Major breeding efforts in rice were initiated in the early 1960s and resulted in improved productivity, higher quality and increased tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Maximum impetus was achieved with the advent of the spontaneous mutant Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen which possessed a dwarfing gene. Dwarf, photo-insensitive and upright-effective plant types which were highly responsive to added dosages of inputs then gave new direction to the rice improvement programmes.
TABLE 4
Area, production and productivity in major rice-growing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, 1961-2001
Year | Harvested area | Production | Yield |
ASIA | |||
Bangladesh | |||
1961-1970 | 9 370 861 | 15 802 748 | 16 845 |
1971-1980 | 9 940 803 | 18 055 771 | 18 127 |
1981-1990 | 10 347 583 | 23 113 077 | 22 339 |
1991-2001 | 10 289 477 | 30 061 061 | 29 113 |
China | |||
1961-1970 | 30 162 485 | 87 884 753 | 28 917 |
1971-1980 | 35 746 469 | 130 577 484 | 36 582 |
1981-1990 | 33 245 134 | 173 304 957 | 52 155 |
1991-2001 | 31 261 571 | 190 102 951 | 60 848 |
India | |||
1961-1970 | 36 205 674 | 54 936 203 | 15 150 |
1971-1980 | 38 893 616 | 68 900 266 | 17 675 |
1981-1990 | 40 907 272 | 92 838 813 | 22 633 |
1991-2001 | 43 500 709 | 122 763 183 | 28 197 |
Indonesia | |||
1961-1970 | 7 455 447 | 14 335 000 | 19 103 |
1971-1980 | 8 509 539 | 23 423 955 | 27 451 |
1981-1990 | 9 828 140 | 39 021 574 | 39 607 |
1991-2001 | 11 323 628 | 49 097 329 | 43 370 |
Japan | |||
1961-1970 | 3 242 050 | 17 103 656 | 52 795 |
1971-1980 | 2 640 900 | 15 360 451 | 58 113 |
1981-1990 | 2 219 500 | 13 436 600 | 60 550 |
1991-2001 | 1 964 818 | 12 273 280 | 62 918 |
KoreaRep. | |||
1961-1970 | 1 188 500 | 5 010 500 | 42 112 |
1971-1980 | 1 212 620 | 6 688 334 | 55 074 |
1981-1990 | 1 236 746 | 7 743 890 | 62 604 |
1991-2001 | 1 090 264 | 7 005 308 | 64 372 |
Myanmar | |||
1961-1970 | 4 707 580 | 7 741 980 | 16 432 |
1971-1980 | 4 811 390 | 9 499 970 | 19 762 |
1981-1990 | 4 646 050 | 14 009 155 | 30 160 |
1991-2001 | 5 685 651 | 17 674 763 | 30 989 |
Nepal | |||
1961-1970 | 1 125 195 | 2 158 374 | 19 187 |
1971-1980 | 1 238 168 | 2 335 957 | 18 861 |
1981-1990 | 1 375 861 | 2 819 244 | 20 384 |
1991-2001 | 1 467 051 | 3 525 740 | 23 935 |
Pakistan | |||
1961-1970 | 1 394 481 | 2 336 340 | 16 489 |
1971-1980 | 1 740 355 | 4 091 321 | 23 481 |
1981-1990 | 2 010 420 | 4 928 510 | 24 528 |
1991-2001 | 2 243 436 | 6 344 184 | 27 966 |
Philippines | |||
1961-1970 | 3 185 991 | 4 392 683 | 13 780 |
1971-1980 | 3 526 044 | 6 316 049 | 17 873 |
1981-1990 | 3 331 499 | 8 647 519 | 25 940 |
1991-2001 | 3 674 666 | 10 721 653 | 29 106 |
Sri Lanka | |||
1961-1970 | 542 835 | 1 132 667 | 20 710 |
1971-1980 | 726 916 | 1 564 796 | 21 348 |
1981-1990 | 796 499 | 2 374 347 | 29 862 |
1991-2001 | 803 250 | 2 580 046 | 32 121 |
Thailand | |||
1961-1970 | 6 654 600 | 12 070 300 | 18 112 |
1971-1980 | 8 101 508 | 14 932 710 | 18 448 |
1981-1990 | 9 403 179 | 19 072 402 | 20 257 |
1991-2001 | 9 364 161 | 22 343 745 | 23 815 |
Viet Nam | |||
1961-1970 | 4 796 878 | 9 244 019 | 19 291 |
1971-1980 | 5 190 382 | 10 886 159 | 21 022 |
1981-1990 | 5 736 960 | 15 925 601 | 27 709 |
1991-2001 | 6 998 927 | 26 495 964 | 37 627 |
AFRICA | |||
Egypt | |||
1961-1970 | 403 400 | 2 093 600 | 51 867 |
1971-1980 | 443 434 | 2 379 727 | 53 732 |
1981-1990 | 409 487 | 2 449 603 | 59 773 |
1991-2001 | 582 196 | 4 841 486 | 82 699 |
Guinea | |||
1961-1970 | 320 900 | 310 800 | 9 748 |
1971-1980 | 449 259 | 403 893 | 8 992 |
1981-1990 | 459 758 | 390 929 | 8 658 |
1991-2001 | 460 632 | 669 223 | 14 442 |
