5. CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION FROM "NON-POINT" SOURCES, IN PARTICULAR THROUGH ZONING

UNITED KINGDOM - Protection of Water Against Agricultural Nitrate Pollution (England and Wales) Regulations, 1996 (2002)

3. Nitrate vulnerable zones

(1) In these Regulations, "nitrate vulnerable zone" means any of the areas referred to in Schedule 1^[23] ..., being all known areas of land in England and Wales which drain into and contribute to pollution of the waters which the relevant Minister has identified, in accordance with the criteria set out in Schedule 2, as waters affected by pollution and waters which could be affected by pollution if action pursuant to regulation 6 were not taken.

(2) The relevant Minister shall, by 19th December 2005 and at least every four years thereafter, review and if necessary revise or add to the designation of nitrate vulnerable zones to take into account changes and factors unforeseen at the time of the previous designation.

4. Monitoring

(1) For the purpose of the designation and revision of designations of nitrate vulnerable zones, the Agency:

(a) subject to paragraph (2) below, shall have monitored by 19th December 1997 and at least every four years thereafter shall monitor the nitrate concentration in freshwaters over a period of one year:

(i) at surface water sampling stations laid down in Article 5(4) of Directive 75/440/EEC or at other sampling stations which are representative of surface waters in England and Wales, or at both, at least monthly and more frequently during flood periods; and

(ii) at sampling stations which are representative of the groundwater aquifers in England and Wales, at regular intervals and taking into account the provisions of Directive 80/778/EEC; and

(b) shall review the eutrophic state of fresh surface waters, estuarial and coastal waters by 19th December 1997 and every four years thereafter.

(2) Where the nitrate concentration in all previous samples taken in pursuance of the Directive at any sampling station has been below 25 mg/l and no new factor likely to increase the nitrate content has appeared, paragraph (1)(a) above shall have effect in relation to that sampling station as if the reference to 1997 and the reference to four years were references to 2001 and eight years respectively.

(3) Monitoring under this regulation shall be carried out using the reference methods of measurement set out in Schedule 3.

6. Action programmes

(1) The relevant Minister shall, for the purpose of achieving the Objectives, by regulations under section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972, make provision establishing action programmes in respect of nitrate vulnerable zones.

(2) An action programme may relate to more than one nitrate vulnerable zone, and different action programmes may be established in respect of different nitrate vulnerable zones or parts of zones.

(3) An action programme in respect of a nitrate vulnerable zone shall be established:

(a) in the case of a nitrate vulnerable zone referred to in regulation 3(1), as soon as practicable; and

(b) in the case of a nitrate vulnerable zone designated in accordance with regulation 3(2), not later than one year after the designation of that zone.

(4) An action programme shall be implemented:

(a) in a case falling within paragraph (3)(a) above, by 19th December 1999;
(b) in any other case, within four years of its establishment.

(5) The relevant Minister shall draw up and implement suitable monitoring programmes to assess the effectiveness of action programmes.

(6) The relevant Minister shall, at least every four years, review and if necessary revise the action programmes, including any additional measures taken pursuant to regulation 7(2).

7. Contents of action programmes

(1) An action programme shall include:

(a) the provisions described in Schedule 4; and

(b) provisions embodying the measures contained in paragraphs 284 to 295 of the Water Code Revised 1998 published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1998, other than such provisions as have been superseded by the provisions described in Schedule 4.

(2) Action programmes shall also contain such additional requirements, restrictions and prohibitions as the relevant Minister considers necessary if, at the outset or in the light of experience gained in implementing the programmes, it becomes apparent to him that the provisions referred to in paragraph (1) above will not be sufficient for achieving the Objectives.

(3) In determining the provisions of an action programme, the relevant Minister shall take into account:

(a) available scientific and technical data, mainly with reference to respective nitrogen contributions originating from agricultural and other sources;

(b) environmental conditions in the relevant regions.

(4) In selecting the additional provisions referred to in paragraph (2) above, the relevant Minister shall take into account the effectiveness and cost of such provisions relative to other possible preventive provisions.

Schedule 2 - Criteria for identifying waters referred to in Regulation 3(1)

1. Waters referred to in regulation 3(1) shall be identified making use, inter alia, of the following criteria:

(a) whether surface freshwaters, in particular those used or intended for the abstraction of drinking water, contain or could contain, if action pursuant to regulation 6 is not taken, more than the concentration of nitrates laid down in accordance with Directive 75/440/EEC;

(b) whether groundwaters contain more than 50 mg/l nitrates or could contain more than 50 mg/l nitrates if action pursuant to regulation 6 is not taken;

(c) whether natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries, coastal waters and marine waters are found to be eutrophic or in the near future may become eutrophic if action pursuant to regulation 6 is not taken.

2. In applying these criteria, the relevant Minister shall also take account of:

(a) the physical and environmental characteristics of the waters and land;

(b) the current understanding of the behaviour of nitrogen compounds in the environment (water and soil);

(c) the current understanding of the impact of the action to be taken pursuant to regulation 6.

Schedule 3 - Reference methods of measurement (Regulation 4)

Chemical fertiliser

Nitrogen compounds shall be measured using the method described in Commission Directive 77/535/EEC of 22nd June 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of sampling and analysis for fertilisers (a), as amended by Directive 89/519/EEC.

Freshwaters, coastal waters and marine waters

Nitrate concentration shall be measured in accordance with Article 4a(3) of Council Decision 77/795/EEC of 12th December 1977 establishing a common procedure for the exchange of information on the quality of surface fresh water in the Community, as amended by Decision 86/574/EEC.

Schedule 4 - Provisions to be included in action programmes (Regulation 7)

1. The provisions of an action programme shall include rules relating to -

(1) periods when the land application of certain types of fertiliser is prohibited;

(2) the capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure; this capacity must exceed that required for storage throughout the longest period during which land application in the nitrate vulnerable zone is prohibited, except where it can be demonstrated to the authority designated for the purpose in the regulations establishing the programme that any quantity of manure in excess of the actual storage capacity will be disposed of in a manner which will not cause harm to the environment;

(3) limitation of the land application of fertilisers, consistent with good agricultural practice and taking into account the characteristics of the nitrate vulnerable zone concerned, in particular -

(a) soil conditions, soil type and slope;

(b) climatic conditions, rainfall and irrigation;

(c) land use and agricultural practices, including crop rotation systems; and to be based on a balance between -

(i) the foreseeable nitrogen requirements of the crops, and
(ii) the nitrogen supply to the crops from the soil and from fertilisation corresponding to -

- the amount of nitrogen present in the soil at the moment when the crop starts to use it to a significant degree (outstanding amounts at the end of winter),

- the supply of nitrogen through the net mineralisation of the reserves of organic nitrogen in the soil,

- additions of nitrogen compounds from livestock manure,

- additions of nitrogen compounds from chemical and other fertilisers.

2. These provisions shall ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit, the amount of livestock manure applied to the land each year, including by the animals themselves, shall not exceed a specified amount per hectare.

The specified amount per hectare shall be the amount of manure containing 170 kg N. However:

(a) for the first four year action programme an amount of manure containing up to 210 kg N may be allowed;

(b) during and after the first four year action programme, different amounts from those referred to above may be fixed. These amounts must be fixed so as not to prejudice the achievement of the Objectives and must be justified on the basis of objective criteria, for example:

- long growing seasons,
- crops with high nitrogen uptake,
- high net precipitation in the nitrate vulnerable zone,
- soils with exceptionally high denitrification capacity.

3. The amounts referred to in paragraph 2 above may be calculated on the basis of animal numbers.