Sources of further information

Some books and articles on:

Tropical forest ecology:

Anderson, J.M. and Spencer, T. (1991). Carbon, nutrient and water balances of tropical rain forest ecosystems subject to disturbance: management implications and research proposals. MAB Digest 7, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Cannell, M.G.R, Malcolm, D.C. and Robertson, P.A. (Eds) (1992). The ecology of mixed-species stands of trees. Blackwell, Oxford, England.

Drosdorff, M. (Ed.) (1978). Diversity of soils in the tropics. American Soil Association, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Golley, F.B. (Ed.) (1983). Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Ecosystems of the world 14A, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Harris, D.J. (1993). A taxonomic revision and an ethnobotanical survey of the Irvingiaceae in Africa. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University, England.

Holm-Neilsen, L.B., Nielsen, I.C. and Baltsev, H. (Eds) (1989). Tropical forests: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity. Academic Press, London, England.

Jaccarini, V. and Martens, E. (Eds) (1992). The ecology of mangrove and other related ecosystems. Reprinted from Hydrobiology 80, 272 pp, by Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Jordan, C.F. (1985). Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.

Jordan, C.F. (1989). An Amazonian rain forest: the structure and function of a nutrient-stressed ecosystem and the impact of slash-and-burn agriculture. MAB Series 2, UNESCO, Paris, France and Parthenon, Carnforth, England.

Kimmins, J.P. (1987). Forest ecology. Macmillan, New York, NY, USA.

Lal, R. (1987). Tropical ecology and physical edaphalogy, Wiley, New York, USA.

Landon, J.R. (Ed.) (1991). Booker tropical soil manual: a handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics. Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, England.

Leigh, E.G. Jr, Rand, A.S. and Windsor, D.M. (Eds) (1982). The ecology of a tropical forest-seasonal rhythms and long-term changes. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC, USA.

Longman, K.A. and Jeník, J. (1987). Tropical forest and its environment. 2nd Edn, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, England and John Wiley, N.Y., USA.

Mabberley, D.J. (1983). Tropical rain forest ecology. Blackie, Oxford, England.

Medina, E. and Klinge, H. (1983). Productivity of tropical forests and tropical woodlands. Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology (New Series) 12D, 281–303.

Medina, E., Mooney, H. and Vázquez-Yanes, C. (Eds) (1984). Physiological ecology of plants of the wet tropics. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

Myers, N. (Ed.) (1992). Tropical forests and climate. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Prance, G.T. (Ed.) (1982). Biological diversification in the tropics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, USA.

Proctor, J. (1983). Mineral nutrients in tropical forests. Progress in Physical Geog. 7, 422–431.

Sutton, S.L., Whitmore, T.C. and Chadwick, A.C. (Eds.) (1983). Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Blackwell, Oxford, England.

Thornton, I.W.B. (1984). Krakatau - the development and repair of a tropical ecosystem. Ambio 13, 216–225.

Tomlinson, P.B. and Zimmermann, M.H. (Eds) (1978). Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Cambridge University Press, England.

UNESCO/UNEP/FAO (1978). Tropical Forest Ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris, France.

Whitmore, T.C. (1984) Tropical rain forests of the Far East, 2nd edn, Oxford Univ. Press, England.

Savanna ecology:

Bourlière, F. (Ed.) (1983). Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world 13, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Furley, P.A., Proctor, J. and Ratter, J.A. (Eds) (1992). Nature and dynamics of forest-savanna boundaries. Chapman and Hall, London, England.

Huntley, B.J. and Walker, B.H. (Eds) (1982). Ecology of tropical savannas. Ecological Studies 42, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

Sustainable management of tropical land:

Ahn, P.M. (1993). Tropical soils and fertiliser use. Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, England.

Albrecht, J. (1993). Tropical forest conservation and development: a bibliography. A manual obtainable from the author at Forestry Library, Univ. of Minnesota, B50 NRAB, 2300 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Allen, P. (1993). Food for the future: conditions and contradictions of sustainability. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Altieri, M., ed. Vukasin, H.L. (1990). Environmentally sound small-scale forestry projects: guidelines for planning. Coordination in Development, New York, NY, USA.