Côte d’Ivoire | |||
1961-1970 | 267 930 | 270 620 | 9 979 |
1971-1980 | 360 400 | 433 700 | 12 066 |
1981-1990 | 458 800 | 529 940 | 11 559 |
1991-2001 | 564 516 | 925 589 | 16 969 |
Nigeria | |||
1961-1970 | 206 600 | 264 100 | 12 553 |
1971-1980 | 310 400 | 533 200 | 16 897 |
1981-1990 | 849 600 | 1 758 132 | 20 798 |
1991-2001 | 1 895 927 | 3 130 545 | 16 688 |
Sierra Leone | |||
1961-1970 | 300 087 | 396 708 | 13 168 |
1971-1980 | 385 000 | 532 430 | 13 821 |
1981-1990 | 370 960 | 492 300 | 13 335 |
1991-2001 | 289 268 | 364 184 | 12 404 |
Tanzania | |||
1961-1970 | 109 100 | 120 605 | 11 341 |
1971-1980 | 207 882 | 274 700 | 13 576 |
1981-1990 | 305 162 | 491 846 | 15 867 |
1991-2001 | 421 856 | 601 676 | 14 407 |
LATIN AMERICA | |||
Brazil | |||
1961-1970 | 4 140 172 | 6 380 752 | 15 482 |
1971-1980 | 5 403 023 | 7 847 737 | 14 508 |
1981-1990 | 5 409 362 | 9 484 352 | 17 623 |
1991-2000 | 3 885 094 | 9 887 952 | 25 695 |
2001 | 3 147 440 | 10 207 200 | 32 430 |
Chile | |||
1961-1970 | 29 882 | 7 901 | 26 463 |
1971-1980 | 29 275 | 9 112 | 30 812 |
1981-1990 | 36 096 | 14 229 | 39 281 |
1991-2000 | 27 817 | 12 004 | 43 022 |
2001 | 28 550 | 14 361 | 50 179 |
Columbia | |||
1961-1970 | 286 740 | 645 548 | 22 961 |
1971-1980 | 354 020 | 1 468 997 | 41 133 |
1981-1990 | 417 944 | 1 855 004 | 44 860 |
1991-2000 | 419 483 | 1 832 368 | 43 594 |
2001 | 429 175 | 2 106 755 | 49 088 |
Ecuador | |||
1961-1970 | 104 539 | 229 787 | 22 259 |
1971-1980 | 101 842 | 286 113 | 28 268 |
1981-1990 | 198 496 | 594 570 | 29 827 |
1991-2000 | 350 466 | 1 185 686 | 33 722 |
2001 | 380 272 | 1 377 180 | 36 216 |
Venezuela | |||
1961-1970 | 98 534 | 181 327 | 18 023 |
1971-1980 | 131 860 | 371 543 | 27 565 |
1981-1990 | 157 092 | 460 769 | 30 444 |
1991-2000 | 158 921 | 696 926 | 44 095 |
2001 | 140 000 | 690 000 | 49 286 |
TABLE 5
Number of varieties released (by location and period)
Country/region | Pre-1965 | 1966-1970 | 1971-75 | 1976-1980 | 1981-85 | 1986-1991 | Total |
Africa | 3 | 7 | 8 | 17 | 26 | 42 | 103 |
Bangladesh | 1 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 33 | 64 |
Myanmar (Burma) | 0 | 4 | 6 | 21 | 37 | 8 | 76 |
China | 0 | 1 | 8 | 30 | 31 | 12 | 82 |
India | 10 | 67 | 136 | 139 | 125 | 166 | 643 |
Indonesia | 1 | 2 | 5 | 21 | 10 | 9 | 48 |
Korea | 0 | 5 | 11 | 35 | 40 | 15 | 106 |
Nepal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 17 |
Pakistan | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 12 |
Philippines | 3 | 4 | 13 | 23 | 8 | 2 | 53 |
Sri Lanka | 3 | 14 | 4 | 8 | 21 | 3 | 53 |
Thailand | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 23 |
Viet Nam | 0 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 16 | 5 | 59 |
Latin America | 7 | 9 | 48 | 32 | 43 | 100 | 239 |
Total | 29 | 142 | 260 | 374 | 373 | 400 | 1 578 |
TABLE 6
Number of varieties released in India (by ecosystem)
Ecosystem | No. of varieties released | Percentage |
Irrigated | 374 | 59.0 |
Rainfed shallow lowland | 123 | 19.5 |
Rainfed upland | 87 | 13.7 |
Rainfed semi-deep water | 30 | 4.7 |
Deep water | 14 | 2.2 |
Hill ecology | 5 | 0.7 |
Total | 633 |
One of the major indicators of progress in plant breeding activities is the number of varieties released and grown over a period of time (see Table 5). Between 1965 and 1991, Asia had the largest area under rice with many countries growing rice as a staple food and it developed the maximum number of varieties, followed by Latin America (239) and Africa (103). Within Asia, it is India that developed the greatest number of varieties during this period (643), followed by Korea (106), China (82), Myanmar (76), Bangladesh (64) and Viet Nam (59).
