TABLES

Table 1.

Results using different stocking rates of S. robustus as a predator in the culture of O. andersonii and C. carpio

Pond designation		P 1	P9	P 12	P 11	P 9	P 7	P 3	P 2	P 13	P 16	P 4	P 2	P 4	P 8	P 3
Stocking data
	number S. robustus
	per hectare	0	0	0	0	70	75	250	250	250	250	250	300	300	500	1250
	mean wt (g)	0	0	0	0	150	150	15	30	20	20	30	100	100	70	15
O. andersonii
	initial number	25000	3150	50000	40000	18300	20600	26000	25000	20375	21250	20000	29000	23650	10000	25000
C. carpio
	initial number	0	0	0	0	2500	2500	165	625	750	1500	625	500	445	0	2500

Initial biomass (T/ha)		0.13	0.23	1.10	0.30	0.21	0.23	0.22	0.49	0.47	0.67	0.51	0.61	0.53	0.52	0.52

Harvest
Biomass (T/ha)		1.49	1.09	1.54	1.10	1.84	1.54	3.82	2.21	0.68	1.78	1.10	4.19	4.06	1.79	1.91

Number S. robustus
	recovered/ha	0	0	1100	3900	65	70	1200	175	235	165	115	265	160	630	885
	mean wt (g)	0	0	12	10	150	150	41.6	205	140	200	220	146	217	110	82

Biomass/ha of S. robustus recovered (kg)		0	0	13.2	39	9.75	10.5	49.92	35.87	32.9	33	25.3	38.69	34.72	69.3	72.57
Percent biomass of S. robustus at harvest		0	0	0.86%	3.55%	0.53%	0.68%	1.31%	1.63%	4.85%	1.86%	2.30%	0.92%	0.86%	3.87%	3.80%

Total pond harvest
% biomass > 50 g		48%	37%	92%	86%	90%	97%	96%	86%	78%	84%	85%	85%	80%	84%	100%
Initial mean wt (g) of O. andersonii		5	46.1	22.0	7.5	10.6	10.6	7.5	17.6	20.0	26.0	22.8	19.3	20.7	52.0	10.6
Final mean wt (g) of O. andersonii excluding fish < 50 g		178	189	102	97.5	115	98	104	130	66.5	138	100	89.29	86.2	155	81.4

Table 2.

Mwekera farm production ponds Results using integrated farming with ducks/fish or pigs/fish

Pond #	P 3	P 4	P 2	P 2	P 4	P 9	P 7
all ponds 0.2 ha

Starting date	18.8.88	8.9.88	15.9.88	5.10.89	14.9.89	6.12.88	6.12.88
Harvest date	21.12.88	18.1.89	8.2.89	13.3.90	22.3.90	28.6.89	14.6.89
Number days	143	125	146	157	193	197	184
O. andersonii
Initial number	5,000	4,000	5,000	5,800	4,730	3,660	4,120
Final number	2,440	3,320	2,500	9,269	8,500	1,227	1,440
percent survival	49%	83%	50%	160%	180%	34%	35%
Initial mean wt (g)	10.6	22.8	17.6	19.3	20.7	10.6	10.6
Final mean wt (g)	81.4	37.3	130	63.22	55.11	115	98
Grams per day	0.50	0.12	0.77	0.28	0.18	0.53	0.48
C. carpio
Initial number	500	125	125	100	89	500	500
Final number	368	89	78	81	45	475	451
percent survival	74%	71%	62%	81%	51%	95%	90%
Initial mean wt (g)	100	80	80	100	100	5	5
Final mean wt (g)	470	800	1100	3010	3460	400	350
Grams per day	2.59	5.76	6.99	11.78*	13.28*	2.01	1.88
TOTAL POND RESULTS
O.a. and C.c
Initial biomass (kg)	103	101	98	122	107	41	46
Final biomass (kg)	382	220	441	837	812	368	308
Production (kg)	279	119	343	715	705	327	262
Biomass/ha (T)	1.91	1.10	2.21	4.19	4.06	1.84	1.54
T/ha/year	3.56	1.73	4.29	8.31	6.67	3.03	2.60
INPUTS (approximate)
stock feed (T)	1	1.2	1.1	3.65**	3.97**
Total # of ducks raised on the pond	150	170	160	345**	348**
Live duck weight (approximate) (kg)	375	425	400	860	860
Dressed duck weight (kg)				690**	696**
Number of pigs						10	10
stock feed (T) (supplemented with duck litter)						4	4
Live pig weight (approximate) (kg)						700	700

* carp stocked 2 months earlier
** exact numbers

Table 3.

