LOCAL NAME |
SCIENTIFIC NAME |
1. |
Euphorbia cotinifolia |
2. |
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius |
3. |
Prunus salicifolia |
4. Amacunga |
Citrus sinensis/ C. aurantium vulgare |
5. Amapera |
Psidium guajava |
6. Avoka |
Persea gratissima |
7. Calliandra |
Calliandra calothyrsus |
8. Callitrisi |
Callitris sp. |
9. Cassiya |
Cassia spectabilis |
10. Casuarina/umubunda |
Casuarina cunninghamia |
11. Gereverya |
Grevillea robusta |
12. Icyayi |
Camellia thea |
13. Igifenesi (jacquier) |
Artocarpus integrifolia |
14. I kawa |
Coffea arabica |
15. Ikinyomoro/itunda |
Cyphomandra betacea |
16. Indimu |
Citrus limon |
17. Inturusu/intusi |
Eucalyptus sp. |
18. Ipapaya |
Carica papaya |
19. Ipapaya y'umusozi |
Carica cundinamarcensis |
20. Isederera |
Cedrela serrata |
21. Jacaranda |
Jacaranda mimosifolia |
22. Lesena |
Leucaena leucocephala/L. diversifolia |
23. Mandarine |
Citrus reticulata |
24. Pinusi/umubunda |
Pinus sp. |
25. Seremoliya |
Annona cherimola |
26. Umudwedwe |
Plumeria alba |
27. Umukunde/Itenderwa |
Cajanus cajan, c. indicus |
28. Umunoferiya |
Eriobotrya japonica |
29. Umutima w'imfizi |
Annona reticulata |
30. Umuzonibari |
Cupressus /usitanica |
31. Umwembe |
Mangifera indica |
32. |
Dovyalis caffra |
LOCAL NAME |
SCIENTIFIC NAME |
33. Akaziraruguma |
Begonia meyeri johanni |
34. Amadwedwe |
Euphorbia grantii |
35. Bambuwa |
Coryza sumatrensis |
36. Barakatsi |
Acacia mearnsii |
37. Bugangabukare |
Hygrophila auriculata |
38. Iboberi |
Morus alba |
39. Icyicamahirwe |
Tithonia sp. |
40. lcyuyuyu |
Pavonia urens |
41. lcyumwa |
Trichodesma zeylanicum |
42. Idaforoma |
Vinca rosea |
43. Idoma |
Vernonia aenulans |
44. Igicucu |
Manihot glaziovii |
45. Igicumucumu |
Botriocline ugandensis |
46. Igicunshu |
Coleus kilimandschari |
47. Igihungeri |
Protea madiensis |
48. Igihondohondo |
Dracaena steudneri |
49. Igikakarubamba |
Aloe dawei |
50. Igikakarubamba kizungu/taburini |
Aloe sp. |
51. Igikamba/itabi |
Nicotianum tabacum |
52. Igisura |
Urtica dioica |
53. Igitabitabi |
Nicotianum tabacum (wild tobacco) |
54. Igitenetene |
Kalanchoe sp. |
55. Igitoborwa |
Solanum capsicoides |
56. Igitotsi |
Blumea alata (syn lagera) |
57. Igiturabuguma |
Hibiscus diversifolius |
58. Igitovu |
Acanthus pubescens |
59. Ikararambwe |
Rubia cordifolia |
60. Ikegera |
Senecio ladiensis |
61. Ikibonobono |
Ricinus communs |
62. Ikibonobono |
Psychotria sp. |
63. Ikigwarara |
Berkheya spekeana |
64. Ikiha/umuduha |
Euphorbia candelabrum |
65. Ikimungu |
Opuntia vulgaris/O. ficus indica |
66. Ikinyankurwe |
C/erondendrum fuscum/johnstonii |
67. Ikinyondonyondo |
Kalanchoe sp. |
68. Ikizimyamuliro |
Guizotia scabra |
69. Ikiziranyenzi |
Clerondendrum rotundifolium |
70. Ikura |
unidentified sp. |
71. Imbabazi |
Microg/ossa pyrifolia |
72. Indarama |
unidentified sp. |
73. Inkeli/umukeli |
Rubus rigidus |
74. Intobo |
Solanum aculeastrum |
75. Intoryi |
Solanum melongena |
76. Inyabarasanya |
Bidens pilosa |
77. Inzirane |
Cassia floribunda |
78. Iralire |
Senecio stuhlmannii (syn. cydonifolia) |
79 Ireke/Iginetenete |
Kalanchoe beniensis |
80. Isonga |
Ocimum americanum |
81. Kamenamaseke |
Polygala luteo-viridis |
82. Kavunjahomo/akavunjahoma |
Chenopodium ambrosioides |
83. Mahuru |
Leptactina platyphilla |
84. Magaru |
Hypoestes verticillaris |
85. Nyirakayenzi |
unidentified sp. |
86. Quinquina |
Cinchona sp. |
87. Rubamba |
Sanseveria sp. |
88. Rubilika |
unidentified sp. |
89. Ubuhandanzovu |
Tribulus terrestris |
90. Ubutwiko |
Helichrysum fruticosum |
91. Umubazi |
Monechma subsessile (epiphyte) |
92. Umubilizi |
Vernonia amygdalina |
93. Umubogora |
Cissus quadrangularis |
94. Umucaca |
Cynodon aethiopicus/C. ulemfuensis |
95. Umucucu |
Solanum incanum |
96. Umucundura |
Triumfetta sp. |
97. Umucyuro |
Cassia didymobotrya |
98. Umufatangwe |
Ceasalpina decapetala |
99. Umufumba |
Ekebergia capensis |
100. Umufumbageshi |
Balthasaria schliebenüvar. intermedia |
101. Umuganashya |
Cussonia ho/stii |
102. Umugasa |
Toddalia asiatica |
103. Umugano |
Arundinaria alpina |
104. Umugombe |
Chenopodium ugandae |
105. Umugote |
