Experts
Dr. Monique Astier-Dumas, Vice President, Commission d'études des Produits Destinés à use Alimentation Particulière 28 Rue Basfroi, F-75011 Paris, France
Dr. Sassan Behjat, Projects & Development Manager, International Health Department, Ministry of Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Dr. Dane Bernard, Vice President for Food Safety Programs, National Food Processors Association, 1401 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC, 20005, USA
Dr. Michael Bolger, Head, Contaminants, Standards Monitoring and Programs Branch, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
Dr. Christine M. Bruhn, Director, Centre of Consumer Research, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8598, USA
Dr. Junshi Chen, Deputy Director, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, P.R. of China
Dr. Karen L. Dodds, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OL2, Canada
Dr Lynn Frewer, Head, Risk Perception and Communication Group, Institute of Food Research, Earley Gate, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6BZ, United Kingdom
Dr Simon Gerrard, Centre for Environmental and Risk Management, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Dr Edward Groth III, Consumers Union of the US, Inc. 101 Truman Ave., Yonkers, New York, N.Y, 10703-1057, USA.
Dr. Steve C. Hathaway, National Manager (Research and Development), MAF Regulatory Authority (Meat and Seafood), Gisbone, New Zealand
Dr. Romano Marabelli, Direttore Generale del Dipartimento degli Alimenti, Nutrizione e Sanità Publica, Ministero della Sanità, Piazzale Marconi 25, 00144 Roma, Italy
Mrs Debi Mukherjee, Assistant Director General, Food Safety and Quality Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi, India
Dr. Herve Nordmann, Director, Regulatory Affairs, Europe, Africa and Middle East, Monsanto, CH-1143 Apples, Switzerland
Mrs Helga Odden Reksnes, Manager, The Norwegian Food Safety Risk Communication Programme, Oslo, Norway
Dr Jun Sekizawa, Chief, Division of Chem-Bio Informatics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
Dr Stuart Slorach, Deputy Director-General, National Food Administration, Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden
Dr Theodore van de Venter, Director, Food Control, Department of Health, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa
Secretariat
Dr S. Ahmed, Consultant in Public Health Medicine, Greater Glasgow Health Board, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (WHO Temporary Advisor)
Dr Carlos Dora, WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Rome, Italy
Dr Fritz Kaferstein, Director, Programme of Food Safety and Food Aid, World Health Organization, CH 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Raj Malik, 28 Feroze Shah Road, New Delhi 110001, India (FAO Consultant)
Dr Bettina Menne, WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Rome, Italy
Dr Kazuaki Miyagishima, Scientist, Programme of Food Safety and Food Aid, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Dr Yasmine Motarjemi, Scientist, Programme of Food Safety and Food Aid, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Dr Gerald Moy, Food Safety Unit, Programme of Food Safety and Food Aid, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (WHO Joint Secretary)
Dr T. Nakayama, Surveillance, Division of Food Hygiene, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan (WHO Temporary Advisor)
Gregory Orriss, Chief, Food Quality and Standards Service, Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Dr Pakdee Pothisiri, Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand (Chairman, Codex Alimentarius Commission)
Richard Ronk, 10027 Llewellyn Court, Fairfax, Virginia 22032, USA (FAO Consultant)
Mrs Sylvia Rowe, President, International Food Information Center, 1100 Connecticut Ave, NW #430, Washington DC 20036, USA (WHO Temporary Advisor)
Dr Michiel van Schothorst, International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food, Agricultural University, PO Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands (WHO Temporary Advisor)
John Weatherwax, 14933 Excelsior Drive, La Mirada, California 90638, USA (FAO Consultant)
Anthony Whitehead, Senior Officer, Food Quality Liaison Branch, Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (FAO Joint Secretary)
SOURCE | RECIPIENT 1 | INTENT | MEANS | NOTE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Member Countries | Codex Committee | Hazard identification | Official nomination | May include discussion paper(s) |
Codex Committee | Member Countries and Commission | Establish priorities for assessment | Meeting and report | |
Commission | Codex Committee and Member Countries | Approval of new work | Meeting and report | Codex Step 1 |
Codex Committee | Risk assessment body | Request risk assessment | Committee report | |
Risk assessment body | Member States and NGOs | Request for risk assessment data | Circular letter | |
Member States, NGOs & Industry | Risk assessment body | Submission of risk assessment data | Official submission | May contain proprietary data |
Risk assessment body | Member States, NGOs, and Codex Committee | Provide risk characterization and proposed Draft Standard | Report and monograph | |
Codex Secretariat | Preparation of proposed Draft Standard based on work of risk assessment body | Codex Step 2 assessment body (for microbial hazards, see footnote 2) | ||
Codex Secretariat | Member Countries and NGOs | Request comment on proposed Draft Standard | Circular letter | Codex Step 3 |
Member Countries & NGOs | Codex Secretariat | Submit comments | Official submission | Codex Step 3 |