Mwekera farm production ponds Results using chicken manure and spoiled maize

Pond #	P 1	P 16	P 13	P 8	P 11	P 12	P 3
All ponds 0.2 ha

Starting date	15.6.88	3.10.88	13.10.88	17.1.89	18.1.89	30.1.89	6.2.89
Harvest date	1.12.88	22.2.89	17.1.89	19.10.89	1.11.89	8.11.89	21.12.89
Number days	165	110	122	225	283	279	316
O. andersonii
Initial number	5,000	4,250	4,075	2,000	8,000	10,000	5200
Final number	800	1,216	1,100	5,264	3,776	3,886	7420
percent survival	16%	29%	27%	263%	47%	39%	143%
Initial mean wt (g)	5	26	20	52	7.5	22	7.5
Final mean wt (g)	178*	138*	60	68	54.2	79.2	88.8
Grams per day	1.05	1.02	0.33	0.07	0.17	0.21	0.26
C. carpio
Initial number	0	300	150	0	0	0	33
Final number	0	151	47	0	0	0	22
percent survival	0%	50%	31%				67%
Initial mean wt (g)	0	80	80				181
Final mean wt (g)	0	500	370				2090
Grams per day	0.00	3.82	2.38				6.04
TOTAL POND RESULTS
O.a. and C.c
Initial biomass (kg)	25	135	94	104	60	220	45
Final biomass (kg)	297	356	136	358	220	308	764
Production (kg)	272	221	42	254	160	88	719
Biomass/ha (T)	1.49	1.78	0.68	1.79	1.10	1.54	3.82
T/ha/year	3.01	3.67	0.63	2.06	1.03	0.58	4.15
INPUTS (approximate figures)
Chicken manure (T)	2	1.5	1.5	0.5			0.5
Fertilizer (kg) (20 % P)	20	20	20	20			20
Spoiled maize (T) (similar to compost)	1	1	1	4	4	4	6

* does not include mean weight of fry found in the pond

Table 4(a).

Mwekera Duck production 1988

	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Eggs collected	127	384	363	100	1048	709	775	638	915	216	516	612
Incubated	102	325	324	73	745	521	545	578	558	212	509	593
% hatching	32%	16%	22%	4%	60%	64%	79%	63%	60%	48%	14%	18%
Ducklings sold	0	0	0	10	0	50	239	83	26	20	0	0
Ducklings died	7	11	23	11	7	15	12	38	197	97	91	49
Ducks died	0	1	4	11	6	5	2	5	27	16	11	14
Ducks stolen	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	22	23
Ducks sold	4	36	0	0	18	71	82	32	40	99	217	85
Total Ducks Farm (end of month)	122	85	84	105	2053	224	431	382	377	636	573	510

Table 4(b).

Mwekera Duck Production 1989

month	1/89	2/89	3/89	4/89	5/89	6/89	7/89	8/89	9/89	10/89	11/89	12/89	Annual Totals
No. eggs collected	689	808	2407	1977	1251	555	1133	1290	1565	950	184	424	13233
No. eggs incubated	673	777	2339	1911	1224	545	1098	1256	1519	923	198	188	12651
No. eggs infertile	167	165	278	261	97	69	64	103	124	92	29	32	1481
Ducklings hatched	110	143	235	974	836	573	283	660	832	997	358	52	6053
Ducklings sold	0	0	12	0	0	0	45	231	229	398	109	0	1024
Ducklings died	42	46	55	290	213	84	62	280	104	76	11	5	1268
Ducks sold	0	130	55	29	42	106	206	171	109	80	138	80	1146
Ducks died	1	1	8	4	17	36	2	35	27	3	11	0	145
Ducks missing	16	2	0	0	2	11	0	31	0	0	29	0	91

total feed over year: approximately 30,000 kg

Table 4 (c).