Syzygium parviflorum |
106. Umugwamporo/umuboboli |
Trema orientalis |
107. Umuhanga |
Maesa lanceolata |
108. Umuharakuku |
Rhyndosia hirta |
109. Umuhashya |
Dalbergia lactea |
110. Umuhati |
Dracaena afromontana |
111. Umuhati kizungu (has red leaves) |
Dracaena afromontana? |
112. Umuhatu |
Pavonia patens |
113. Umuhe |
Clerondendrum fuscum |
114. Umuhengeli/irandani |
Lantana camara |
115. Umuhikakiza |
unidentified sp. |
116. Umuhokoro |
Mikaniopsis tedlei |
117. Umuhombo |
Ficalhoa laurifolia |
118. Umuhuhu/gapeli |
Physalis peruviana |
119. Umuhuhwe |
Croton dichogamus |
120. Umuhumuro |
Maesopsis eminii |
121. Umukamambogo |
unidentified sp. |
122. Umukaragata |
Embelia schimperi |
123. Umukiryi |
Virectaria major |
124. Umuko |
Erythrina abyssinica |
125. Umukobe |
Ficus sp. |
126. Umukoni |
Synadenium grantii |
127. Umukoni kizungu (has red leaves) |
Synadenium compactum |
128. Umukonora |
Gloriosa simplex |
129. Umukorokombe |
Grewia similis |
130. Umugosora |
Verbena officinalis |
131. Umukubayoka |
Cassia floribunda |
132. Umukumbuguru |
Clerondendrum buchholzii |
133. Umukurazo |
Vernonia hochstetteri |
134. Umukuzanyana |
Clerondendrum myricoïdes |
135. Umulyawabasaza |
unidentified sp. |
136. Umumenamabuye |
Pavetta ternifolia |
137. Umumeya |
Albertisia exelliana |
138. Umunanira |
Rhamnus prinoides |
139. Umunkamba |
Clematis sinensis/C. hirsuta |
140. Umuno |
Clausena anisata |
141. Umunyegenyege |
Sesbania sesban/S. macrantha |
142. Umunyinya |
Acacia sieberiana |
143. Umuravumba |
Tetradenia riparia |
144. Umurehe |
Ficus vallis-choudae |
145. Umurerabana |
Vernonia adoensis |
146. Umuretezo |
Anisopappus africanus |
147. Umurogora/umukaka |
Bersama abyssinica |
148. Umuryogera |
Crotalaria recta |
149. Umuruku |
Tephrosia vogelii. |
150. Umusagara |
Rhus vulgaris |
151. Umusange |
Entada abyssinica |
152. Umusarenda |
Triumfetta cordifolia |
153. Umusasa |
Sapium ellipticum |
154. Umusave |
Markhamia lutea |
155. Umusebe |
Cassia floribunda |
156. Umusebeya |
Albizia sp. |
157.Umusekera |
Macaranga neomilbreadiana |
158. Umusena/umuseno |
Ficus asperifolia |
159. Umusene |
Dasylepis racemosa |
160. Umushubi' |
Maytenus sp./Dovyalis sp. |
161. Umushunshu |
Solanum incanum |
162. Umusororo |
Indigofera erecta |
163. Umutagara |
Senecio mannii |
164. Umutagarasoryo |
Solanum anguivi/S. indicum |
165. Umutakaforo |
unidentified sp. |
166. Umutarishonga |
Cluytia abyssinica |
167. Umutinsyi |
Erytrococca bongensis |
168. Umutobotobo |
Solanum aculeastrum |
169. Umutozo |
Hibiscus fuscus |
170. Umuturirwa |
Waltheria indica |
171. Umuturuturu |
Schefflera goetzenii |
172. Umuvumo |
Vernonia sp. |
173. Umuvumu/gasuru |
Ficus thonningii |
174. Umuyenzi |
Euphorbia tirucalli |
175. Umuyogera/kayogera |
Crotalaria incana sp. purpurescens |
176. Umuyogoro |
Millettia dura |
177. Umuyoka |
Cassia occidentalis |
178. Umuzabibu |
unidentified sp. [raisin] |
179. Umuzibaziba |
Mitragyne rubrostipulata |
180. Umwamira |
Terminalia mollis? |
181. Umwange |
Senecio angulatus |
182. Umwanzuranya |
Vernonia smithiana |
183. Umwenya |
Ocimum suave |
184. Umwisheke |
Chenopodium ambrosoïdes |
185. Umwumba |
Prunus africana |
186. Umwungo |
Polyscias fulva |
187. Uruberwa |
Hibiscus cannabinus |
188. Urubingo |
Pennisetum purpureum |
189. Uruhehe |
Botriocline longipes |
190. Uruheza |
Phyllanthus niruri |
191. Urukwamo |
Pennisetum sp. |
192. Urusayura |
Thunbergia alata |
193.Urusenda |
Capsicum frutescens |
Indigenous: "Existing, growing or produced naturally in a region or country; innate, inherent, inborn." (Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, Second College Edition, 1986). Tree species that are native and naturally occurring in the study areas.
Endogenous: "Developing from within, originating internally." (Webster's New World Dictionary, 1986). Used to describe the nature of farmers' knowledge that is developed from within a local social system (ethnic group, people with a defined geographical or biophysical area) and based on that system's beliefs, values and norms, and definitions of problems and acceptable solutions.