Further analysis indicates that the maximum number of varieties were released during the period 1986-1991 (400 varieties), followed by 1976-1980 (374) and 1981-85 (373). During the period 1965-1991, the number of varieties released during each 5-year period was greatest during the 1970s and 1980s.
The numbers of varieties released in each ecosystem in India are listed in Table 6. The greatest number of varieties were released for the irrigated ecosystem (59%), followed by rainfed shallow lowlands (19.5%), rainfed uplands (13.7%), rainfed semi-deep water (4.7%), deep water (2.2%) and hills (0.7%).
A list of the varieties developed and released by Bangladesh is given in Table 7. During the 24-year period from 1970 to 1994, 31 varieties were released for the different seasons: aman (July-Oct.), aus (Mar.-Aug.) and boro (Dec.-May). The yield potential of these lines ranged from 3.0 to 5.50 (±1.0) t/ha. Modern varieties cover a sizeable area in Bangladesh, making a significant contribution to higher production and productivity.
TABLE 7
High-yielding modern rice varieties bred by BRRI, Bangladesh
Variety name | Growing | Growth duration | Yield of rough rice | Year of |
BR1 (Chandina) | T. Aus | 115+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1970 |
Boro | 145+5 | 5.5+0.5 | ||
BR2 (Mala) | T. Aus | 120+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1971 |
Boro | 155+5 | 5.5+1.0 | ||
BR3 (Biplab) | T. Aus | 125+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1973 |
Boro | 165+5 | 5.5+1.0 | ||
BR4 (Brrisail) | T. Aman | 140+5 | 5.5+1.0 | 1975 |
BR5 (Dulabhog) | T. Aman | 140+5 | 3.0+0.5 | 1976 |
BR6 (IR 28) | T. Aus | 105+5 | 3.0+0.5 | 1977 |
Boro | 135+5 | 3.5+1.0 | ||
BR7 (Brribalam) | T. Aus | 125+5 | 3.5+1.0 | 1977 |
Boro | 150+5 | 4.0+0.5 | ||
BR8 (Asha) | T. Aus | 120+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1978 |
Boro | 160+5 | 5.0+1.0 | ||
BR9 (Sufala) | T. Aus | 115+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1978 |
Boro | 150+5 | 5.0+1.0 | ||
BR10 (Progati) | T. Aman | 145+5 | 5.5+1.0 | 1980 |
BR11 (Mukta) | T. Aman | 140+5 | 5.5+1.0 | 1980 |
BR12 (Moyna) | T. Aus | 125+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1983 |
Boro | 135+5 | 4.5+1.0 | ||
BR14 (Gazi) | T. Aus | 120+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1983 |
Boro | 155+5 | 5.0+1.0 | ||
BR15 (Mohini) | T. Aus | 125+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1983 |
Boro | 165+5 | 5.5+0.5 | ||
BR16 (Shahibalam) | T. Aus | 125+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1983 |
Boro | 165+5 | 5.0+1.0 | ||
BR17 (Hashi) | Boro | 155+5 | 5.0+1.0 | 1985 |
BR18 (Shahjalal) | Boro | 165+5 | 5.0+1.0 | 1985 |
BR19 (Mongol | Boro | 165+5 | 5.0+1.0 | 1985 |
BR20 (Nizami) | Upland Aus | 115+5 | 3.5+0.5 | 1986 |
BR21 (Niamat) | Upland Aus | 105+5 | 3.0+0.5 | 1986 |
BR22 (Kiron) | T. Aman | 135+15 | 4.5+0.5 | 1988 |
BR23 (Dishari) | T. Aman | 130+15 | 4.5+1.0 | 1988 |
BR24 (Rahmat) | Upland Aus | 105+5 | 3.5+0.5 | 1992 |
BR25 (Naya Pajam) | T. Aman | 135+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1992 |
BR26 (Sraboni) | T. Aus | 110+10 | 3.5+0.5 | 1993 |
BR 27 | B. Aus | 110+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1994 |
T. Aus | 110+5 | 4.0+0.5 | ||
BR 28 | Boro | 195+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1994 |
BR 29 | Boro | 155+5 | 5.0+0.5 | 1994 |
BR 30 | T. Aman | 140+5 | 4.0+0.5 | 1994 |
BR 31 | T. Aman | 135+5 | 4.5+0.5 | 1994 |
BR 32 | T. Aman | 120+5 | 5.0+0.5 | 1994 |
Table 8 lists the varieties released for the various ecosystems in Africa; while Tables 9a-9d list the varieties released in Nigeria in various periods. During the 15-year period 1955-1970, 12 varieties were released: the greatest number (9) were released for the rainfed lowland ecosystem, followed by two varieties each for upland and deep-water ecosystems. During the 13-year period 1971-1984, 16 varieties were released, of which 12 for rainfed lowland and irrigated, 3 for deep-water and 1 for upland ecosystems. The yield potential of these varieties ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 t/ha.