Mwekera Duck Production Summary

	Totals	Monthly average	Monthly Standard deviation
Number of eggs collected	21326	969	553
Number of eggs incubated	19001	864	486
Percent eggs rejected	11%
Eggs/breeder/month		7.8	3.7
Percent infertile eggs		15.6%	8.7%
Ducklings hatched	8788	399	309
Percent eggs hatched (monthly basis)		49.5%	19.2%
Percent eggs hatched (22 month basis)	46.3%
Mean number of ducklings/breeder/year	36
Ducklings sold	1753
Ducklings died	4151
Percent duckling mortality	47.2%
Ducks sold from farm	2077
Ducks died	663
Percent duck mortality	31.9%
Ducks stolen or missing	144

Table 5.

Production data in Nursery Ponds - Chipata

1988
Pond no.	R2	R6	R7	R3	R2	R7	R18
Area (are)	7.2	6.2	2.5	2.9	7.2	2.5	8.7
Culture period	Mar–May	Mar–Jun	Mar–May	May–Sep	Jul–Aug	Jul–Sep	Sep–Jan
No. of days	64	84	60	133	65	77	140
Stocking density (n/are)	3400	3100	3300	3000	1500	2500	1000
Av. weight	4	3	3	1	8	11	5
Treatment:manure (kg/are/day)	0.74	0.63	1	2.3 *	*	7 *	0.14
Feed (kg/are/day)	1.09	1.34	0.6	0.17	0.13	0	0.31
Harvest:total (kg)	100	110	55	20	53	32	201
Av. weight	15	19	15	58	10	10	16
Survival (%)	27	30	44	4	47	50	70
Spec. growth rate (% bw./day)	2.1	2.2	2.7	2.9	0.3	0	0.8

*) + stand. TSP application (8.5kg/are/2 weeks)

1989
Pond No.	R1	R2	R1	R6
Area (are)	8.5	7.2	8.5	6.2
Culture period	Mar–May	Mar–May	May–Aug	Apr–Jun
No. days	62	68	65	56
Stocking density n/are	2876	2083	1155	4355
Av. wt (g)	1	7	3	1
Treatment manure kg/are/day	0.47	0.42	0.35	0.65
Feed kg/are/day	0.24	0.56	0.47	0.48
Harvest total kg	91	77	76	22
Average wt.	18	13	15	11
Survival %	20	40	52	7
Spec. grow. rate g/day	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tsp used (Kg)	15	4	-	-

1990
Pond No	R6	B3	B3	R8	B3	FDP	B3	R8	R6	FDP
Area (area)	6.2	6.4	6.4	4.8	6.4	2.0	6.4	4.8	6.2	2.0
Date harvested	16-1-90	17-1-90	06-2-90	23-2-90	14-2-90	02-3-90	10-4-90	12-4-90	09-5-90	07-5-90
Total No. of fingerings	4642	7313	7250	500	3000	600	5232	1240	6389	1250
Total wt (kg)	53	59	773	7	30	5	55	124	115	8
Mean wt (g)	11	8	10	14	10	8	11	10	18	7

Table 6.

Fish production data: Grow-out ponds, Chipata

1987–88 Season
Pond Area		Cultureperiod	No. days	Spec.	Stocking density (n/are)	Stocking av. weight (g)	Av. food (kg/are/day)	Organic manure (kg/are/day)	Ducks (av. n/day)	Harvest total (kg)	Av. weight (g)	Gross prod. (kg/ha/yr)	Net prod.	Corr. net prod.
no.	(are)	Cultureperiod	No. days	Spec.	Stocking density (n/are)	Stocking av. weight (g)	Av. food (kg/are/day)	Organic manure (kg/are/day)	Ducks (av. n/day)	Harvest total (kg)	Av. weight (g)	Gross prod. (kg/ha/yr)	Net prod.	Corr. net prod.
P9	49	Apr–Oct'87	199	T.	300	16	0.55	0.08	0	846	91	3170	2300	2420
P7	48	Aug–Oct'87	76	T.	266	12	0.6	0.14	0	78	39	780	0	0
P8	45	Feb–Nov'87	286	T.	250	15	0.53	0.01	0	846	66	2400	1740	1740
P5	45	May–Nov'87	166	T.	369	15	0.53	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
P4	48	Feb–Jun'88	128	T.	260	11	0	0.2	200	480	109	2870	1040	960
P1	48	Feb–Aug'88	190	T.	260	10	0	0.18	93	706	60	2830	2330	2340
P9	49	Feb–Jul'88	163	T./C.	220/21	24/5	0.69	0	0	1190	138/47	5430	4230	4160
P8	45	Mar–Sep'88	194	T./C.	270/23	25/10	0.58	0	0	1370	90/800	5730	4410	4570
P5	45	Mar–Oct'88	217	T.	330	3	0	0.54	0	340	120	1270	1080	1120
R5	13	Apr–Nov'88	205	T.	255	40	0.94	1.2	0	373	210	5110	3300	3410
P7	48	May–Nov'88	206	T.	245	6	0.71	0.25	0	445	92	1640	1410	1490
P6	49	Jun–Nov'88	161	T.	270	17	0.68	0.49	0	430	80	2000	970	1030
P1	48	Sep–Jan'89	139	T.	225	10	0.25	0.09	150	665	100	3640	3050	2900
P4	48	Sep–Feb'89	181	T.	330	8