Exogenous: All knowledge that comes from outside the local social system, i.e. from people from different geographic areas, different ethnic groups, or from (formal) research and extension. While researchers and extensionists could belong to the local social group, the knowledge they possess and advocate is (for the most part and in most cases) not based on the belief, meanings and values of the social group, but is derived from elsewhere. Thus, researchers and extensionists represent and belong to an exogenous (namely the scientific) knowledge system.
Scientific: Knowledge and technologies that are developed using scientific methods, i.e. inductive and deductive reasoning, hypotheses testing, controlled experiments. This research was carried out in two phases with different groups of farmers who are distinguished as informants, tree experts, consultants and comparison farmers. Each of these terms is described below.
Informants: The first phase of the research concerned the identification of farmers within the community deemed the most knowledgeable about trees and tree cultivation in the eyes of their fellow farmers. A variation of the wealth ranking game was used to extract information from a sample of farmers about the knowledge of other community members. The participants in the ranking game are the informants.
Tree experts: The farmers who know a lot about trees and tree cultivation are considered "experts" by their fellow farmers. It would be wrong to call them "expert farmers", as a number of farmers referred to as tree experts were not thought of very highly regarding their farming skills.
Comparison farmers: Farmers who practice agroforestry and have knowledge about trees and tree cultivation that is different from the agroforestry systems and agroforestry knowledge of tree experts. This group of farmers was chosen to represent the general farm population for comparison with tree experts, in terms of education, socioeconomic and political factors, access to resources, etc.
Consultants or farmer-consultants: The term is used to refer to all farmers (both tree experts and comparison farmers together) who participated in the second phase of the study. These farmers acted as teachers for the researcher and his assistants, provided services, expert advice and helped explain their agroforestry systems, their underlying knowledge and the processes behind the generation of this knowledge.
The objective of studies of endogenous knowledge is to show that farmers do have knowledge, are actively engaged in research to develop this knowledge and can be experts in specialized fields just as people who have formal education and training based on scientific principles. If it is accepted that farmers have important contributions to make to development, and if they are considered equal participants in technology development, they should be treated as such and referred to with the same words.
BGM |
Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo |
CARE |
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (US NGO) |
CGIAR |
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research |
CIAT |
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical International Centre for Tropical Agriculture |
D & D |
diagnosis and design |
ELCI |
Environment Liaison Centre - International |
EMSP |
Etudes de Milieu et Systèmes de Production (Characterization and Farming Systems Department of ISAR) |
GNP |
gross national product |
GTZ |
German Agency for Technical Cooperation (Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit) |
ICRAF |
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry |
ISAR |
Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (National Agricultural Research Institute of Rwanda) |
NGO |
Non-Governmental Organization |
PAK |
Projet Agricole de Karama |
PAP |
Project Agropastoral de Nyabisindu |
R & E |
research and extension |
RPF |
Rwanda Patriotic Front |
UNDP |
United Nations Development Programme |
UNR |
Université National du Rwanda |
USAID |
United States Agency for International Development |
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