Brookfield, H. and Byron, Y. (Eds) (1993). South-east Asia's environmental future: the search for sustainability. UN Univ. Press, Tokyo, Japan.

Brünig, E.F. (1977). The tropical rain forest - a wasted asset or an essential biospheric resource? Ambio 6, 187–191.

Campos-Lopéz, E. (Ed.) (1980). Renewable resources: a systematic approach. Academic Press, N.Y., USA.

Catinot, R. (1984). En Afrique francophone l'avenir forestier tropical se jouera dans le cadre du monde rural. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 203, 7–43.

Chaelq, J.L. (1987). Vanishing land and water: soil and water conservation in dry lands. CTA, Wageningen, Netherlands/Macmillan, London, England.

Chijicke, E.O. (1980). Impacts on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid tropics. Forestry Paper 21, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Child, R.D., Heady, H., Hickey, W., Peterson, R. and Pieper, R. (1984). Arid and semiarid lands, sustainable use and management in developing countries. Winrock International, Morrilton, Arizona, USA.

CSC (1986). Amelioration of soil by trees, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

de Graaf, J. (1992). Soil conservation and sustainable land use: an economic approach. KIT Press, Royal Tropical Inst, Netherlands.

Douglas, J. (1983). A re-appraisal of forestry development in developing countries. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

FAO (1977). Soil conservation and management in developing countries. Soils Bulletin, 33, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, Italy.

FAO (1993). The challenge of sustainable management: what future for the world's forests? FAO, Rome, Italy.

Grainger, A. (1993). Controlling tropical deforestation. Earthscan, London, England.

Greenland, D.J. and Lal, R. (Eds) (1977). Soil conservation and management in the humid tropics. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.

Gómez-Pompa, A., Whitmore, T.C. and Hadley, M. (Eds) (1991). Rain forest regeneration and management, MAB Series 6, UNESCO, Paris, France and Parthenon, Carnforth, England.

Hadley, M. and Schreckenberg, K. (1989). Contributing to sustained resource use in the humid and sub-humid tropics: some research approaches and insights. MAB Digest 3, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Hamilton, L.S. and Snedaker, S.C. (Eds) (1984). Handbook for mangrove area management. UNEP/East-West Center, Hawaii, USA.

Hecht, S.B. (Ed) (1982). Amazonia: agriculture and land use research. Centro Internacionia de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Columbia.

Kelty, M.J., Larson, B.C. and Oliver, C.D. (Eds) (1992). The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests. Forestry Sciences 39, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Lal, R. (1981). Management of soils for continuous production: controlling erosion and maintaining physical condition. Pp 188–201 in Characterisation of soils, ed. Greenland, D.J., Oxford Univ. Press, England.

Leakey, R.R.B. and Newton, A.C. (1994). Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Symp. 29; Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests, Symp. 1, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Leith, H. and Lohmann, M. (1993). Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems, Tasks for Vegetation Science 30, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

NAS (1982). Ecological aspects of development in the humid tropics. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1993). Vetiver grass: a thin green line against erosion. BOSTID, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

OFI (1992). Wise management of tropical forests. Proc. Conf. CP8, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford, England.

Oldeman, L.R., van Engelen, V.W.P. and Pulles, J.H.M. (1990). The extent of human-induced soil degradation. In World map of the status of human-induced soil degradation: an explanatory note. Internat. Ref. and Inf. Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands, 2nd Edn, Annex 5, 1–7.

Oldeman, R.A.A. (1990). Forests: elements of silvology. Springer, Berlin, Germany.

Oldeman, R.A.A., Peck, T.J. and Alkema, A. (Eds) (1982). Tropical hardwood utilization: practice and prospects. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

O'Loughlin, C.L. and Pearce, A.J. (Eds) (1984). Symp. on Effects of forest land use on erosion and slope stability. East-West Center, Hawaii, USA.