Table 7.

Fish production data: Grow-out ponds, Chipata

1988–89 Season

Pond No.	Area (are)	Culture period	No. days	Spec.	Stocking density (n/are)	Stocking av. weight (g)	T.S.P. (kg)	Av.food (kg/are/day)	Organic manure (kg/are/day	Ducks (av.n/day)	Harvest total (kg)	Av. weight (g)	Gross prod. (kg/ha/yr)	Net prod. (kg/ha/yr)
P2	45	Feb–Jun '89	128	T.	267	20	20	0.36	0.16	0	1 032	70	6 590	5 047
P6	49	Feb–Jul '89	171	T.	236	20	20	0.31	0.20	0	952	73	4 959	3 688
P7	48	Feb–Sep '89	186	T.	407	7	20	0.38	0.17	94	924	89	3 778	3 218
P1	48	Mar–Oct '89	156	T.	303	8	-	0.83	0.15	856	1 370	63	6 678	6 182
P5	45	Mar–Aug '89	154	T. (Monosex)	89	88	40	0.84	0.40	0	787	260	4 145	2 280
P4	48	Apr–Oct '89	192	T./C.	250/4	13/10	-	0.46	0.13	200	678	83	2 686	2 076
P8	45	May–Nov '89	205	T.	253	15	115	0.64	0.40	0	842	90	3 331	2.587
P7	48	Sep–Dec '89	89	T.	214	21	-	0.67	0.29	115	350	95	2 990	1 144

(T.S.P. = Triple superphosphate)
T: Tilapia (O. andersonii)
C: Carp (C. carpio)

Table 8.

Fish production data: Grow-out ponds, Chipata

1989–90 Season

Pond No.	Area (are)	Culture period	No. days	Spec.	Stocking Density (n/are)	Stocking Av.weight (g)	Av.Food (kg/are/day	Organic manure (kg/are/day	Ducks (av.n/day	Harvest total (kg)	Av. weight (g)	Gross prod. (kg/ha/yr)	Net prod. (kg/ha/yr)
P9	49	Jun'89–Jan '90	181	T.	179	13	0.93	0.29	0	1 093	99	4 498	4 017
P6	49	Sep'89–Feb '90	154	T.	243	12	0.66	0.11	0	850	98	4 112	3 458
P1	48	Feb–Jun '90	154	T.	193	22	0.59	0.18		630	150	3 111	2 079
P5	45	Oct'89 –Apr '90	202	T. (monosex)	81	45	0.58	0.07	0	702	259	2 819	2 152
P4	48	Jan–May '90	125	T.	250	10	0.82	0.09	200	849	100	5 165	4 423
P7	48	Feb–Jun '90	139	T.	206	10	0.38	0.06	0	810	72	4 431	3 222

T. : Tilapia (O. andersonii)

Table 9.

Duck incubation and production data - Chipata

month	n. eggs/Female	tot. n. coll	fert. %	hatch. %	n. day-old dk.	mort. % 3 weeks
J 1987	1.96	225.00	68.00	44.00
F	1.59	159.00	77.00	58.00
M	0.45	45.00	87.00	56.00
A	0.57	57.00	77.00	24.00
M	2.18	283.00	75.00	44.00
J	2.36	212.00	86.00	47.00
J	6.90	759.00	88.00	49.00
A	4.17	542.00	80.00	26.00
S	3.00	297.00	75.00	59.00
O	0.67	85.00	84.00	43.00
N	1.65	229.00	72.00	46.00
D	2.59	517.00	74.00	62.00

