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PLANTATION FORESTS (FOREST CULTURES)

1. (Artificial crop, artificial stand ~ man-made forest) - A stand raised artificially, either by planting or by direct sowing (South 1998).

2. (Colombia) Plantación Forestal: Es el bosque originado por la intervención directa del hombre. (Decreto 1791 octubre 4 de 1996. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente). "Gerardo Lozano" [email protected]  

3. (EU) Forest crop established by seeding or planting nursery-raised stock
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm and
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm

4. (FAO) A forest established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species or, in some cases, indigenous species.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0900e/y0900e11.htm#P1_7

5. (UN-FRA 2000) Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation which are either of introduced species (all planted stands) or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing. (UN/ECE-FAO 1997 and FAO 1998)

6. (Georgia) Stand of seeded or planted wood species. Source: Forest Code (June, 1999) Kate Metreveli, Head of the WB Forestry, Project Preparation Unit. [email protected]

7. (Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Region (Canada)) Tree-dominated vegetated areas in which human intervention, through planting or intensive silvicultural treatments, has yielded conditions in which only a few of the characteristics of the indigenous natural forest ecosystem remain. [Draft standards for the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Region (Canada)
http://www.web.net/fscca/s5.htm

8. (Morocco and Yemen) Plantation (Arabic : Ard Mushajjarah, French : Platation, Spanish: Plantacion) - Land planted artificially (by man) with forest trees (regular spacing) Mohammed Ellatifi, [email protected]

9. (Nicaragua) - Draft - Bosque de Plantaciones: Son los que se realizan por medio de la reforestación. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie [email protected]

10. (South Africa) Single species (usually either pine or eucalyptus), regular spacing, even-aged stands.
http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/forest1.html#t1.1

11. (U.S. Pacific Coast region) - Tree-dominated areas substantially lacking in natural forest attributes (e.g., structure, and species composition native to the area) and that usually require human intervention. A "planted forest" is not necessarily a "plantation," since it may attain natural forest attributes. In the Pacific Coast region, any of the following characteristics may indicate that a forest is a plantation (though not necessarily one that is certifiable): Cultivation of exotic species, Use of even-aged silviculture for forest types that do not regenerate naturally through stand-replacing events, Use of even-aged silviculture with rotations of less than 60 years, Use of even-aged regeneration units larger than those specified under criterion 9.2, Systematic use of and reliance on chemical herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, Single-species plantings on sites normally occupied by multiple-species forests, and Regular, periodic stand treatments intended to eliminate natural ingrowth of native trees and associated ground vegetation. [Draft standards for the Pacific Coast Region (US) From: David South  [email protected] Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 16:45:07 -0500]

12. (UK) Woodland where the current trees have been planted. Often includes naturally regenerating trees as well. Includes former semi-natural woodlands restocked by planting [Source: THE UK FORESTRY STANDARD. The Government's Approach to Sustainable Forestry, EDINBURGH: FORESTRY COMMISSION, 1998
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.html and
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.pdf

13. (Ukraine) Forest stands created by planting of seedlings, saplings of trees or shrubs or by sowing of their seeds'', i.e. it here this means only origination of stands, not intensity of management. [Source: State Standard of Ukraine, DSTU 2980-95 ``Forest plantations. Terms and definitions'', being in force since 01.01.96. From: "Maksym Polyakov" [email protected] Date: Sat, 28 Mar 1998 21:09:08 +0200 (UKR)]

14. (USA) Areas dominated by trees planted on a regular and generally consistent row and plant spacing. Stands are planted for the purpose of producing a crop of timber, Christmas trees, or other products. Examples include planted hardwood and softwood timber stands.
Source: http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/standards/appendix3.htm

15. A forest crop established by artificial, either by sowing or planting. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers.

16. A forest stand established by the planting of trees either native or exotic species elected for their wood-producing properties and managed intensively for timber.
http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/vic/east/raa/esfm/gloss2.html

17. A forest that has been planted as a crop for eventual harvest. Most plantation forests are replanted following harvest for second and subsequent rotations in perpetuity.
http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm

18. A forest which has been planted by people with species occurring naturally (native species plantation) or not (exotic species plantation) in that country.
http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html

19. A group of planted trees grown in the form of an agricultural crop.
http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html

20. A large area of trees usually planted specifically for harvesting.
http://www.timberlands.co.nz/environment/manual/chap_16.pdf

21. A plantation forest may be afforested land or a secondary forest established by planting or direct seeding. A gradient exists among plantation forests from even-aged, single species monocultures of will probably also reflect the capability of the plantation forest to maintain "normal" local biological diversity.
http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp

22. A planted forest of either native or exotic species. Small plantation may be called blocks or woodlots.
http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument

