APPENDIX 9 - Tables

Table 1: Post-UNCED International Instruments

Instrument	In Force	Legal Status	Signature/Ratification^[312]
1982 Convention	16 November 1994	Binding	157S 137R
1993 FAO Compliance Agreement	Not in Force	Binding	22 of 25 required acceptances
1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement	11 December 2001	Binding	59S 30R
1995 FAO Code of Conduct	Voluntary	Non-Binding
2001 FAO International Plan of Action on IUU Fishing	Voluntary	Non-Binding

Table 2: Key Flag State Responsibilities in International Instruments

Provision in five agreements	Instrument	Reference
Maintain a register or record of fishing vessels	UN Fish Stocks Agreement 1982 Convention Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct IPOA-IUU	18.3(c) 94.2(a) IV 8.2.1 42
Provisions in four agreements	Instrument	Reference
Ensure that vessels do not undermine effectiveness of conservation and management measures.	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct IPOA-IUU	18.1 III.1(a) 6.11 34, 48
Authorize vessels for fishing where it is able to exercise effective flag State control to ensure proper application of international instruments	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct IPOA-IUU	18.2 III.3 6.11 35, 44
Cooperation among States to ensure compliance with and enforcement of conservation and management measures.	UN Fish Stocks Agreement 1982 Convention Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct	20.1 118 V.1 6.12, 7.1.3
Provisions in three agreements	Instrument	Reference
Ensure that vessels comply with subregional and regional conservation and management measures.	UN Fish Stocks Agreement 1982 Convention Code of Conduct	18.1 117 6.10
Licensing or authorizations to fish required	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Code of Conduct IPOA-IUU	18.3(a) 8.1.1, 8.2.2 45
Marking fishing vessels and fishing gear	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct	18.3(d) III.6 8.2.3, 8.2.4
Recoding and reporting of fisheries data	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct	18.3(e) III.7 6.11, 8.1.3
Enforcement measure to include sanctions of sufficient severity to secure compliance and discourage violations, deprive offenders of benefits accruing from illegal activities and may permit refusal, withdrawal or suspension of fishing authorizations if appropriate.	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Compliance Agreement Code of Conduct	19.2 III.8 8.2.7
Establish effective mechanisms for monitoring, surveillance, control and enforcement to ensure compliance with conservation and management measures	UN Fish Stocks Agreement Code of Conduct IPOA-IUU	18.3(g) 7.1.7, 7.7.3, 8.1.4 51
Provisions in two agreements	Instrument	Reference
Restrictions on reflagging vessels	Compliance Agreement IPOA-IUU	III.5 36, 38, 39
Adopt laws, regulations or policies re fisheries management on high seas or in zones of other States	UN Fish Stocks Code of Conduct	18.3(b) 6.13, 7.7.1

Table 3: Registration revenue received by some open registry States from fishing and merchant vessels.^[313]

State	Fishing Vessels #	All Vessels #	Gross Revenue (all)	Gross Revenue (Fishing)	Fishing Revenue as %
Antigua and Barbuda	1	556	1,696,600	2,200	0.13
Bahamas	6	1284	4,424,100	13,200	0.3
Barbados	5	77	229,400	11,000	4.8
Belize	211	1124	2,840,300	498,700	17.56
Bermuda	2	148	535,400	4,400	0.82
Cayman Islands	2	141	412,200	4,400	1.07
Channel Islands	7	29	63,800	15,400	24.14
Cyprus	35	1625	5,661,800	95,600	1.69
Equatorial Guinea	55	73	163,000	121,000	74.23
Gibraltar	0	28	79,900	0	0
Honduras	486	1462	3,400,900	1,075,800	31.63
China, Hong Kong, SAR	0	392	1,163,300	0	0
Isle of Man	1	221	730,700	2,200	0.3
Liberia	2	1736	6,473,300	5,000	0.08
Malta	9	1418	4,991,900	23,400	0.47
Marshall Islands	11	200	657,200	30,200	4.6
Netherlands Antilles	14	137	423,200	35,000	8.27
Panama	321	6155	19,918,700	732,900	3.68
Singapore	4	1683	4,923,600	8,800	0.18
St Vincent	130	1341	3,945,300	317,800	8.06
Vanuatu	33	287	782,000	86,100	11.01
Total	1335	20117	63,516,600	3,083,100	4.85

Table 4: Benefits Advertised to Shipowners of Registering in some Open Registry States.^[314]

Registration advantage	Antigua and Barbuda	Belize	Cambodia	Cayman Islands	Costa Rica	Honduras	Malta	Marshall Islands	Neth. Antilles	Panama	St. Vincent
Limited or no vessel restrictions (age, class, size, type)	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y			Y	Y
Exemptions	Y										Y
Favourable Tax	Y		Y	Y	Y		Y		Y
Low registration & administration fees			Y	Y			Y		Y	Y
No, or easy to meet, nationality requirements		Y	Y			Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Quick & efficient registration procedure	Y	Y	Y	Y		Y		Y	Y
Flexible manning requirements					Y	Y	Y				Y
Bareboat charter registration							Y	Y		Y