Codex Committee | Commission and Member Countries | Forward to Commission for adoption at Step 5 | Meeting and report | Codex Step 4 |
Codex Commission | Member States | Acceptance of Draft Standard | Meeting and report | Codex Step 5 |
Member Countries & NGOs | Codex Secretariat | Submit comments | Official submission | Codex Step 6 |
Codex Committee | Commission and Member Countries | Forward for adoption | Meeting and report | Codex Step 7 |
Commission | Member Countries | Adoption | Report of Commission | Codex Step 8 |
Codex Secretariat | Member Countries | Information | Publication and CD ROM of Codex | |
Codex Secretariat | Member Countries | Forward for acceptance by Member Countries | Circular letter | |
Member Countries | Codex Secretariat | Acceptance of Codex | Official letter | |
Codex Secretariat | Member Countries | Information | List of acceptances |
(Taken from the report of the 22nd Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1997)
The Commission will:
Circulate the proposed Definitions for Risk assessment policy and Risk profile to governments, Codex committees and interested international organizations for comment, and request the Codex Committee on General Principles to consider these comments with a view to making firm recommendations for adoption of these definitions to the 23rd Session of the Commission;
Request the Codex Committee on General Principles to elaborate integrated principles for risk management and risk assessment policy setting, risk communication and documentation for inclusion in the Procedural Manual;
Once principles have been established, prepare specific guidelines as required to aid in the uniform application of the principles. The Codex Committee on General Principles should be requested to co-ordinate this exercise and all relevant Codex Committees should be involved1;
As the principles and guidelines are established, include them in the Procedural Manual, with the addition of an introductory narrative on risk analysis in the Codex system and identification of the responsibilities of Committees in implementation of the principles and guidelines;
Recognize that the judgement of equivalence of food control systems in different countries is a critical issue, and that Codex principles and guidelines associated with determination of equivalence will facilitate this process;
Until such time as the principles are adopted by the Commission, request JECFA, JMPR and other advisory bodies and Codex Committees to continue evaluating and improving the application of the elements of risk assessment and risk management that they have prioritized for attention;
Encourage further development of qualitative risk assessment approaches so as to achieve early improvements in elaboration of food standards.
Covello, V & Allen F. 1988. Seven cardinal rules of risk communication. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington D.C.
Covello, V., Slovic; P. & von Winterfeldt, D. 1988. Risk communication: a review of the literature. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Covello, V. 1992. Risk communication: An emerging area of health communication research. In S. Deetz, ed. Communication Yearbook 15. P. 359–373. Sage Publications, Newbury Park and London.
Davies C.J., Covello, V.T. & Allen, F.W., eds. 1987. Risk Communication; Proceedings of the National Conference on Risk Communication., Washington, D.C., The Conservation Foundation.
Fischoff, B. 1989. Risk: A guide to controversy. Report of the Committee on Risk Perception and Communication, Commission on Social Sciences and Education. Appendix C,
p. 211–319. Washington D.C., National Research Council.
Frewer, L; Raats; M. & Shepherd, R. 1993. Modeling the media: the transmission of risk information in the British quality press. Journal of Mathematics Applied in Business & Industry. 5:235–247.
Frewer, L & Shepherd, R. 1994. Attributing information to different sources: effects on the perceived qualities of information, on the perceived relevance of information, and on attitude formation. Public Understand Sci. 3:385–401.
Frewer, L; Shepherd, R. & Sparks, P. 1994. The interrelationship between perceived knowledge, control and risk associated with a range of food-related hazards targeted at the individual, other people and society. Journal of Food Safety. 14(14):19–40.
Frewer, L.J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D. & Shepherd, R. 1996. What determines trust in information about food-related risks? Underlying psychological constructs. Risk Analysis 16, 473–486.
Groth, E. 1991. Communicating With Consumers About Food Safety and Risk Issues. Food Technology 45(5):248–253.
Hathaway, S.C. 1993. Risk assessment procedures used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and it's subsidiary and advisory bodies. Food Control 4(4):189–201.
Hilgartner, S. & Nelkin, D. 1987. Communication controversies over dietary risks. Sci. Tech. Human Values. 12:41–47.
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. 1979. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 47:263–91.
Needleman, J. 1988. Sources and policy implications of uncertainty in risk assessment. Statistical Science. 3:328–338.
Paling, J. 1997. Up to your armpits in Alligators?: How to sort out what risks are worth worrying about! The Risk Communication and Environmental Institute. Gainesville, Florida., USA
Powell, D.A. 1996. Eat, drink and be wary, a risk communications workshop. International Association of Milk Food an Environmental Sanitarians annual meeting. June 29. Seattle Washington, USA.