OTA (1984). Technologies to sustain tropical forest resources. Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-F-214, Washington, DC, USA.

Peters, C.M., Gentry, A.H. and Mendelsohn, R.O. (1989). Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature (Lond.) 339, 655–656.

Ramakrishnan, P.S. (1992). Shifting agriculture and sustainable development: an interdisciplinary study from north-eastern India. MAB Series 10, UNESCO, Paris, France and Parthenon, Carnforth, England.

Sanchez, P.A. (1976). Properties and management of soils in the tropics. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.

Sanchez, P.A., Bandy, D.E., Villachica, J.H. and Nicholaides, J.J. (1982). Amazon basin soils: management for continuous crop production. Science 216, 821–827.

Sanchez, P.A., Palm, C.A., Davey, C.B., Szott, L.T. and Russell, C.E. (1985). Trees as soil improvers in the humid tropics? Pp. 327–358 in Attributes of trees as crop plants, eds Cannell, M.G.R and Jackson, J.E., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood, Huntingdon, England.

Schreckenberg, K., Hadley, M. and Dyer, M.I. (Eds) (1990). Management and restoration of human-impacted resources: approaches to ecosystem rehabilitation, MAB Digest 5, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Schreckenberg, K. and Hadley, M. (Eds) (1991). Economic and ecological sustainability of tropical rain forest management. MAB Digest 8, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Sips, P. (1993). Management of tropical secondary rain forests in Latin America. Foundation BOS, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Srivastava, P.B.L. and others (Eds) (1982). Tropical forests - source of energy through optimisation and diversification, Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

Syers, J.K. and Rimmer, D.L. (1994). Soil science and sustainable land management in the tropics. Intercept, Andover, England.

Watkins, C. (Ed.) (1993). Ecological effects of afforestation. Intercept, Andover, England.

Conservation in the tropics:

MAB (1994). ACCESS - a directory on biosphere reserves. EuroMAB, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Albrecht, J. (1993). Tropical forest conservation and development: a bibliography. A manual obtainable from the author at Forestry Library, Univ. of Minnesota, B50 NRAB, 2300 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Burley, J. and Styles, B.T. (Eds) (1976). Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation, Academic Press, London, England/New York, NY, USA.

Chaelq, J.L. (1987). Vanishing land and water: soil and water conservation in dry lands. CTA/Macmillan.

Dallmeier, F. (Ed.) (1992). Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: methods for establishment and inventory of permanent plots. MAB Digest 11, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Dogsé, P. and von Droste, B. (1990). Debt-for-nature exchanges and biosphere reserves: experiences and potential. MAB Digest 6, UNESCO, Paris, France.

Frankel, O.H. and Bennett, E. (Eds) (1970). Genetic resources in plants - their exploration and conservation. IBP Handbook 11, Blackwell, Oxford, England.

Kemp, R.H., Namkoong, G. and Wadsworth, F.H. (1993). Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 107, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Leith, H. and Lohmann, M. (1993). Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems. Tasks for Vegetation Science 30, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

IUCN (1985). The IUCN red data book. Internat. Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.

NAS (1992). Conserving biodiversity: a research agenda for development agencies. BOSTID, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Synge, H. (Ed.) (1981). The biological aspects of rare plant conservation. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Troeh, F.R. and others (1980). Soil and water conservation for productivity and environmental protection. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.

Some organisations supplying information:

Newsletters, information sheets, reports, research highlights, books, videos, etc:

Agromisa, P.O. Box 41, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.

Centro Agronomica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Centro Internacionia de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.

Coordination in Development, Inc. (CODEL), 475 Riverside Drive, Room 1842, New York, NY 10115, USA.

Commonwealth Secretariat Publications, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HX, England.

Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests (ECTF), Darwin Building, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Scotland (a video is available in English or in Bahasa Malay, called “Multiplying Tropical Trees: vegetative propagation and selection”, to accompany Manual 1 in this series: Rooting cuttings of tropical trees).

Environment and Development in the Third World (ENDA-TM), Box 3370, Dakar, Senegal.

