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FAO
COMODITY
STUDIES GLOBAL TOBACCO ECONOMY Selected case studies Raw Materials, Tropical and Horicultural
Products Service |
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome, 2003 |
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations nor of their affiliated organization(s). |
ISBN 92-5-105083-X
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All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] |
© FAO 2003
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the result of work by a number of FAO staff and consultants, including Saurav Barratt, Erol Cakmak, Olwen Gotts, Haluk Kasnakoglu, Mauro de Rezende Lopes, Thor Lawrence, Sat Malhotra, Brian Moir, Shangnan Shui and Ping Zhang. |
2.2 ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO
2.2.1 At farm household level
2.2.2 At state level
2.2.3 At federal level2.3 ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN PRODUCTION, AREA AND YIELDS
2.3.1 Factors affecting production, area and yields
2.3.2 Improvement of tobacco quality and grading
2.3.3 Fuelwood as a major constraint in production
2.3.4 Crop substitution possibilities
2.3.5 Interviews at farm household level
2.3.6 Future developments in tobacco supply2.4 THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Impact of government policies on production
2.4.3 Impact of government policies on marketing
2.4.4 Impact of government policies on consumption2.5 DEVELOPMENTS IN TOBACCO PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING
2.5.1 Cigarette industry
2.5.2 Employment in manufacturing
2.5.3 Impact of changes in tobacco manufacturing technologies2.6 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CHAINS
2.7 REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
2.7.1 Cigarette consumption
2.7.2 Cigar consumption
2.7.3 Impacts of price and income
2.7.4 Future developments in tobacco demand2.8 TRADE IN TOBACCO AND CIGARETTES
2.9 GOVERNMENT REVENUE FROM THE TOBACCO SECTOR
2.10.1 Changes in legislation on cigarette consumption in Brazil
2.10.2 Non-price measures
2.10.3 Bans on advertising and promotion
3 TOBACCO IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO
3.3 PRODUCTION PLANNING AND MARKETING
3.4 DEMAND FOR TOBACCO LEAF
3.5 TRADE IN TOBACCO AND CIGARETTES
3.6 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO AND CIGARETTE PRODUCTION3.6.1 Tobacco production and rural employment
3.6.2 Tobacco production and rural household income
3.6.3 Government revenue3.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS
3.8 APPENDIX ON CONSUMPTION STATISTICS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD
4.3 IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO
4.4 CROP SUBSTITUTION POSSIBILITIES4.4.1 Economics of tobacco versus alternative crops
4.4.2 Micro-level information on shifting from tobacco to other crops
4.4.3 Economics of inter-cropping systems as an approach to agricultural diversification
4.4.4 Economic implications of diversification on tobacco land4.5 MARKETING CHANNELS AND PRICE DETERMINATION OF CIGARETTES
4.6 INDIAN BIDI AND CIGARETTE INDUSTRY4.7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES
4.7.1 Impact of introduction of new processing technologies and equipment
4.8 DEVELOPMENTS IN TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
4.9 TRADE IN TOBACCO AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS4.10 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO
4.12.1 Pricing measures to control tobacco demand
4.12.2 Non-price measures to reduce demand for tobacco
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 TOBACCO PRODUCTION
5.3 PRODUCTION POLICY
5.4 STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION5.5 MARKETING OF TOBACCO LEAF
5.6 TOBACCO EXPORT DEMAND
5.7 THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TOBACCO TO MALAWI5.7.1 Tobacco in export revenue and trade balance
5.7.2 Tobacco and employment
5.7.3 Tobacco and rural household income and consumption5.8 ADJUSTMENT IN MALAWIAN AGRICULTURE
5.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS
6.1 TOBACCO PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND TRADE IN TURKEY
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Production, area and yields
6.1.3 Production quality
6.1.4 Role of tobacco in income generation
6.1.5 Village case study
6.1.6 Tobacco trade
6.1.7 Stocks and consumption of tobacco leaf6.2 AGRICULTURAL POLICIES RELATED TO TOBACCO
6.2.1 Domestic price support measures
6.2.2 Border measures
6.2.3 Institutional support through TEKEL6.3.1 Tobacco manufacturing
6.3.2 Employment in tobacco manufacturing establishments
6.3.3 Value added from tobacco manufacturing
6.3.4 Cigarette exports and imports6.4 TOBACCO AND CIGARETTE PRICES
6.4.1 Tobacco prices at producer level
6.4.2 Value of unprocessed tobacco
6.4.3 Nominal protection coefficient6.5.1 Total and per capita consumption
6.5.2 Expenditure on cigarettes
6.5.3 Taxes on cigarettes
6.5.4 Smoking restrictions
7.1 BACKGROUND
7.2 THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION
7.3 FACTORS AFFECTING ADJUSTMENT TO CHANGING DEMAND
7.4 FINAL COMMENTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 DEMAND FOR TOBACCO LEAVES
8.3 SUPPLY OF TOBACCO LEAVES8.5.1 Economic models and data used for estimating demand for cigarettes
8.5.2 The effect of cigarette prices on demand for cigarettes
8.5.3 Income effect
8.5.4 Smoking restrictions in public places and private work sites
8.5.5 Summary and discussion8.6 CIGARETTE ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION
8.7.1 Impact of cigarette taxes on demand for cigarettes
8.7.2 Cigarette tax increases and tax revenues
8.7.3 Cigarette tax increases and cigarette smuggling8.8 SOCIAL COSTS OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
8.9 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOBACCO
8.10 IMPACT OF TOBACCO CONTROL ON FARMERS
8.10.1 Tobacco control policies and farm revenues
8.10.2 Effectiveness of farm diversification efforts
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