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Index

A

Absorption of nutrients 61
Access to the planting site 73, 77, 91, 154
Accidents 10, 90, 168
Acidity/alkalinity, see pH
Actinorhizas 95–8, 105
Aeration 29, 45, 188
Analysis of experiments 69, 216–21
Analysis of variance 212–3, 216–21
Animals - domesticated 89, 130, 151–2, 164
- wild 11, 89, 129, 152 188
Arbuscular mycorrhizas 96–7, 99–100, 102–4
Assessments of experiments 69, 179, 210–11, 215, see also Measurements, Observations
Auxins 44, see also Hormones

B

Bacteria 95, 145
Bare-root seedlings 25, 77, 158
Bark 44, 53
Beds, see Nursery beds
Benefits of having tropical trees 2–3
Birds 149–50, 187–8
Blocks, in experiments 68–9
Branching 49, 53, 118–9, 180, 185, 187
Buds 51, 53, 118–9
Burning, see Fire

C

Carbon dioxide 37–8, 61, 63
Cells 37–41
Check-lists 187–90
Checks 122–3, 134–5, 138, 221
Chilling injury 44, 126
Chlorophyll 37
Choosing which species to grow, see Selection of species
Climatic stress 127
Clone 19–20, 22–3, 32, 188–9
Close associations with roots 2, 51, 95, 189, see also Actinorhizas, Mycorrhizas, Root nodules
Communication, good 165, 171–3
Compost 111–2
Conservation 197
Contacts 173–4
Containers 25–9, 158, 189, 192–3
Costs 4, 6, 23, 166
Cultivation of soil 82–4, 110
Cuttings, rooted 22–3, 77, 134, 190, 200

D

Day-length 51
Deciduous trees 52
Decomposers 37–8, 95
Diameter 181–3
Direct planting 5–6
Diseases 11, 15, 87, 89–90, 104, 145–50, 149, 187–90, 193
Disinfection 146–7
Domestication of trees 19–23
Drainage - of containers 26, 28, 163, 189
- of soil 73, 83–4, 163
Drought 52, 55, 187
Dry weight 179, 185

E

Ectomycorrhizas 96–7, 99–100, 102
Endomycorrhizas, see Arbuscular mycorrhizas
Enzymes 63
Erosion 2, 154
Estimating quantities 28, 87, 91, 113–4, 199–201
Evaporation, see Water loss
Experimental conditions 159–63
Experiments with trees 17, 33, 65–9, 102, 159–63, 174, see also Research

F

Fences 91, 151–152
Fertilisers 62, 98, 104, 109, 112–4, 156, 189
- quantities 113–4
Field trials 33, 158
Fire 10, 89–90, 226
Flooding 89
Flushing 51, 179–80, 187
Frost 126
Fungi 95, 99–100, 145, 188, see also Decomposers, Diseases, Mycorrhizas
Fungicides 104, 146–7, 190

G

Gates 151, 154
Genetic - diversity 19, 34, 197
- origin 14, 19, 20, 22, 34, 187, 189
Greenhouses 93, 161, 189
Guard cells 50, 56, 126

H

Hardening 15, 59, 122, 187
Handling young trees 15, 131, 187–8, 190
Hedges 90–1, 151, 153, 189
Height 50, 115–6, 118–9, 181–3
Hormones 44, 64
Humidity 126, 160–1

I

Indigenous species 20
Infection 99–100
Inoculation 101–4, 106–7, 189
Insecticides 104, 148–149, 190
Insect pests 148, 187–90
Interactions, in experiments 65
Introduced species 20
Irrigation 139

K

Key stages needing special care 15, 86, 99, 122, 156

L

Labels 67, 134, 176–7
Land tenure 4, 91
Layouts - for experiments 68, 198
- for nurseries, see Nursery - internal layout
Leaching of nutrients 62
Leaf area 25, 51, 183
Leaf shape 51
Leaves 49–52, 118, 183, 187
Leguminous trees 97, 99, 105–6, see also Root nodules
Light 37, 51, 125, 160, 189
Light-demanding species 155
Litter 37, 52, 61
Local species 4, 17, 20, 189

M

Maintenance 165, 168
Maps 79–80
Measurements 69, 179–81, 209
Mice 29, 149
Micro-organisms 11, 63, 95–8, 190, see also Actinorhizas, Decomposers, Diseases,
Mycorrhizas, Root nodules
Micropropagation 22, 39–40
Mineral nutrients, see Nutrients
Moisture, see Humidity, Rain, Watering, Wilting
Mulch 110–12, 189–90
Mycorrhizas 96, 99, 104, 106, 108, 188, 196