Environment Liaison Centre International, P.O. Box 72461, Nairobi, Kenya.

European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN), Arbeitsgemeinschaft tropische und subtropische e.v., Hans-BöcklerStr. 5, 5300 Bonn, Germany.

Intermediate Technology Publications, 103–105 Southampton Row, London, England (publish many books, a quarterly magazine Appropriate Technology, and a large catalogue of books for sale by post).

International Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture (IASA), Newman Centre, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.

International Centre for Low-External-Input Agriculture (ILEIA), P.O. Box 64, 3830 AB Leusden, Netherlands.

International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20036, USA.

International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.

International Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF), 5400 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.

Oxford Forestry Institute (OFI), South Parks Road, Oxford, England.

Rodale Institute, 222 Main Street, Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA.

Rural Development Forestry Network, Overseas Development Institute, Regent's College, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, England (includes a text-book series Forestry in Rural Development).

Tree Aid, Mayfield, Farmborough, Bath, BA3 1AL, England.

UK Foundation for the Peoples of the South Pacific, 32 Howe Park, Edinburgh EH10 7HF, Scotland (includes a video on sustainable logging with a portable sawmill).

Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA), 1815 North Lynn Street, Suite 200, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA.

Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, P.O. Box 1038, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok, Thailand; and Rte 3, Box 376 Morrilton, Arizona 72110, USA.

World Neighbors, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73112, USA.

Publications of UN organisations may be available from UNIPUB, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, Maryland 20705-4391, USA.

Some relevant journals include:

Agroforestry Abstracts, Agroforestry Systems, Agroforestry Today, Ambio, Biotropica, Bois at Forêts des Tropiques, Forest Ecology and Management, International Tree Crops Journal, Journal of Tropical Ecology, Journal of World Forest Resource Management, New Forests,

Some books and articles on:

Agroforestry and community tree planting:

Agrodok (1989). Green manuring and other forms of soil improvement in the tropics. Agrodok, 29, CTA/AGROMISA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Agrodok (1990). Preparation and use of compost. Agrodok 8, CTA/AGROMISA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Altieri, M.A. (1987). Agroecology: the scientific basis of alternative agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

Alvim, P. de T. (1981). A perspective appraisal of perennial crops in the Amazon basin. Interciencia, Caracas, Venezuela.

Beets, W.C. (1982). Multiple cropping and tropical farming systems. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

Bunce, R. (1982). Two ears of corn: a guide to people-centered agricultural development. World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, USA.

Charlton, S.E. (1983). Women in Third World development. Westview Press, London, England.

Christanty, L., Abdoellah, O. and Iskander, J. (1986). Traditional agro forestry in West Java: the pekarangan (Home garden) and talun-kebun (shifting cultivation) cropping systems. In Traditional agriculture in Southeast Asia, ed. Marten, G, Westview Press, Boulder Colorado, USA.

Clarke, W.C. and Thaman, R.R. (Eds) (1993). Agroforestry in the Pacific islands. UN Univ. Press, Tokyo, Japan.

Conway, G.R. (1986). Agroecosystem analysis for research and development. Winrock Internat. Inst. for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand.

Critchley, W. (1992). Looking after our land: soil and water conservation in dryland Africa. OXFAM, Oxford, England. (Also available in French.)

Dankelman, I. and Davidson, J. (1988). Women and environment in the Third World: alliance for the future. Earthscan, London, England.

de J. Hart, R.A. (1991). Forest gardening. Green Books, Totnes, England.

Dover, M. and Talbot, L.M. (1987). To feed the Earth: agroecology for sustainable development. World Resources Inst, Washington, D.C., USA.

Dupriez, H. and de Leener, P. (1983). Jardins et vergers d'Afrique. Terres et Vie, Nivelles, Belgium.

Dupriez, H. and de Leener, P. (1992). African gardens and orchards: growing vegetables and fruit. Macmillan, London, England.

FAO (1975). Organic materials as fertilisers, Soils Bulletin 27, FAO, Rome, Italy.