23. An area of managed forest where the trees have been planted, rather than grown naturally through regeneration (NGGIC 1997).
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/files/strategic/glossary.html

24. An artificially forested area established by planting or direct seeding. It is usually made up of a single species.
http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm

25. Crops of trees artificially established, primarily for specific commercial purposes.
http://www.af.nfr.no/andre-doc/alternativ-agenda/Forests.html
http://www.igc.org/habitat/treaties/at-27.htm, http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9208/0081.html

26. Floresta Plantada - Formação florestal composta por espécies exóticas e/ou nativas, plantadas com objetivos específicos.
http://www.suzano.com.br/docs/recursos/maneucal/glossar.html

27. Forest areas lacking most of the principal characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems as defined by the Forest Stewardship Council -approved national and regional standards of forest stewardship, which result from the human activities of either planting, sowing or intensive silvicultural treatments (South 1998).
http://www.metla.fi/archive/forest/1994/07/msg00035.html. PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR FOREST STEWARDSHIP. Revised March 1996, edited October 1996 and 
http://biodiversityeconomics.org/business/topics-101-07.htm

28. Forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. They are either: - of introduced species (all planted stands), or - intensively managed stands of indigenous species which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing. Excludes: stands which were established as plantation but which have been without intensive management for a significant period of time. These should be considered semi-natural (UN-ECE/FAO 1997).

29. Forest stands that have been established artificially to produce a forest product crop. They are either on lands that previously have not supported forests for more than 50 years (afforestation), or on lands that have supported forests within the last 50 years and where the original crop has been replaced with a different one (reforestation) (Brown et al. 1986).

30. Forests established artificially, either by afforestation on land which has not carried forest within living memory or by reforestation of land which carried forest before but where the indigenous species are replaced with a new species or genetic variety.
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm

31. Forests or woods that have been planted.
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/hcou-4ubj75

32. Forests that are planted as a crop.
http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm

33. Intensively managed stands of either native or exotic trees species, created by the regular placement of seedlings or seed.
http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html

34. Plantation: a usually large group of plants and especially trees under cultivationhttp://www.m-w.com/dictionary

35. PLANTED FORESTS - These forests have been established by planting or sowing on barren land, grassland, land cleared of secondary forest or scrub, land cleared of primary or modified forest.
http://www.itto.or.jp/policy/pds4/page5.html

36. Planted stand of trees (WESTVACO)

37. Plot of land occupied by fast-growing or `technical' forest species with the aim of producing timber with short rotation or producing bark, (willow) withes, seeds, grafts etc. our term <[forest] plantation can be translated to English as - [forest] plantation, - seed orchard.... [From: "Maksym Polyakov"
[email protected] Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]

38. This category includes artificial forests created by sowing or planting trees and forest stands improved by introduction of valuable tree species. Forest plantations are divided into two categories: plantations with closed crown canopy (registered as forest), and plantations which did not yet form closed crown cover. (ref. Forest stock, Forest plantation which did not yet for closed crown cover). Minimum mapping unit 0.5 ha.
http://ewg.gecp.virginia.edu/ewg_forest_us/general/glossary.htm

39. (Timber) - The most intensive form of forest management. It is characterized by monocultures of fast-growing tree species (e.g. poplar, Pinus radiata, eucalyptus), short rotation lengths (< 60 years), stand regeneration by planting, application of soil fertilization and tillage, pest control and other measures aimed at increasing timber yields. Plantations are a transitional form between forestry and agricultural land use. Most afforestation takes the form of this type of management.
http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/WBGU/wbgu_sn1998_voll_engl.html

40. Tree Plantations, are simplified tree dominated ecosystems that have suppressed natural succession patterns. They have a poor capacity to mature into natural forest systems and lie on lands cleared of native vegetation. Often, they contain elements of exotic species. Tree plantations vary from the industrial monocultures to diverse home gardens. Tree plantations do not have the capacity to mature into natural forest systems. Ranil Senanayake
[email protected]

41. Tree-dominated areas substantially lacking in natural forest attributes (e.g. structure and species composition native to the area) that usually require human intervention in order to be maintained. A "planted forest" is not necessarily a "plantation" since it may be part of a management regime that maintains most natural forest attributes indigenous to the area. The Pacific Coast Working Group of FSC-US

42. Tree-dominated vegetated areas in which human intervention, through planting or intensive silvicultural treatments, has yielded conditions in which only a few of the characteristics of the indigenous natural forest ecosystem remain. (defined by FSC A.C.)
http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/pacificnorthwest3.html

43. Trees usually of a single species planted on cleared land for the purpose of growing a product such as wood.
http://schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm

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