Table 5: Number of Fishing Vessels, Fishing Vessels as percent of all Vessels on some Open Registers for 1997 and 2001. ^[315]

State	1997		2001
	# Fishing Vessels	Fishing vessels as % of all vessels	# Fishing Vessels	Fishing vessels as % of all vessels
Honduras	423	33.2	396	33.5
Panama	422	5.2	229	3.7
Belize	145	18.8	481	31.7
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	130	9.7	165	12.5
Eq. Guinea	55	75.3	51	85.0
Cyprus	35	2.2	61	4.3
Vanuatu	27	11.5	55	17.4
Neth Antilles	14	10.2	24	13.6
Marshall Islands	11	5.5	10	2.8
Malta	9	0.6	8	0.6
Channel Islands	7	24.1	3	42.9
Bahamas	6	0.5	6	0.5
Barbados	5	6.5	5	7.4
Singapore	4	0.2	4	0.2
Liberia	2	0.1	4	0.3
Bermuda	2	1.4	1	0.8
Isle of Man	1	0.5	1	0.4
Antigua & Barbuda	1	0.2	1	0.1
China, Hong Kong, SAR	0	0	1	0.2
Gibraltar	0	0	1	1.3
Total	1299		1507

Table 6: Tonnage Range of Fishing Vessels under some Open Registers.^[316]

Size Range (GRT)	100-149	150-199	200-299	300-499	499-1000	1000-1500	1500-4000	4000-10000	10000-30000	> 30000
Panama	66	42	62	63	48	12	25	3	0	0
Honduras	140	36	79	128	92	2	9	0	0	0
Belize	33	23	41	30	37	10	30	7	0	0
St. Vincent	49	11	18	8	12	3	15	14	0	0
Vanuatu	3	0	1	2	9	11	4	3	0	0
Marshall Islands	1	0	0	0	0	1	9	0	0	0
Liberia	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
Total	292	113	201	231	198	39	93	27	0	0

Table 7: Tonnage Range of All Vessels under some Open Registers.^[317]

Size Range (GRT)	100-149	150-199	200-299	300-499	499-1000	1000-1500	1500-4000	4000-10000	10000-30000	> 30000
Panama	156	210	262	405	375	246	925	1245	1294	1037
Honduras	191	149	168	416	274	110	125	25	4	0
Belize	65	96	105	184	223	125	219	67	38	2
St. Vincent	71	36	92	75	155	125	302	250	197	38
Vanuatu	15	4	24	13	89	52	22	20	34	14
Marshall Islands	7	3	6	7	27	7	27	6	34	76
Liberia	2	3	6	3	26	32	71	218	699	676
Total	507	501	663	1103	1169	697	1691	1831	2300	1843

Table 8: Summary of Responses to Questionnaire by Belize, Cook Islands, Malta and Vanuatu

Question	Belize	Cook Islands	Malta	Vanuatu
No. of fishing vessels on register^[318]	402	6	88	122
Agency	International Merchant Marine of Belize	Cook Islands Maritime & Shipping Registry Limited (CIMSRL)	Malta Maritime Authority	Vanuatu Maritime Services Ltd.
Legislation	Registration of Merchant Ships	Shipping Act 1989, as amended	Merchant Shipping Act	Maritime Act
Application Process	Yes^[319]	Yes^[320]	Yes^[321]	Yes^[322]
Any restrictions?	Age of Vessel Vessel must be wholly owned by Maltese citizens or Maltese bodies corporate^[323]	Age of vessel and classification society requirements	Age of Vessel	Age of vessel Ownership Vessel ^[324] Vessel must be safe and seaworthy
Special requirements for Fishing Vessels	Complete a fishing vessel data form as part of application process	No	Must be licensed to fish prior to registration; only vessels 6 metres and over must be registered	No
Deregistration for non-compliance	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Types of Fishing Vessels Registered	Fishing vessels, fish factory and fish freezer vessels	High seas factory trawlers, coastal trawlers, surface longliners	Mostly small artisanal fishing vessels	Longliners, purse seiners, shrimpers, crabbers, factory trawlers/processors and research vessels

Table 9: Estimated Unreported Catch as a Percentage of Estimated Total Catch in the CCAMLR Convention Area.^[325]

	Subarea or Division
Years	Subarea 58.6	Subarea 58.7	Division 58.5.1	Division 58.5.2	Subarea 48.3
1996/97	98	84	30	90	0
1997/98	91	62	71	74	0
1998/99	49	41	10	3	7
1999/00	74	23	30	24	8
2000/01	31	17	39	48	8