TABLE 8
Varieties selected through New INGER, released and grown by farmers in Africa
Variety | Cross | Source | Selection criteria | Ecology | Year of release |
Burkina Faso | |||||
IR 64 | GP 15/TN1 | IRRI | Poor soil, low nutrient | Irrigated | 1989 |
ITA 123(FKR 28) | Mutant of OS 6 | IITA | Grain quality | Irrigated | 1983 |
RP 1125-1526-2-2-3 (FKR34) | Vikram/Ptb 2 | India | High yield | Irrigated | 1984 |
SAHEL 108 (IR 13240-108-2-2-3) | IR 305/Babawee//IR 36 | IRRI | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1992 |
TOX 728-1 | Mahsuri/IET 1444 | IITA | Adaptability, blast, lodging | Rainfed | 1984 |
FARO 43(CAN 6675) | IREM 293-B/IAC 81-176 | Brazil | Blast, lodging | Upland | 1992 |
FARO 45(ITA 257) | IRAT 13/Dourado Precoce#689//TOX 490-1 | Nigeria | High yield | Upland | 1987 |
TOX 1011-4-A2 | IRAT 13/DP 689//TOX 490-1 | WARDA | Blast, drought | Upland | 1992 |
WAB 56-125 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Blast, drought | Upland | 1992 |
WAB 56-39 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | High yield, blast | Upland | 1992 |
WAB 56-50 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Acidity, blast, drought | Upland | 1982 |
Cameroon | |||||
BKN 7033 | Thailand | High yield | Irrigated | n.a | |
BKN 7167 | Thailand | High yield | Irrigated | n.a | |
IR 46 | IR 1814//IR 1366-120-3-1/IR | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | n.a |
1539-37-3-1 | |||||
WAB 387-B-B-1-2 | ITA 184/ROK 16 | WARDA | High yield | Upland | n.a |
WAB 96-1-1 | ITA 257/YS 121 | WARDA | Low input, weed | Upland | n.a |
Chad | |||||
BW 348-1 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | 1997 | |
CT 6240-12-2-2-3-6P | N Govie/IRAT 124//COL.1/M 312A | CIAT | High yield | Rainfed | 1996 |
FARO 20 | BPA 76 | Philippines | High yield | Rainfed | 1996 |
TOX 728-1 | Mahsuri/IET 1444 | IITA | Adaptability, blast, lodging | Rainfed | 1993 |
Côte d’Ivoire | |||||
WITA 1 | ITA 212/IR13149-19-1 | WARDA | Iron toxicity, blast | Irrigated | 1997 |
WITA 3 | 11975/IR 13146-45-2-3 | WARDA | Iron toxicity, blast | Irrigated | 1997 |
WITA 7 | TOX891-212-1-201-1-105/TOX3056-5-1 | WARDA | RYMV, blast | Irrigated | 1997 |
WITA 8 | TOX891-212-1-201-1-105/TOX3056-5-1 | WARDA | RYMV | Irrigated | 1997 |
WITA 9 | IR 2042-178-1/CT 19 | WARDA | RYMV | Irrigated | 1997 |
WAB 638-1 | DR 2/DR 2 | WARDA | Quality | Rainfed | 1997 |
WAB 450-11-1-P31-1 -HB (NERICA2) | WAB 56/104/CG 14 | WARDA | Weed, early | Upland | 2000 |
WAB 450-1-B-P-38-HB (NERICA 1) | WAB 56/104/CG 14 | WARDA | Weed, early | Upland | 2000 |
WAB 56-104 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Blast | Upland | 1997 |
WAB 56-125 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Blast, drought | Upland | 1997 |
WAB 56-50 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Acidity, blast, drought | Upland | 1997 |
WAB 96-1-1 | ITA 257/YS 121 | WARDA | Low input, weed | Upland | 1997 |
Gambia | |||||
IR 28128-45-3-3-2 | IR 36/IR 10154-23-3-3//IR9129-209-2-2-2-1 | IRRI | Poor soil | Irrigated | n.a |
IR 64 | GP 15/TN1 | IRRI | Poor soil, low nutrient | Irrigated | 1993 |
ITA 212 | BG 90-2*4/TETEP | IITA | Salinity | Irrigated | 1992 |
ITA 222 | Mahsuri/IET 1444 | IITA | Salinity | Irrigated | 1992 |
Rohyb 4 | RH 2/T 52-10-1 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | n.a |
Rohyb 6 | CCA/RH 22 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | n.a |
ROK 5 | SR 26/Wellington | Sierra Leone | Salinity | Mangrove | 1990 |
WAR 1 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1992 |
WAR 115-108-1-8 | Rohyb 15/WAR 3-3-B-2//IR 14753-120-3 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
WAR 77-3-2-2 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, Lodging, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1992 |
WAB 56-50 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Acidity, blast, drought | Upland | 1995 |
Ghana | |||||
TOX 3108-56-4-2-2-2 | DJ 12-539/IR 46 | IITA | Grain quality, Insect/disease resistance | Rainfed | 1997 |