FAO (1978). Organic materials and soil productivity, Soils Bulletin 35, FAO, Rome, Italy.

FAO (1984). Improved cropping systems as an alternative to shifting cultivation, Soils Bulletin 53, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Fedden, M. (1988). Forest farm husbandry. Technology Consultancy Centre, Kumasi, Ghana.

Gholz, H.L. (1987). Agroforestry: realities, possibilities and potentials. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Gregersen, H.M., Draper, S. and Elz, D. (Eds) (1989). People and trees, the role of social forestry in sustainable development. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.

Huxley, P.A. (Ed.) (1983). Plant research and agroforestry. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Jacobs, L. (1986). Environmentally sound small-scale livestock projects: guidelines for planning. VITA, Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Kerkhof, P. (1990). Agroforestry in Africa: a survey of project experience. CTA/PANOS, London, England.

King, B.T. et al. (1984). Alley-cropping: a stable alternative to shifting cultivation. Internat. Inst. for Trop, Agric, Ibadan, Nigeria.

King, K.F.S. (1979). Agroforestry and the utilisation of fragile ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 2, 161–168.

Lal, R. and Greenland, D.J. (Eds) (1979). Soil physical properties and crop production in the tropics. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Lal, R., Sanchez, P.A. and Cummings, R.W., Jr (Eds) (1985). Land clearing and development, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, England.

McConnell, D.J. (1992). The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka. FAO, Rome, Italy.

Mongri, H.O. and Huxley, P.A. (1979). Soils research in agroforestry, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Montagnini, F. (1992). Sistemas agroforestales, principios y aplicaciones en los tropicos. Organisation of Trop. Studies, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica.

Moran, J. and Clarkson, R. (1993). Agroforestry and the protection of tropical forests. Rep. to Commission of European Communities DG XI, Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Mulongoy, K. and Merckx, R. (eds) (1993). Soil organic matter dynamics and sustainability of tropical agriculture. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Nair, P.K.R. (1984). Soil productivity aspects of agroforestry. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Nair, P.K.R. (1993). An introduction to agroforestry. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

NAS (1984). Agroforestry in the West African Sahel. BOSTID, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Nye P.H. and Greenland, D.J. (Eds). (1960). The soil under shifting cultivation. Commonwealth Agric. Bureau, Farnham Royal, England.

Prinsley, R.T. (Ed.) (1990). Agroforestry for sustainable production: economic implications. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Prinsley, R.T. (Ed.) (1991). The role of trees in sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry Ecosystems 20 (1/2), reprinted in Forestry Sciences Vol. 43, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Toky, O.P. (1981). Soil nutrient status of hill agro-ecosystems and recovery pattern after slash and burn agriculture (jhum) in north-eastern India, Plant and Soil 60, 41–64.

Reijntjes, C. (1992). Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-input and sustainable agriculture. ILEIA/Macmillan, London, England.

Rocheleau, D. (1988). Agroforestry in dryland Africa. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

Singh, A.K., Singh, M.K. and Mascarenhas, O.A.J. (1985). Community forestry for revitalising rural ecosystems: a case study. Forest Ecology and Management 10, 209–232.

Sommers, P. (1983). Low cost farming in the humid tropics: an illustrated handbook. Island Publ. House, Inc, Manila, Phillipines.

Sprague, M.A. and Triplett, G.B. (Eds) (1986). No-tillage and surface-tillage agriculture: the tillage revolution. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Tipper, R.M. (1992). Technological change in highland Mayan agriculture. PhD. Thesis, Univ. of Stirling, Bridge of Allan, Scotland.

UNDP (1980). Rural women's participation in development. Evaluation study 3, U.N. Development Programme, New York, USA.

Wiersum, K.F. (1984). Surface erosion under various tropical agroforestry systems. Pp 231–240 in Symp. on effects of forest land use on erosion and slope stability, eds C.L. O'Loughlin and A.J. Pearce, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.

Wijewardene, R. and Waidyanatha, P. (1984). Conservation farming: systems, techniques and tools. CFTC, Canada/GTZ, Germany.