Table 10: Summary of Offences by Belize Flagged Vessels

State	Offence	Type of Vessel	Location	Action Taken
Belize	Non-compliance with fishing regulations (IATTC)	Fishing Vessel Dec 10, 1997	N/A	Deregistration
Belize	Non-compliance with fishing regulations (IATTC)	Fishing Vessel Dec 10, 1997	N/A	Deregistration
Belize	Non-compliance with fishing regulations (IATTC)	Fishing Vessel Dec 10, 1997	N/A	Deregistration
Belize	Illegally fishing protected toothfish	Fishing	Australia’s EEZ	$50,000 fine
Belize	Illegally fishing protected toothfish	Fishing February 8, 1999	Mauritius	$30,000 fine followed by deregistration
Belize	Violation of fishing regulations in EEZ Kerguelen	Fishing	French territories of Australia and Antarctica	Deregistration
Belize	Repeated violations of fishing regulations	Fishing	France	Seized by French authorities, deregistered
Belize	Violation of fishing regulations in protected area	Fishing	7 nm outside Australia EEZ	$15,000 fine, subsequent suspension and deregistration
Belize	Longline fishing for tuna in violation of ICCAT regulations	Fishing	780 nm west of Luanda, Angola	$20,000 fine, reduced to $10,000 and vessel deregistered
Belize	Violation of ICCAT regulations	Fishing	400 nm west of Angola	$15,000 fine Fine paid and subsequently deregistered
Belize	Illegal fishing in CCAMLR area	Fishing	CCAMLR statistical sub-area 48.3	Deregistration after reports that vessel re-flagged to another registry without consent of IMMARBE
Belize	Illegal fishing for orange roughy in South Tasman Rise conservation and management area	Fishing	South Tasman Rise	Deregistered
Belize	Drug trafficking	Fishing	Miami, USA	Deregistered
Belize	Non-compliance with Administration’s repeated requests for general inspection of the vessel	Fishing	N/a	Deregistered
Belize	Non-compliance with Administration’s repeated requests for general inspection of the vessel	Fishing	N/a	Deregistered
Belize	Illegal fishing reported by CCAMLR	Fishing	N/a	None - no official report
Belize	Illegal fishing reported by CCAMLR	Fishing	N/a	None - no official report
Belize	Non-compliance with Administration’s repeated requests for general inspection of the vessel	Fishing	N/a	Deregistered
Cook Islands	Several offences including certification and safety violations, and general poor condition of vessel	Coastal Trawler	New Zealand	Vessel detained until all matters remedied. Vessel still detained and under negotiation to be sold. Owners have 3 months to remedy.
Vanuatu	Operating in restricted area	N/A	CCAMLR Toothfish Area	3 vessels de-listed and removed from registry.

Table 11: Enforcement measures by CCAMLR.

Open Registry State	CCAMLR Action	Outcome
Belize	Advised Belize of sightings of five fishing vessels in the Convention Area and of their failure to comply with CCAMLR Conservation Measures.	Belize deleted four IUU vessels from its registry and warned fifth vessels of deregistration.
Panama	Issued several submissions on IUU fishing activities	Panama provided CCAMLR with a list of all its vessels licensed to fish on the high seas in the Southern Ocean. Panama also advised that no licences have been currently issued to any of their vessels for fishing in waters in the CCAMLR Convention Area.
Vanuatu	In 1997 and 1998 CCAMLR advised Vanuatu of sightings in the Convention Area of three Vanuatu-flagged fishing vessels.	Vanuatu stated that vessels which are proved to have violated the CCAMLR Convention will be considered for suspension or deletion from the Vanuatu registry. In 2001, Vanuatu acceded to the CCAMLR Convention.

^[312] As of 8 January 2002
^[313] Expressed in US dollars, and gross amounts and as a percentage of total vessel registration revenue.
^[314] Information for this table was obtained from the following websites: www.flagsofconvenience.com and www.marinemerchante.hn as well as responses to questionnaires.
^[315] Lloyds Maritime Information Services 1997 and Lloyd’s Register - Fairplay Ltd. World Fleet Statistics 2001.
^[316] Lloyds Maritime Information Services, 1998.
^[317] Lloyds Maritime Information Services, 1998.
^[318] As of February 15, 2002 (Belize and Malta), March 28, 2002 (Cook Islands), March 29, 2002 (Vanuatu).
^[319] Applications are received by the Deputy Registrar at the head office in Belize or a Designated Overseas Office and processed within 3 days.
^[320] Applications (original documents required) are processed in consultation with the Registrar, Head of Inspections and any relevant third party. Provisional registration can be obtained in 24 hours. Permanent registration must be received within 3 months.
^[321] Applications are received by the Merchant Shipping Directorate and processed in a timely fashion if all documents are in order.
^[322] Applications are processed by the New York office of the Registry and approvals can be obtained in 2-3 weeks. Original documents required.
^[323] With no nationality requirements for shareholders or directors, the formation of a Maltese company is straightforward.
^[324] Vessels must be owned by a national of Vanuatu or a Vanuatu corporation.
^[325] Table of Catches by subarea and year for reported, estimated unreported and estimated total catches (tonnes) of Dissostichus eleginoides provided by CCAMLR in response to questionnaire.