Guinea | |||||
Gambiaca | Benin | Shallow rainfed | Irrigated | 1975 | |
B 38 D2 | Sierra Leone | Salinity | Mangrove | 1995 | |
BW 295-5 | OB 678/BW 254-1 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Mangrove | 1997 |
Rohyb 6 | CCA/RH 22 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
ROK 5 | SR 26/Wellington | Sierra Leone | Salinity | Mangrove | 1992 |
WAR 1 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1998 |
WAR 73-1-M-1 | Rice mill/I. Mahsuri | WARDA | Salinity | Mangrove | 1996 |
WAR 77-3-2-2 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, Lodging, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1996 |
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | n.a |
Bouake 189 | B 189B-52-8-3-1 | Indonesia | Favorable, high yield | Rainfed | n.a |
Suakoko 8 (ROK 24) | Siam 25/3*Malunja | Liberia | Iron toxicity | Rainfed | 1994 |
CK 7 | Brazil | High yield, blast | Upland | n.a | |
IDSA 16(IRAT 216) | IRAT 11/IRAT 13 | Côte d’Ivoire | High yield | Upland | n.a |
IDSA 6 | Colombia/M 312A | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast, high yield, drought | Upland | 1995 |
IDSA 85 | Araguaia/Cuiabana | Côte d’Ivoire | Grain quality | Upland | 1998 |
IRAT 112 | IRAT 13/Dourado Precoce | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast | Upland | 1985 |
IRAT 114 (FARO 39) | IRAT 13/IRAT 10 | Burkina Faso | Blast, drought | Upland | 1985 |
LAC 23 | Local selection | Liberia | Drought | Upland | n.a |
TOX 1011-4-A2 | IRAT 13/DP 689//TOX 490-1 | WARDA | Blast, drought | Upland | 1995 |
WAB 450-1-B-P-28-HB (NERICA 3) | WAB 56/104/CG 14 | WARDA | Weed, early | Upland | 1998 |
WAB 450-1-B-P-38-HB (NERICA 1) | WAB 56/104/CG 14 | WARDA | Weed, early | Upland | 1998 |
WAB 450-1-B-P-91-HB (NERICA 4) | WAB 56/104/CG 14 | WARDA | Weed, early | Upland | 1998 |
Wabis 675 | WARDA | Weed, high yield | Upland | 1998 | |
Guinea Bissau | |||||
BG 367-4 | BG 280-1*2/PTB 33 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Mangrove | 1994 |
BG 380-2 | BG 90-2*4/OB 677 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Mangrove | 1994 |
BG 400-1 | OB 678/IR 20/H 4 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Mangrove | 1994 |
CK 4 | Tchinkan 30/IR 4422 | Guinea | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
DJ 684-D | Senegal | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 | |
RD 15 | Sierra Leone | High yield | Mangrove | 1992 | |
Rohyb 4 | RH 2/T 52-10-1 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
Rohyb 6 | CCA/RH 22 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
ROK 5 | SR 26/Wellington | Sierra Leone | Salinity | Mangrove | 1984 |
WAR 1 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1993 |
WAR 102-1-3-1 | Djukeme/IR 3464-96-3-3-1-1 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
WAR 115-111-2-3 | Rohyb 15/WAR 3-3-B-2//IR 14753-120-3 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
WAR 77-3-2-2 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, Lodging, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1993 |
WAR 81-2-1-2 | Miniku 33A/Bayerputih 462-10 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | 1990 |
IDSA 16 (IRAT 216) | IRAT 11/IRAT 13 | Côte d’Ivoire | High yield | Upland | 1997 |
IRAT 109 | IRAT 13/IRAT 10 | Côte d’Ivoire | High yield | Upland | 1997 |
IRAT 110 | IRAT 13/IRAT 10 | Côte d’Ivoire | High yield | Upland | 1997 |
IRAT 112 | IRAT 13/Dourado Precoce | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast | Upland | n.a |
Pekin | Gambia | High yield | Upland | 1997 | |
WAB 56-50 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Acidity, blast, drought | Upland | 1997 |
Liberia | |||||
WAB 56-104 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Blast | Upland | 1998 |
WAB 56-50 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Acidity, blast, drought | Upland | 1998 |
WAB 96-1-1 | ITA 257/YS 121 | WARDA | Low input, weed | Upland | 1998 |
Madagascar | |||||