N

Nematodes 149, 188
Nitrogen 61, 97–8, 106, 114
Nodules, see Root nodules
Nursery - beds 85, 93
- choosing site 71, 74
- costing 166
- environment 187–8, 190
- growing areas 5, 91–3, 200
- internal layout 68, 77–80, 91
- problems 6, 9–11, 124, 187–90
- setting up 4, 6, 74, 91–94, 166
- shape 79
- size 6, 77, 91, 93
- soil 11, 73, 81–4, 189
- team 91, 93, 165, 171
- temporary or permanent 6, 71, 75–6, 91, 151, 170
Nutrients 11, 29, 61–4, 95, 128, 160, 189, see also Inoculation
Nutrient stress 103, 128, 156, 187, 188

O

Observations in experiments 69, 179–80
Organic matter 29, 37–8
Organisation, problems of, 10, see also Training nursery team
Oxygen 29, 63

P

Parent trees 19, 21
Paths in nursery 77, 93
Pests 11, 15, 145, 147–50, 152, 187–8, 190, 193
pH 29, 82, 128, 188–9
Phosphate 61, 97, 108, 114
Photoperiod 51
Photosynthesis 37, 50, 126
Planning 4, 66, 75–94, 167, 175
Planting, preparation for, 155–8
Planting stock, good 13, 15, 77, 115
Poisons 149
Pollution 28, 61, 86, 111
Poly-propagators 40, 91, 93, 190
Poor growth 11, 187–90
Potassium 61, 114
Pots - cheap 25–29, see also Containers
- experiments in 30, 33, 65–9, 107, 187
Potting mixtures 11, 25, 29–31, 114, 187–9
Potting up 117, 122, 131–4, 187–8, 201
Problems, overcoming 1, 4, 9, 65, 136, 145–50
Products 2–3, 63
Progeny 21–2
Propagation, vegetative 21–3, 193–4
Protection 89–91, 121, 128–30, 145–54, 161–3, 189, see also Diseases, Fire, Pests, Wind
Protective clothing 142, 146–7, 149
Provenance 20, 108, 188–9

R

Rain 52, 85, 129, 189
Record keeping 67, 123, 134, 167, 178, 203, 205, 207, 209–11
Recycling of nutrients 61–2
Regeneration 2, 5
Research 17, 33, 65–9, 159, see also Experiments with trees
Respiration 37
Rhizobia, see Root nodules
Risks to young trees 9–10, 89–90, 131, 137, 141, 145
Root - disturbance 6, 25–8, 58, 121, 131–2, 142, 158, 187, 189
- growth 43–7, 119, 185, 187–8, 195
- nodules 63, 96–8, 105–8, 188, 196–7
- pruning 16, 25, 28, 116–7, 156–7
- systems 6, 15–17, 25, 28, 43–4, 71, 119, 195
Rooting conditions 28–9, 121, 132–3
Rooting through 27–8, 116–7, 188
Run-off 61, 109, 154

S

Safety 86, 90, 142
Salt 71, 86
Savanna 52
Scoring methods 181, 215
Seedlings 20, 22, 44, 158
Seed - batches 176, 188–9
- beds 77, 93, 199
- collection 20–1
- orchards 22
- trays 31, 77, 81, 199
Seeds 20–1, 203
Selection - of species 7, 11, 13–14
- of genetic origins 11, 13–14, 19–23
Shade 91–4, 110, 119, 127, 133, 155, 160, 187–90
Shade-tolerant species 127, 155, 189
Shelter 77, 110, 133, 189, see also Wind
Shoot - growth 15, 49, 119, 179–80, 182, 188
- systems 15, 49, 118–9
Sieving 30–1, 111
Size - of nursery 77
- of planting stock 115–6
Sketch-maps, see Maps
Slopes 2, 71, 84, 162
Soil - aeration 83
- drainage 83–4
- erosion 2, 154
- fertility 82, 106
- improvers 93, 95, 98, 106, 110
- inoculation 101
- mixtures 85, 87–8
- texture 82–3
- types 51, 73, 81, 195
Soil-block method 16, 25, 77, 156–7
Sources of fungi 101
Sources of information 191–8
Species, see Selection of species
Statistical significance 198, 216, 218–21
Stems 49–50, 119, 187–8
Sterilisation of soil 104, 143, 147, 149
Storms 128, 188, see also Wind
Stress 25, 45, 125, 127
Striplings 77, 156
Stumps 38, 77, 156
Sugars 37, 63–4
Sunlight, see Light
Supplies of materials 74, 87, 199–201