J 1988	3.10	619.00	72.00	46.00	146.00	41.10
F	4.29	858.00	81.00	49.00	130.00	15.40
M	2.82	564.00	74.00	41.00	164.00	32.90
A	2.86	411.00	69.00	23.00	116.00	37.90
M	2.19	350.00	72.00	37.00	39.00	48.78
J	1.57	251.00	82.00	68.00	69.00	13.00
J	3.92	627.00	85.00	77.00	117.00	11.10
A	6.51	1041.00	84.00	68.00	268.00	26.50
S	2.39	383.00	77.00	56.00	456.00	39.30
O	1.32	211.00	65.00	51.00	126.00	25.40
N	1.13	181.00	74.00	15.00	48.00	28.00
D	2.78	445.00	82.00	49.00

J 1989	1.3	207	77	54	62
F	0.9	138	70	57	39
M	6.1	876	85	68	347
A	8.0	1069	85	51	318
M	5.2	822	80	61	223
J	5.1	883	83	84	395
J	1.2	265	92	65	112
A	1.0	216	86	68	89
S	1.0	240	75	60	70
O	0.5	100	78	70	33
1990-Moscovy duck
J	0.8	16	87.5	57.1	8
F	4.6	83	85.5	57.7	41
M	7.1	128	83.5	81.3	87
A	2.5	126	89.6	68.1	77
M	4.7	237	83.2	39.1	74
J	3.8	188	74.4	41.0	55

Table 10.

Fish Production data - Grow-out ponds - Chilanga
1989–1990

Pond No.	Area (are)	Stocking (kg)	Harvesting (kg)	Period months	Wt. of fish (kg)	Net. Prod kg/ha/yr	Estimated loss %
SW1	18	71.0	231.5	8	160.5	1330	?
		57.0	317.5	9	260.5	1930	63
SW2	27	39.7	282.3	12	242.6	1200	77
SW3	32	268	657	(7/9)	389	2100	70
SW4	16	27.8	21.9	Vitiated	-	Detected	thefts
C1	17	70	180	9	110	1400/860
C2	16	73.5	223	10	149.5	1670/1120
C20	49	46.2	437.65	10	391.45	1072/958
SW3	32	44.5(O.a)	525	7	538	2882	-
(1990		14.8(C.c)	77

(Production in other ponds did not yield comparable results, due to severe losses (theft/mortality)).

Note: All ponds operated at low input levels, as production of fish seed for extension activities was primary activity. Table-size fish incidental.

Table 11

Peking duck Production, Chilanga

1987	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
Eggs collected	2,024	1,797	960	786	2,027	1,796	1,416	2,079	2,993	2,812	1,236	377
Eggs Incubated	1,179	906	588	495	1,376	1,004	919	1,224	1,566	1,378	656	300
Ducklings produced	379	375	218	258	784	578	415	?	1,427	1,343	580	77
Eggs sold	845	886	372	291	651	792	497	855	296	312	435	58
Ducklings sold to farmers	160	235	44	24	162	289	126	66	75	100	40	20

1988	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December
Eggs collected	2,024	1,792	2,111	1,987	2,366	1,498	748	1,685	1,661	1,645	881	1,528
Eggs incubated	1,179	906	1,524	1,375	832	926	648	1,068	1,002	1,002	732	1,170
Ducklings produced	845	886	495	288	228	646	206	223	290	118	198	146
Eggs sold	379	375	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	488	149	?
Ducklings sold to farmers	160	235	55	80	25	?	20	20	83	84	6	17

1989	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June	July	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Eggs collected	1,721	1,408	2,488	1,471	1,153	1,740	1,082	540	2,068	2,834	1,769	1,124
Eggs incubated	1,397	1,171	2,176	1,231	927	1,302	920	493	1,723	2,427	1,495	950
Ducklings produced	490	440	496	394	395	534	385	205	531	583	268	135
Eggs sold	324	237	312	240	226	438	162	47	258	407	274	174
Ducklings sold to farmers	30	20	75	217	122	209	250	234	110	93	115	21

1990	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June	July	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Eggs collected	986	1,072	457	246	605	2,054	567	528	1,229	1,775
Eggs incubated	788	883	396	236	547	1,878	526	479	1,068	1,577
Ducklings produced	61	175	72	21	152	614	122	149	150	199
Eggs sold	198	189	61	10	-	160	46	34	150	178
Ducklings sold to farmers	63	5	45	17	25	?	110	30	30	40