WITA 10 | IR 2042-178-1/CT 19/IR 9828- 91-2-3 | WARDA | RYMV | Irrigated | n.a |
Mali | |||||
AD 9246 | ADT 31/AD 198 | India | High yield | Irrigated | 2000 |
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | Grain quality, high input, lodging | Irrigated | 1987 |
ECIA 362-2-1-4 | Caribe 1/P 896-8-7-3-2-1 | Cuba | High yield | Irrigated | 1999 |
IR 1561-228-3-3 | IR 579-48-1-2/IR 747B2-6-3 | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | n.a |
IR 32307-107 | IR 13240-108-2-2-3/IR 9129-202-2-2-2-1 | IRRI | High yield, grain quality | Irrigated | 1995 |
Leizhong 152 | Taiwan Province of China | High yield | Irrigated | 1999 | |
RPK N2 | High yield, grain quality | Irrigated | 1999 | ||
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | n.a |
Bouake 189 | B 189B-52-8-3-1 | Indonesia | Favorable, high yield | Rainfed | n.a |
Khaodawk Mali 105 | Thailand | Grain quality | Rainfed | 1998 | |
Mauritania | |||||
SAHEL 108 (IR 13240-108-2-2-3) | IR 305/Babawee//IR 36 | IRRI | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1996 |
SAHEL 20 (BW 292-3) | IR 2071-586/BG 400-1 | Sri Lanka | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1996 |
SAHEL 202 (ITA 306) (FARO 37) | TOX 494-3696/TOX 711/BG 6812 | IITA | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1996 |
Niger | |||||
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | Grain quality, high input, lodging | Irrigated | 1982 |
IR 1529 | IR 305-3-17-1-3/IR 661-1-140-3 | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | 1970 |
IR 54 | Nam Sagui 19/IR 2071-88//IR 2061-214-3-6-20 | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | 1982 |
WITA 8 | TOX891-212-1-201-1-105/TOX3056-5-1 | WARDA | RYMV | Irrigated | 1997 |
WITA 9 | IR 2042-178-1/CT 19 | WARDA | RYMV | Irrigated | 1997 |
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | n.a |
Nigeria | |||||
BG 380-2 | BG 90-2*4/OB 677 | Sri Lanka | High yield | Mangrove | n.a |
Rohyb 4 | RH 2/T 52-10-1 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | n.a |
Rohyb 6 | CCA/RH 22 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1992 |
WAR 77-3-2-2 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, Lodging, acidity, high input | Mangrove | n.a |
WAR 81-2-3-3-3-1 | Miniku 33A/Bayerputih 462-10 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
CISADANE (FARO 51) | Pelitai 1//IR 789-98-2-3/IR 2157-3 | Indonesia | ARGM, blast | Rainfed | 1997 |
WAB 36-2L-FX | IRAT 144/OS 6 | WARDA | High yield | Upland | n.a |
WAB 36-34-FX | IRAT 144/OS 6 | WARDA | High yield | Upland | n.a |
WAB 56-125 | IDSA 6/IAC 164 | WARDA | Blast, drought | Upland | n.a |
Senegal | |||||
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | Grain quality, high input, lodging | Irrigated | 1997 |
BR 51-46-5 | IR 20/IR 5-114-3-1 | Bangladesh | Grain quality, high input, lodging | Irrigated | 1997 |
BW 248-1 | Sri Lanka | High yield, blast | Irrigated | 1997 | |
ITA 123(FKR 28) | Mutant of OS 6 | IITA | Grain quality | Irrigated | 1997 |
SAHEL 108 (IR 13240-108-2-2-3) | IR 305/Babawee//IR 36 | IRRI | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1994 |
SAHEL 201 (BW 292-3) | IR 2071-586/BG 400-1 | Sri Lanka | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1994 |
SAHEL 202 (ITA 306) (FARO 37) | TOX 494-3696/TOX 711/BG 6812 | IITA | High yield, blast, high input | Irrigated | 1994 |
ROK 5 | SR 26/Wellington | Sierra Leone | Salinity | Mangrove | n.a |
WAR 1 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1997 |
WAR 77-3-2-2 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, Lodging, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1997 |
WAR 81-2-1-3-2 | Miniku 33A/Bayerputih 462-10 | WARDA | Quality, salinity | Mangrove | 1997 |
BG 90-2 | (Peta 3*TN1)/Remadja | Sri Lanka | High yield | Rainfed | 1997 |
BW 248-1 | Sri Lanka | Blast | Rainfed | 1997 | |
Sierra Leone | |||||
Mashuri (ROK 25) | Taichung 65/2*Mayang EBOS 80 | Malaysia | High yield | Irrigated | 1998 |
Rohyb 4 | RH 2/T 52-10-1 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1992 |