Powell, D.A. & Leiss, W. 1997. Mad cows and mother's milk: The perils of poor risk communications. McGill University Press. Montreal & Kingston.
Sandman, P.M. 1987. Risk communication: Facing public outrage. EPA Journal. 13(9):21–22.
Slovic, P. 1986. Informing and educating the public about risk. Risk Analysis. 6(4):403–415.
Slovic, P. 1987. Perception of risk. Science. 236:280–285.
Slovic, P. 1990. The Legitimacy of Public Perceptions of Risk. Journal of Pesticide Reform 10(1):13–15.
FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS
FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPERS
1/1 | Review of food consumption surveys 1977 - Vol. 1. Europe, North America, Oceania, 1977 (E) |
1/2 | Review of food consumption surveys 1977 - Vol. 2. Africa, Latin America, Near East, Far East, 1979 (E) |
2 | Report of the joint FAO/WHO/UNEP conference on mycotoxins, 1977 (E F S) |
3 | Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on dietary fats and oils in human nutrition, 1977 (E F S) |
4 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of thickening agents, anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants and emulsifiers, 1978 (E) |
5 | JECFA - guide to specifications, 1978 (E F) |
5 Rev. 1 | JECFA - guide to specifications, 1983 (E F) |
5 Rev. 2 | JECFA - guide to specifications, 1991 (E) |
6 | The feeding of workers in developing countries, 1976 (E S) |
7 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, enzyme preparations and other food additives, 1978 (E F) |
8 | Women in food production, food handling and nutrition, 1979 (E F S) |
9 | Arsenic and tin in foods: reviews of commonly used methods of analysis, 1979 (E) |
10 | Prevention of mycotoxins, 1979 (E F S) |
11 | The economic value of breast-feeding, 1979 (E F) |
12 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, flavouring agents and other food additives, 1979 (E F) |
13 | Perspective on mycotoxins, 1979 (E F S) |
14 | Manuals of food quality control: |
14/1 | Food control laboratory, 1979 (Ar E) |
14/1 Rev. 1 | The food control laboratory, 1986 (E) |
14/2 | Additives, contaminants, techniques, 1980 (E) |
14/3 | Commodities, 1979 (E) |
14/4 | Microbiological analysis, 1979 (E F S) |
14/5 | Food inspection, 1981 (Ar E) (Rev. 1984, E S) |
14/6 | Food for export, 1979 (E S) |
14/6 Rev. 1 | Food for export, 1990 (E S) |
14/7 | Food analysis: general techniques, additives, contaminants and composition, 1986 (C E) |
14/8 | Food analysis: quality, adulteration and tests of identity, 1986 (E) |
14/9 | Introduction to food sampling, 1988 (Ar C E F S) |
14/10 | Training in mycotoxins analysis, 1990 (E S) |
14/11 | Management of food control programmes, 1991 (E) |
14/12 | Quality assurance in the food control microbiological laboratory, 1992 (E F S) |
14/13 | Pesticide residue analysis in the food control laboratory, 1993 (E F) |
14/14 | Quality assurance in the food control chemical laboratory, 1993 (E) |
14/15 | Imported food inspection, 1993 (E F) |
14/16 | Radionuclides in food, 1994 (E) |
14/17 | Unacceptable visible can defects - a pictorial manual, 1998 (E F S) |
15 | Carbohydrates in human nutrition, 1980 (E F S) |
16 | Analysis of food consumption survey data for developing countries, 1980 (E F S) |
17 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of sweetening agents, emulsifying agents, flavouring agents and other food additives, 1980 (E F) |
18 | Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1981 (E) |
18 Rev. 1 | Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1984 (E) |
18 Rev. 2 | Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1987 (E) |
18 Rev. 3 | Bibliography of food consumption surveys, 1990 (E) |
19 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of carrier solvents, emulsifiers and stabilizers, enzyme preparations, flavouring agents, food colours, sweetening agents and other food additives, 1981 (E F) |
20 | Legumes in human nutrition, 1982 (E F S) |
21 | Mycotoxin surveillance - a guideline, 1982 (E) |
22 | Guidelines for agricultural training curricula in Africa, 1982 (E F) |
23 | Management of group feeding programmes, 1982 (E F P S) |
23 Rev. 1 | Food and nutrition in the management of group feeding programmes, 1993 (E F S) |
24 | Evaluation of nutrition interventions, 1982 (E) |
25 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of buffering agents, salts; emulsifiers, thickening agents, stabilizers; flavouring agents, food colours, sweetening agents and miscellaneous food additives, 1982 (E F) |
26 | Food composition tables for the Near East, 1983 (E) |
27 | Review of food consumption surveys 1981, 1983 (E) |
28 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of buffering agents, salts, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickening agents, extraction solvents, flavouring agents, sweetening agents and miscellaneous food additives, 1983 (E F) |
29 | Post-harvest losses in quality of food grains, 1983 (E F) |
30 | FAO/WHO food additives data system, 1984 (E) |
30 Rev. 1 | FAO/WHO food additives data system, 1985 (E) |
31/1 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food colours, 1984 (E F) |
31/2 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of food additives, 1984 (E F) |
