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TYPE OF EXTENSION SERVICE |
ORIGIN OR CHARACTERISTICS |
|
GENERAL NATIONAL EXTENSION SERVICES |
THE STANDARD APPROACH TO PUBLIC SECTOR EXTENSION WITH FIELD ADVISERY SERVICES PROVIDED FREE TO FARMERS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. |
|
General agricultural extension |
The traditional form of extension dominant for the past 80 years. |
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Training and visit extension (T&V) |
Debuted in the late-1960s as a reform of ineffective general extension services. |
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Strategic Extension Campaign (SEC) |
Methodology developed by FAO to systematically incorporating peoples' participation into a national extension programme |
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Extension by educational institutions, |
Especially for agricultural universities, can be the dominant approach to national extension. |
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Publicly-contracted extension |
Services provided by private firms or NGOs on contract to government. |
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TARGETED EXTENSION SERVICES |
APPROACHES THAT ATTEMPT TO AVOID THE HIGH RECURRENT COSTS BY FOCUSING EITHER IN TERMS OF SUBJECT MATTER, CLIENTS, REGION, OR TIME. |
|
Specialized extension services |
Focus efforts on improving production of a specific commodity or aspect of farming (e.g., irrigation, fertilizer use, and forest management). |
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Project-based extension |
Focus increased extension resources on a defined area for a specific time period |
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Client-group-targeted extension |
Focuses on specific types of farmers, usually on disadvantaged groups, e.g., small farmers, women, and minorities or disadvantaged ethnic groups. |
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PRODUCER-LED EXTENSION SERVICES |
THESE APPROACHES INVOLVE FARMERS IN THE WORK OF EXTENSION DRAWING ON PRODUCERS' KNOWLEDGE AND RESOURCES. |
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"Animation Rurale" (AR) |
Introduced in francophone Africa as a strategy to break the top-down pattern found in most development programmes. |
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Participatory extension |
Harnesses farmers' own capacities to organize group meetings, identify needs and priorities, plan extension activities, and utilize indigenous knowledge to improve production systems. |
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Farming systems development extension |
Requires a partnership between extension, researchers, and local farmers or farmer organizations. |
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Producer-organized extension services |
Completely planned and administered by producers. |
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COMMERCIALIZED EXTENSION |
THESE APPROACHES RELY ON COMMERCIALIZED EXTENSION SERVICES. |
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Cost-sharing extension |
May be incorporated into any of the other extension approaches by requiring farmers to share costs of services. |
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Commercial extension advisery services |
Becoming more common as the rationale for free public extension services is questioned and farmers find they need more dependable or specialized services than are available from public extension agency. |
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Agribusiness extension |
Supports commercial interests of input suppliers and produce buyers who require or benefit from provision of sound extension services to support farm production and management. |
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MASS MEDIA EXTENSION |
THESE APPROACHES SUPPORT OTHER EXTENSION EFFORTS OR PROVIDE INFORMATION SERVICES TO A GENERAL AUDIENCE. |
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Mass media extension |
Provides pure information services tailored to a wide audience. |
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Facilitated mass media |
Links mass media information services with field extension agents or farmer-extensions to facilitate discussion and understanding of issues. |
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Communications technologies |
Allow people in rural areas to interact with specialists or specialized sources of information through rural telephone or internet services possibly institutionalized in "tele-cottages" for community access. |