Wolman, M.F. and Fournier, F.G.A. (1987). Land transformation in agriculture. Scientific Commission on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)/Wiley, New York, NY, USA.

Young, A. (1986). Effects of trees on soils. Pp 28–41 in Amelioration of soil by trees. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Young, A. (1990). Agroforestry for soil conservation. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya and CABI, Wallingford, England.

Mycorrhizas:

Alexander, I.J. (1989). Mycorrhizas in tropical forests. Pp 169–188 in Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems, ed. Proctor, J., Blackwell, Oxford, England.

Alexander, I, Ahmad, N. and See, L.S. (1992). The role of mycorrhizas in the regeneration of some Malaysian forest trees. Phil. Trans. Royal Society of London B 335, 379–388.

Janos, D.P. (1983). Tropical mycorrhizas, nutrient cycles and plant growth. Pp 327–345 in Tropical rain forest: ecology and management, eds Sutton, S.L. and others. Blackwell, Oxford, England.

Janos, D.P. (1985). Mycorrhizal fungi: agents or symtoms of tropical community composition? Pp 98–103 in Proc. 6th N. American Conf. on Mycorrhizae, ed. Molina R., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA.

Lapeyrie, F. and Högberg (1994). Harnessing symbiotic associations: ectomycorrhizas. Pp 158–164 in Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources, eds Leakey, R.R.B. and Newton, A.C., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Symp. 29; Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests, Symp. 1, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Mason, P.A. and Wilson, J. (1994). Harnessing symbiotic associations: vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Pp 165–175 in Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources, eds Leakey, R.R.B. and Newton, A.C., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Symp. 29; Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests, Symp. 1, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Mikola, P. (Ed) (1980). Tropical mycorrhiza research. Clarendon, Oxford, England.

Nitrogen-fixing tree and shrub species:

Giller, K. and Wilson, K. (1993). Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. Intercept, Andover, England.

Gordon, J.C. and Wheeler, C.T. (Eds) (1983). Biological nitrogen fixation in forest ecosystems: foundations and applications, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

NAS (1979). Tropical legumes: resources for the future. BOSTID publ. 25, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1983). Casuarinas: nitrogen-fixing trees for adverse sites. BOSTID publ. 43, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1984). Leucaena: Promising forage and tree crop in developing countries. BOSTID publ. 52, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Sprent, J.I. (1994). Harnessing symbiotic associations: the potentials for nitrogen-fixing trees. Pp 176–182 in Tropical trees: the potential for domestication and the rebuilding of forest resources, eds Leakey, R.R.B. and Newton, A.C., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Symp. 29; Edinburgh Centre for Tropical Forests, Symp. 1, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Some books and articles on:

Trees for food and fodder:

Bennison, J.J. and Paterson, R.T. (1993). Use of trees by livestock 2 - Acacia. Natural Resources Inst, Chatham, England.

Clinch, N.J.L., Bennison, J.J. and Paterson, R.T. (1993). Use of trees by livestock 1 - Prosopis. Natural Resources Inst, Chatham, England.

FAO (1983). Food and fruit-bearing forest species. Forestry Papers 44/1 - Examples from Eastern Africa; 44/2 - Examples from Southeastern Asia; 44/3 - Examples from Latin America. FAO, Rome Italy.

IDRC (1990). Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals. Proc. workshop in Denspasar, Indonesia, July 1989, Interat. Devel. Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.

MacDonald, I. and Low, J. (1984). Fruit and vegetables. Evans Brothers, London, England.

Opeke, L.K. (1982). Tropical tree crops. Wiley, Chichester, England.

Prinsley, R.T. and Tucker, G. (1987). Mangoes: a review. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Tree and shrub species for fuel:

Howes, M. (1993). Farmers, forests and fuel: towards a new biomass energy strategy for Sri Lanka. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

NAS (1980). Firewood crops: shrub and tree species for energy production, Vol. 1. BOSTID publ. 40, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1983a). Firewood crops: shrub and tree species for energy production, Vol. 2. BOSTID publ. 40, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1983b). Casuarinas: nitrogen-fixing trees for adverse sites. BOSTID publ. 43, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

O'Keefe, P. (1983). Fuel for the people: fuel in the Third World. Ambio 12, 115–117.

