 10, 12, 13, 15, 459, 503–505

tea 160

Teramnus labialis 91, 96, 143, 176, 177, 489, 490, 494

termites 173

tethered cattle 251

Thailand 4, 18, 23, 45, 50, 74, 86, 90, 95, 96, 110, 120–122, 125, 126, 128–130, 135, 147, 148, 153, 157, 160, 175, 197, 240, 241, 258–260, 279, 287–289, 291, 297, 314, 392, 397, 406, 446, 495, 497, 500

Themeda australis 86

Themeda villosum 85

Theobroma cacao 12, 315

Three Strata Forage System (TSFS) 162, 418, 420, 421

thyroids 165

tickborne disease 20

ticks 247, 250

Tinaroo glycine (see Neonotonia wightii)

Tonga 11, 90, 97, 120, 122, 124, 155, 185, 251, 298, 299, 455, 456, 459, 501, 502

Toona ciliata 2

tree damage 76

tree density 7, 58, 59, 61, 68, 69, 165, 279, 390, 467, 471, 472, 475, 482, 497

tree legume 117, 163, 495

tree litter 72

Trichantera gigantea 413

Trifolium repens 257

Trifolium semipilosum 115, 116

Trinidad and Tobago 344

Tripsacum laxum (Guatemala grass) 82, 91, 112, 146, 147, 191, 200, 305, 309

Triumfetta semitriloka 350

Tropical kudzu (see Pueraria phaseoloides)

tsetse 20

Uganda 142, 143

urea 212, 213, 262, 279, 286, 297, 307, 314–317, 319, 322–326, 329, 331, 333–338, 340–348, 350, 384, 434, 436

Urochloa mosambicensis (Sabi grass) 37, 52, 91, 92, 96, 110, 147, 203, 215, 488, 489

Urochloa panicoides 147

Urochloa stolonifera 487–489

Uroplata giradi 223

USA 66, 185, 470, 482, 485, 504

vanilla 11, 104, 458, 459

Vanuatu 5, 10, 11, 14, 17, 37, 51, 54, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 86, 90, 96, 97, 110–112, 117, 120, 122–130, 136–138, 140, 142, 144–147, 150, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 171, 173, 177, 181–183, 186–188, 191, 197, 205–207, 209, 210, 213–215, 219, 221, 224–226, 237, 239–241, 244, 245, 268–270, 272, 279–282, 287–289, 292, 325, 328, 356, 357, 392–394, 397, 449, 450, 456, 457, 460, 461, 462, 482, 485, 495, 500, 503

Vanuatu Pasture Improvement Project (VPIP) 97, 239, 393, 394, 449

vegetables 9, 15, 184, 377, 380, 406, 408, 409, 414, 416, 421, 423, 434, 459

vegetative propagation 61, 123, 176, 200, 201

Venezuela 158, 293, 305, 319

Vietnam 4, 24, 194, 260, 261, 328, 330, 332, 333, 338–340

Vigna hosei 97, 104, 112, 145, 176–178, 289, 488, 489

Vigna lasiocarpa 488, 489

Vigna luteola 52, 91, 116, 177, 178, 201, 487–489

Vigna parkeri 115, 116, 149, 178

Vigna radiata 12, 314

Vigna unguiculata 12, 59, 314

volunteer species 168, 256, 285, 361

Vossia cuspidata 115, 129, 132, 133, 137, 140, 142, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164, 172

waterlogged soils 115, 140, 156

waterlogging tolerance 115, 129, 132, 133, 137, 140, 142, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164, 172

weed competition 164, 185, 186, 360

weed control 14, 16, 87, 144, 156, 157, 185–187, 213, 220, 222, 224, 226, 247, 248, 254, 282, 352, 366–368, 376, 397, 399, 401, 463–465, 483, 492, 506

weed control methods 21, 26, 163, 164, 180–182, 184, 203, 204, 209–211, 214, 215, 220, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 256, 258, 265, 267, 283, 305, 309, 330, 337, 344, 347, 360, 365–367, 390, 418, 432, 442, 450, 464, 483

biological 5, 14, 26, 52, 72, 163, 215, 221, 223, 301, 330, 412, 418, 448, 485

chemical 28, 29, 52, 67, 100, 187, 203, 209, 223, 226, 227, 231, 330, 390, 412, 418, 426

mechanical 203, 222, 366, 392

weed invasion 98, 107, 113, 136, 137, 139, 168, 220, 221, 225, 228, 292

weeds 7, 13, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, 37, 50, 55, 61, 85, 87, 88, 103, 105, 113, 114, 120, 123, 136, 139, 145, 147, 150, 164, 171, 172, 181, 182, 185–188, 207, 214, 215, 218–227, 235, 244, 254–256, 271, 285, 287, 296, 352, 354, 359, 366, 369, 372, 384, 386, 387, 391, 395, 401, 404, 407, 436, 463, 484, 486, 492

poisonous 182

West Africa 130, 174, 305, 464

West Indies 4, 88, 130–134, 144, 176, 354

West Java 160, 285

Western Samoa 11, 13, 16, 45, 48, 57, 68, 69, 71–74, 76, 77, 86, 87, 90, 97, 101, 103, 110, 112, 114, 117, 122, 123, 126–129, 131, 133–136, 142, 152, 153, 154, 155, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 177, 181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 212, 213, 215, 223–226, 240–242, 248–250, 253, 256, 269–276, 287, 288, 298, 300, 306, 317, 353, 354, 357, 358, 364, 365, 377, 397–399, 406, 456, 460–462, 503

wheat 38, 310, 344, 348, 410, 471, 506

world population 21, 404

worm problems 247, 250, 253, 282, 348, 420

Yellow Vang cattle 332

Zanzibar 45, 47, 57, 90, 96, 110, 111, 114, 126, 128, 134, 139, 141, 143, 146, 155, 160, 161, 168, 171, 174–176, 190, 191, 298, 304, 308, 317, 324, 346, 406, 410, 435, 442, 446, 447

Zea mays 12, 314

Zebu 293, 295, 300, 317, 322, 329, 331, 334, 338, 340, 342, 345, 381, 447

Zebu-Holstein 329

zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423

Zimbabwe 132, 340

zinc sulphate 125

Zingiber zerumber 94

Zornia diphylla 52, 98

Zoysia matrella 85, 100, 111