32 | Residues of veterinary drugs in foods, 1985 (E/F/S) |
33 | Nutritional implications of food aid: an annotated bibliography, 1985 (E) |
34 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1986 (E F) |
35 | Review of food consumption surveys 1985, 1986 (E) |
36 | Guidelines for can manufacturers and food canners, 1986 (E) |
37 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1986 (E F) |
38 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1988 (E) |
39 | Quality control in fruit and vegetable processing, 1988 (E F S) |
40 | Directory of food and nutrition institutions in the Near East, 1987 (E) |
41 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods, 1988 (E) |
41/2 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-fourth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1990 (E) |
41/3 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-sixth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1991 (E) |
41/4 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Thirty-eighth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1991 (E) |
41/5 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Fortieth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1993 (E) |
41/6 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-second meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1994 (E) |
41/7 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-third meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1994 (E) |
41/8 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-fifth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1996 (E) |
41/9 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-seventh meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1997 (E) |
41/10 | Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Forty-eighth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1998 (E) |
42 | Traditional food plants, 1988 (E) |
42/1 | Edible plants of Uganda. The value of wild and cultivated plants as food, 1989 (E) |
43 | Guidelines for agricultural training curricula in Arab countries, 1988 (Ar) |
44 | Review of food consumption surveys 1988, 1988 (E) |
45 | Exposure of infants and children to lead, 1989 (E) |
46 | Street foods, 1990 (E/F/S) |
47/1 | Utilization of tropical foods: cereals, 1989 (E F S) |
47/2 | Utilization of tropical foods: roots and tubers, 1989 (E F S) |
47/3 | Utilization of tropical foods: trees, 1989 (E F S) |
47/4 | Utilization of tropical foods: tropical beans, 1989 (E F S) |
47/5 | Utilization of tropical foods: tropical oil seeds, 1989 (E F S) |
47/6 | Utilization of tropical foods: sugars, spices and stimulants, 1989 (E F S) |
47/7 | Utilization of tropical foods: fruits and leaves, 1990 (E F S) |
47/8 | Utilization of tropical foods: animal products, 1990 (E F S) |
48 | Number not assigned |
49 | JECFA specifications for identity and purity of certain food additives, 1990 (E) |
50 | Traditional foods in the Near East, 1991 (E) |
51 | Protein quality evaluation. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 1991 (E F) |
52/1 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Vol. 1, 1993 (E) |
52/2 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Vol. 2. 1993 (E) |
52 Add. 1 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 1, 1992 (E) |
52 Add. 2 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 2, 1993 (E) |
52 Add. 3 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 3, 1995 (E) |
52 Add. 4 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 4, 1996 (E) |
52 Add. 5 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 5, 1997 (E) |
52 Add. 6 | Compendium of food additive specifications - Addendum 6, 1998 (E) |
53 | Meat and meat products in human nutrition in developing countries, 1992 (E) |
54 | Number not assigned |
55 | Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn, 1993 (E) |
56 | Body mass index - A measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults, 1994 (E F S) |
57 | Fats and oils in human nutrition, 1995 (Ar E F S) |
58 | The use of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) principles in food control, 1995 (E F S) |
59 | Nutrition education for the public, 1995 (E F S) |
60 | Food fortification: technology and quality control, 1996 (E) |
61 | Biotechnology and food safety, 1996 (E) |
62 | Nutrition education for the public - Discussion papers of the FAO Expert Consultation, 1996 (E) |
63 | Street foods, 1997 (E/F/S) |
64 | Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995 - A compendium, 1997 (E) |
65 | Risk management and food safety, 1997 (E) |
66 | Carbohydrates in human nutrition, 1998 (E) |
67 | Les activités nutritionnelles au niveau communautaire - Expériences dans les pays du Sahel, 1998 (F) |
68 | Validation of analytical methods for food control, 1998 (E) |
69 | Animal feeding and food safety, 1998 (E) |
70 | The application of risk communication to food standards and safety matters, 1999 (E) |
Availability: February 1999
Ar - Arabic
C - Chinese
E - English
F - French
P - Portuguese
S - Spanish
Multil - Multilingual
* Out of print
** In preparation
The FAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents or directly from Sales and Marketing Group, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.