Salazar R: and Rose, D. (1984). Firewood yields of individual trees of Guazema ulmifolia Lam. in Hojancha, Guanacaste - Costa Rica. Commonwealth Forestry Rev. 63, 271–278.

Other renewable energy supplies, and improved stoves:

Allen, H. (1991). The Kenya ceramic jiko: a manual for stovemakers. Intermediate Technology Publications/CARE, London, England.

Alward, R. (Ed.) (1982). Solar cooker manual. Brace Research Inst., Quebec, Canada.

CSC (1991). Charcoal production: a handbook. Commonwealth Science Council, London and Natural Resources Inst, Chatham, England.

Dicko, M., Fraenkel, P. and Bokalders, V. (1993). Rural lighting: a guide for development workers. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Eriksson, S. and Prior, M. (1990). The briquetting of agricultural wastes for fuel. SIDA/FAO, Rome, Italy.

Fulford, D. (1988). Running a biogas programme: a handbook. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Holland, R. (1983). Micro hydro electric power. Intermediate Technology Development Group, Tech. Pap. 1, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Joseph, S. (1985). The stove project manual: planning and implementation. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Hislop, D. (Ed.) (1991). Energy options: an introduction to small-scale renewable energy technologies. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

ITP (1994). The power guide: an international catalogue of small-scale energy equipment. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Mann, R.D. (1979). How to build a ‘Cretan sail’ windpump. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Micuta, W. (1985). Modern stoves for all. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Roberts, S. (1991). Solar electricity: a practical guide to designing and installing small photovoltaic systems. Prentice Hall, New York, USA.

Sinson, D.A. (1981). Comment construire un chauffe-eau solaire. Brochure 1.11, Brace Research Inst., Quebec, Canada.

Stewart, W. (1987). Improved wood waste and charcoal burning stoves: a practitioner's manual. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Timber trees

Findlay, W.P.K. (Ed.) (1985). Preservation of timber in the tropics, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Hobley, M. (1994). Participatory forest management in South Asia. Forestry in rural development textbook series 3, Overseas Development Inst., London, England.

Hutchinson, I.D. (1993). Puntos de partida y muestreo diagnóstico para la silvicultura de bosques naturales del tropical humedo. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Oldemann, R.A.A., Peck, T.J. and Alkema, A. (Eds) (1982). Tropical hardwood utilization: practice and prospects, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Poore, D. (1989). No timber without trees: sustainability in the tropical forest. Earthscan, London, England.

Redhead, J.R. and Hall, John B. (1992). Tropical forestry. Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, England

Shanks, E. (1994). Forestry extension policies and practices. Forestry in rural development textbook series 2, Overseas Development Inst., London, England.

Shepherd, G. (1992). Managing Africa's tropical dry forests: a review of indigenous methods. Overseas Development Inst., London, England.

Weber, F.W. (1987). Reforestation in arid lands. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. (Also available in French.)

Other materials from trees and woodland:

Chetsanga, C.J. and Wereko-Brobby, C.Y. (1985). Tropical medicinal and aromatic plants: a status report. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Janssen, J.J.A. (1991). Mechanical properties of bamboo. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Janssen, J.J.A. (1994). Building with bamboo: a handbook. 2nd Edn, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Satoo, T. and Madgwick, H.A.I. (1982). Forest biomass. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

Multipurpose trees:

Boland, D.J. (Ed.) (1989) Trees for the tropics: growing Australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in developing countries. Austral. Centre for Internat. Agric. Research, Canberra, Australia.