WAR 1 | IR 4595-4-1-5/Pafant 213 | WARDA | Salinity, acidity, high input | Mangrove | 1991 |
WAR 81-2-1-2 | Miniku 33A/Bayerputih 462-10 | WARDA | High yield | Mangrove | 1993 |
Suakoko 8 (ROK 24) | Siam 25/3*Malunja | Liberia | Iron toxicity | Rainfed | n.a |
LAC 23 | Local selection | Liberia | Drought | Upland | n.a |
WAB 96-1-1 | ITA 257/YS 121 | WARDA | Low input, weed | Upland | 1998 |
Togo | |||||
IR 46 | IR 1814//IR 1366-120-3-1/IR 1539-37-3-1 | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | n.a |
IR 841 | IR 262-43-8-11/KDM 105 | IRRI | High yield | Irrigated | 1990 |
WITA 4 | 11975/IR 13146-45-2-3 | WARDA | Drought, Iron Toxicity | Rainfed | 1999 |
IDSA 6 | Colombia/M 312A | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast, high yield, drought | Upland | 1997 |
IRAT 112 | IRAT 13/Dourado Precoce | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast | Upland | n.a |
IRAT 13 | Mutant of 63-83 | Côte d’Ivoire | Blast | Upland | n.a |
TABLE 9a
Characteristics of recommended rice varieties in Nigeria, 1955-1970
Cultivar | Cultivar | Year of release | Duration | Plant height | Grain type | Yield potential | Reaction to blasta |
Upland rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 3 | Agbede | 1958 | 95-120 | 99-100 | B | 1.5-2.5 | S |
FARO 11 | OS 6 | 1966 | 115-120 | 103-110 | B | 1.5-3.5 | S |
Rainfed lowland rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 1 | BG 79 | 1955 | 135-174 | 100-120 | B | 2.0-4.0 | S |
FARO 2 | D 114 | 1958 | 135-176 | 110-115 | B | 2.0-4.0 | S |
FARO 5 Makalioka | 823 | 1960 | 135-154 | 111-115 | B | 2.0-4.0 | S |
FARO 6 | ICB | 1961 | 176-198 | 150-160 | B | 2.0-3.0 | MR |
FARO 7 | Maliong | 1962 | 160-217 | 150-160 | B | 2.0-3.5 | MR |
FARO 8 | MAS 2401 | 1963 | 155-160 | 110-115 | A | 2.5-4.5 | S |
FARO 13 | Sindano | 1963 | 115-162 | 125-130 | A | 2.5-4.0 | S |
FARO 12 | SML 140-10 | 1969 | 145-160 | 135-140 | A | 2.5-4.5 | MR |
FARO 13 | IR 8 | 1970 | 35-140 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-3.5 | S |
Deep-water rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 4 | KAV 12 | 1959 | 189-220 | 145-150 | B | 2.0-3.5 | R |
FARO 9 | SIAM 29 | 1963 | 189-220 | 126-130 | A | 2.5-3.5 | MR |
a S = susceptible; MR = moderately resistant; R = resistant.
TABLE 9b
Characteristics of recommended rice varieties in Nigeria, 1971-1984
Cultivar | Cultivar | Year of release | Duration | Plant height | Grain type | Yield potential (t/ha) | Reaction to blasta |
Upland rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 25 | FAROX 56/230 | 1976 | 115-120 | 105-110 | B | 1.5-3.0 | MR |
Rainfed lowland and irrigated rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 15 | FRRS - 162-B | 1974 | 145-160 | 120-130 | B | 3.0-5.5 | MR |
FARO 16 | FRRS-168-B-111-2 | 1974 | 140-160 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 17 | FRRS-148-B-11-3 | 1974 | 145-160 | 100-110 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 19 | IR 20 | 1974 | 135-140 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-5.0 | R |
FARO 20 | BPA 76 (BICOL) | 1974 | 125-130 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 21 | Taichung Native-1 | 1974 | 90-110 | 80-90 | C | 2.5-4.5 | S |
FARO 22 | IR 627-1-31-3-37 | 1974 | 145-150 | 90-110 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 23 | IR 5-47-2 | 1974 | 145-150 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 26 | TOS 78 | 1992 | 130-135 | 105-110 | B | 2.5-5.0 | MR |
FARO 27 | TOS 103 | 1982 | 110-115 | 90-100 | B | 2.5-3.5 | MR |
FARO 28 | FAROX 188A | 1982 | 135-140 | 125-130 | B | 2.5-5.5 | MR |
FARO 29 | BG 90-2 | 1984 | 125-135 | 115-125 | B | 3.0-5.5 | S |
Deep-water rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 14 | FRRS-43-111-1 | 1971 | 170-198 | 150-160 | B | 2.0-3.5 | MR |
FARO 18 | Tjina | 1974 | 165-175 | 125-135 | B | 2.5-4.0 | R |
FARO 24 | DeGaulle | 1974 | 135-115 | 135-145 | A | 2.5-4.0 | S |
a S = susceptible; MR = moderately resistant; R = resistant.