T

Terraced nursery 71–2, 87
Temperature 44, 51, 125–6, 162
Termites 148
Tools 142, 169–70, 184, 192–3
Topsoil 30, 189–90
Toxic chemicals 28, 86, 104, 149
Training nursery team 165–6, 172
Transformations, in analyses 220
Translation of manuals 173
Transplant beds 25, 91, 93, 110, 114, 131, 134, 200
Transporting young trees 73, 158, 168
Treatments in experiments 34–5, 66–7, 195
Tree growth 37, 95, 115, 181–6, 188, 195

V

VAM fungi, see Arbuscular mycorrhizas
Vandals 89–90, 154, 174
Variation in experiments 33–6, 66–9, 159–61, 215, 217–8
Vegetative propagation 21–3, 193–4
Video iv, 173

W

Waste, avoiding 85
Wastes, harmful 87, 111
Wastes, useful 26, 30, 109–11
Water - absorption 61
- balance 55, 59, 160
- loss 55–6, 126, 158, 189
- stress 45, 55, 58, 126–7, 137, 142, 187–8
- supplies 57, 71, 85–7, 91, 135, 189
Watering 11, 31, 45, 58, 135–139, 155–6, 160, 189–90
- problems 135–6, 187–9
Waterlogged soil 45, 58, 127, 188–9
Weed-killers 142
Weeds 11, 87, 111, 130, 141–2, 144, 187, 190
Wildings vi, 5, 19, 103, 117
Wilting 44, 55–6, 58, 126, 139, 187
Wind 89–90, 126, 128–9, 133–4, 187, 189



Postscript

During the latter part of 1997, smoke, ash and gases from the burning of large numbers of tropical trees and peatlands led to widespread ‘smog’ in South-east Asia, which caused serious problems for the inhabitants.

Tree planting is now even more important than previously estimated, because:

  1. many fires were burning out of control;
  2. few of the trees there will re-sprout;
  3. few sources of seeds will remain in the burnt areas; and
  4. many sites will be liable to become degraded unless they are weeded and planted with trees.
Tropical Trees: Propagation and Planting Manuals
VOLUMES PLANNED FOR THE COMPLETE SERIES

Volume 1 - Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees
 introductionPublished 1993
 genetic selectionAccompanying video
 stockplant managementpublished 1994 by ECTF
 propagating conditionsPenicuik EH26 0PH, Scotland
 taking the cuttings 
 care of cuttings 
 check-lists, sources and records 
 
Volume 2 - Raising Seedlings of Tropical Trees
 introductionExpected 1999
 sexual reproduction in trees 
 choosing seed sources 
 seed handling 
 germinating the seeds 
 care of young seedlings 
 check-lists, sources and records 
 
Volume 3 - Growing Good Tropical Trees for Planting
 introductionPublished 1998
 general principles of tree growth 
 planning a tree nursery 
 micro-organisms, nutrition and tree growth 
 protecting growing trees 
 running a tree nursery 
 check-lists, sources and records 
 
Volume 4 - Preparing to Plant Tropical Trees
 introductionPublished 1995
 general principles of tree survival 
 types of planting site 
 which tree species, for what purpose? 
 deciding on the growing system 
 preparing the ground 
 sources of further information 
 
Volume 5 - Planting and Establishment of Tropical Trees
 introductionExpected 2001
 taking the young trees to the planting site 
 how and when to plant 
 protection 
 successful establishment 
 assessing the results of field trials 
 check-lists, sources and records 

Tropical Trees: Propagation and Planting Manuals. Volume 3

GROWING GOOD TROPICAL TREES FOR PLANTING

This Manual is the third in a series of readable, well illustrated handbooks about propagating and planting tropical trees (see inside back cover).

The five Manuals have been designed to provide clear and concise information on how to select, grow, plant and care for tropical trees, in both moist and drier parts of the tropics. They are intended for anyone interested in growing trees, from the small-holder to the large-scale grower, from local communities to national governments and from school and further education teachers to research and extension staff of agricultural and forestry departments. They provide illustrated, step-by-step instructions, practical guide-lines and an outline of the thought processes behind them.

Manual 3 deals with the all-important stage of the tree nursery. Growing good planting stock that is likely to establish successfully in the field depends on:

The procedures described in this series of Manuals may be used with the majority of woody species to provide diverse seedling or clonal mixtures. They include techniques for ‘domestication’, so that superior planting stock can increasingly be used. This can help to capture more rapidly the great potential for multiple usefulness offered by tropical trees, while also encouraging the conservation of their genetic resources.

Back Cover

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