Gunasena, H.P.M, (Ed.) (1990) Multipurpose tree species in Sri Lanka: Research and development, no. 1, Fac. of Agric., Univ. of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

Gunasena, H.P.M, (Ed.) (1991) Multipurpose tree species in Sri Lanka: Research and development, no. 2, Fac. of Agric., Univ. of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

NAS (1975). Underexploited tropical plants with promising economic value. BOSTID publ. 16, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1983). Calliandra: a versatile small tree for the humid tropics. BOSTID publ. 42, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1984). Leucaena: Promising forage and tree crop in developing countries. BOSTID publ. 52, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1992). Neem: a tree for solving global problems. BOSTID, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Peters, C.M. and Pardo-Tejada, E. (1982). Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae): uses and potential in Mexico. Econ. Bot. 36, 166–175.

Turnbull, J.W. (Ed.) (1986) Multipurpose Australian trees and shrubs. Austral. Centre for Internat. Agric. Research, Canberra, Australia.

von Carlowitz, P.G. (1986). Multipurpose tree and shrub directory. Internat. Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya.

Formal and informal experiments:

Abel, N.O.J., Drinkwater, M.J., Okafor, J. and Prinsley, R. (1989). Agroforestry for Shurugwi, Zimbabwe: report of an appraisal excercise for agroforestry research and extension. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Carter, E.J. (1987). From seed to trial establishment. DFR User Series No. 2, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.

Chambers, R., Pacey, A. and Thrupp, L.A. (Eds) (1989). Farmer first: farmer innovation and agricultural research. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

CSC (1987). Manual for a training workshop on amelioration of soil by trees. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

CSC (1989). Guidelines for training in rapid appraisal for agroforestry research and extension. Commonwealth Science Council, London, England.

Farrington, J. and Martin, A. (1988). Farmer participation in agricultural research: a review of concepts and practices. Overseas Development Inst, London, England.

Haverkort, B. (Ed.) (1991). Joining farmers experiments: experiences in participatory technology development. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Heimstra, W. (1992). Let farmers judge: experiences in assessing agricultural innovations. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

NAS (1990). Forestry research: a mandate for change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

NAS (1992). Conserving biodiversity: a research agenda for development agencies. BOSTID, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.

Reijntjes, C. (1992). Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-input and sustainable agriculture. ILEIA/Macmillan, London, England.

General topics:

Adamowicz, W.L. and Phillips, W. (1992). Forestry and the environment: economic perspectives. Intercept, Andover, England.

Alders, C., Haverkort, B. and van Veldhuizen, L. (Eds) (1993). Linking with farmers: networking for low-external-input and sustainable agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Dudley, N. (Ed.) (1992). Land is life: land reform and sustainable agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Maskrey, A. (1989). El manejo popular de los desastroes naturales: estudios de vulnerabilidad y mitigación. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Place, S.E. (Ed.) (1993). Tropical rainforests, Latin American nature and society in transition. Scholarly Resources Inc., Wilmington, DE 19805-1897, USA.

Preto, G. (1993). Forest resource inventory and monitoring, and remote sensing technologies. Japan Soc. of Forest Planning Press.

Rodda, A. (1991). Women and the environment. Zed Books, London, England, and New Jersey, USA.

Shepherd, G. (Ed.) (1992). Forest policies, forest politics. Overseas Development Inst., London, England.

Stulz, R. and Mukerji, K. (1993). Appropriate building materials: a catalogue of potential solutions. 3rd Edn, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, England.

Tauro P. and Narwal, S.S. (1992). Allelopathy in agroecosystems. Internat. Allelopathy Foundation, Hisar, India.

Thomason, J.G. (Ed.) (1983). Guidance note: safety in fieldwork. Nat. Env. Research Council, Swindon, England.

Van Nao, Tran (Ed.) (1982). Forest fire prevention and control, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

VITA (1985). Environmentally sound small-scale agricultural projects: guidelines for planning. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Wijewardene, R. and Waidyanatha, P. (1984). Conservation farming: systems, techniques and tools. CFTC, Canada/GTZ, Germany.

William, P.J. (1992). Women's participation in forestry activities in Africa. Environment Liaison Centre International, Nairobi, Kenya.