TABLE 9c
Characteristics of recommended rice varieties in Nigeria, 1985-89
Cultivar | Cultivar | Year of release | Duration | Plant height | Grain | Yield potential | Reaction to blasta |
Upland rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 38 | IRAT 133 | 1986 | 100-105 | 100-110 | C | 1.5-3.5 | R |
FARO 39 | IRAT 144 | 1986 | 100-105 | 95-105 | C | 1.5-3.5 | R |
FARO 40 | FAROX 299 | 1986 | 115-120 | 115-120 | B | 1.5-3.5 | R |
FARO 41 | IRAT 170 | 1986 | 115-120 | 80-90 | B | 1.5-3.5 | MR |
FARO 42 | ART 12 | 1986 | 115-120 | 110-115 | B | 1.5-3.5 | MR |
FARO 43 | ITA 128 | 1986 | 115-120 | 110-115 | B | 1.5-3.5 | MR |
Irrigated rice ecosystem | |||||||
FARO 30 | FAROX 228-2-1-1 | 1986 | 110-115 | 120-125 | B | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 31 | FAROX 228-3-1-1 | 1986 | 110-115 | 120-125 | B | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 32 | FAROX 228-4-1-1 | 1986 | 110-115 | 110-120 | B | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 33 | FAROX 233-1-1-1 | 1986 | 110-115 | 120-115 | A | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 34 | FAROX 239-2-1-1 | 1986 | 105-115 | 115-120 | A | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 35 | ITA 212 | 1986 | 120-135 | 125-135 | B | 3.0-6.5 | MR |
FARO 36 | ITA 222 | 1986 | 120-135 | 125-130 | B | 3.0-6.5 |
|
FARO 37 | ITA 306 | 1986 | 125-140 | 127-130 | A | 3.0-6.0 | MR |
a R = resistant; M = moderately resistant.
TABLE 9d
Rice varieties released in Nigeria, 1990-2000
Cultivar | Cultivar | Ecology | Days to maturity | Plant height (cm) | Yield range | Grain | Amylose content | Reaction | Year of release |
FARO 44 | SIP 1692033 | Shallow swamp | 15 | 95 | 4.0-6.0 | Long | 26 | R | 1992 |
FARO 45 | ITA 257 | Upland | 100 | 100 | 2.0-3.0 | Medium | 17.4 | R | 1992 |
FARO 46 | ITA 150 | Upland | 105 | 110 | 2.0-3.5 | Medium | 22.5 | R | 1992 |
FARO 47 | ITA 117 | Upland | 115 | 105 | 2.0-4.0 | Long | 10.5 | R | 1992 |
FARO 48 | ITA 301 | Upland | 128 | 100 | 2.5-4.0 | Medium | 16.4 | R | 1992 |
FARO 49 | ITA 315 | Upland | 120 | 100 | 2.0-4.5 | Medium | 16.2 | R | 1992 |
FARO 50 | ITA 230 | Shallow swamp | 125 | 100 | 4.0-6.5 | Medium | 28 | R | 1992 |
FARO 51 |
| Shallow swamp | 130 | 100 | 4.0-6.0 | Long | - | R | 1997 |
a R = resistant.
Tables 10 and 11 list the rice varieties released for Latin America and the Caribbean between 1970 and 1996. A total of 295 varieties were released during the 26-year period; the greatest number were released in Brazil (107), followed by the Andean countries, Central America and Colombia (29). Very few varieties were released in Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela. In terms of agro-ecologies, the greatest number of varieties were released in tropical areas; only a few varieties were released for the temperate zone.
TABLE 10
Rice varieties released by breeding programmes in different regions of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1971-1990
Period | Environment | Total | ||
Arid zones | Temperate | Tropical America | ||
1971-75 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 16 |
1976-80 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 13 |
1981-85 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 13 |
1986-90 | 5 | 4 | 19 | 28 |
Total | 21 | 10 | 39 | 70 |
TABLE 11
Rice varieties released in Latin America and the Caribbean (by origin), 1970-1998
Subregion or country | 1970- | 1981- | 1991- | Total |
Caribbean | 18 | 6 | 3 | 27 |
Cuba | 3 | 5 | 6 | 14 |
Mexico | 22 | 11 | 3 | 36 |
Central America | 8 | 20 | 18 | 46 |
Tropical Brazil | 4 | 30 | 23 | 57 |
Temperate Brazil | 11 | 12 | 14 | 37 |
Andean countries | 17 | 23 | 22 | 62 |
Southern Cone | 4 | 9 | 3 | 16 |
Total | 87 | 116 | 92 | 295 |
International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs), in particular the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), have made a great contribution to the development of popular rice varieties over the last 40 years. IRRI has developed and released a number of varieties, from IR 8 to IR 72. The varieties, IR 8, IR 20, IR 36, IR 42, IR 50, IR 64 and IR 72, became popular worldwide and IR 36 and IR 64 in particular became very popular in Asia, covering a very large area. It should be noted that both of these varieties have a very wide genetic base involving several parents.
IRRI’s International Rice Testing Program (IRTP), initiated in 1975, paid rich dividends, as did the International Network on Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER). A number of successful rice varieties were also developed at other international centres, such as WARDA(West Africa Rice Development Association), CIAT (International Centre for Tropical Agriculture) and IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), and soon gained popularity in West Africa and Latin America.
Taking into account national, regional and international efforts, it is clear that the progress achieved in rice breeding has been remarkable during the last four decades: there have been great advances in production and productivity the world over, particularly in Asia and Latin America. The increase in production in Africa was largely due to increase in area. However, comparing the yield potential of varieties and hybrids with the actual yield in farmers’ fields produces a large gap; this yield gap may be seen as an opportunity to increase rice production per unit area, input and time in different rice-growing regions, situations and systems. With the advent of new tools and techniques, the genetic potential of rice is enormous (Rai and Prasanna, 2000).
