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APPENDIXES


APPENDIX I. Checklist in the terms of reference, for guidance in reviewing country reports

1

Region/Country



2

CCA I or II? Year of completion? UNDAF completed? When?



3

Is FAO a member of the UN Country Team? What has FAO’s contribution been like?



4

List development priorities as identified in the CCA. Is hunger/malnutrition/food insecurity/vulnerability explicitly identified as one of them? Or is it, explicitly or implicitly, viewed as part of a broader poverty agenda?



5

Which institutions were responsible for completing the CCA? Assess, if possible, the degree to which local government and NGOs were involved in the completion of the CCA? Problem analysis? Data analysis? What sources of data have been used?



6

Outline briefly country-specific administrative structure (example: region, district, subdistrict, division, village, household).



7

Describe the methods applied to disaggregate statistical information (by gender, rural/urban, administrative subdivisions, other).



8

If data are disaggregated, describe down to which administrative level problems of food insecurity are being analysed and contrasted among administrative subdivisions.



9

Assess representativeness of the whole-country estimates based on subnational data: Ad hoc localized surveys? Selected districts? Representative or non-representative for the whole country?



10

Describe how subnational information is presented (text, tables, graphs, maps).



11

Assess the usefulness and validity of any maps as a tool for analysis and visualization of the distribution of the food insecurity situation at subnational level.



12

Describe the methodological approach(es) used to assess food insecurity and vulnerability at subnational level (household economy approach, facility/community-based anthropometry, agricultural production surveys, crop assessments, Household Income and Expenditures Surveys, Health Information Surveys, etc.).



13

List the indicators used to describe problems of food insecurity; assess these indicators regarding their validity and reliability as a monitoring tool; describe degree of overlap/coherence with indicators to monitor Millennium Development Goals and the CCA Indicator Framework.



14

Characterize the data sources used in the CCA analysis: Primary/secondary data? Data generated by government? By UN? NGOs? Collaborative data collection efforts?



15

Examine if timely, simple, low-cost information has been used, geared to provide clear messages to decisionmakers and social actors? What are the timeliness and periodicity of food insecurity data presented?



16

Are adequate explanations being provided regarding the causes of food insecurity? Is there an underlying causal model? If yes, go to (17); if not, skip to (18).



17

If yes, do the explanations relate to one or more of the following: food insecurity, vulnerability, production risks, asset endowments, coping strategies, safety nets, intra-household food distribution, nutrition status, caring practices, access to basic services, infectious diseases, or other?



18

Describe the types of interventions proposed in the CCA to alleviate food insecurity and undernutrition problems. Do proposed interventions have direct links to underlying food insecurity and vulnerability causes?



19

What are the suggested nutritional interventions with relevance to food security? Nutritional supplementation? Nutritional educating programmes? Other?



20

Identify clear areas for improvement in the conceptualization, analysis, organization and preparation process of the CCA, and strengthening linkages with PRSP process. Make clear recommendations how FIVIMS can address some of these information gaps.

APPENDIX II. Staff engaged in review

Review team

Dr Ir P.S. Bindraban
Production ecologist
Coordinator of the review study
Plant Research International
Business Unit Agrosystemsresearch

Dr Ir I.D. Brouwer
Nutritionist
Department of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology
Wageningen University

Ir M. van Dorp
Nutritionist
International Agricultural Centre
Ir C.B. Houtman
Agricultural economist
North-South Centre - Wageningen-UR

Dr Ir H.A.J. Moll
Agricultural economist
Development Economics Group
Department of Social Sciences
Wageningen University

Staff assigned for review process

Ir H.L. Aalbers
Plant breeder

Ir M.L. Brouwer
Nutritionist

Ir E.C.M. Hagenaars
Tropical land use planning

Ir M.M.M. Zuurbier
Environmental and occupational health

APPENDIX III. Countries, by region, selected for CCA and PRSP review

Region

Country

CCA

PRSP review

LDC-country review

Undernourished
(%)

Underweight
(%)

Africa
(17 CCAs; 10 PRSPs)

Kenya

X

X (Interim)


44

22.7

Swaziland

X



12

n.a.

Equatorial Guinea

X


X

n.a.

n.a.

Dem. Rep. Congo

X

X (Interim)

X

73

34.4

Zambia

X

X

X

50

25

Senegal

X

X (Interim)

X

25

18.4

Mauritius

X



5

16.4

Tanzania

X

X

X

47

29.4

Namibia

X



9

26.2

Rwanda

X

X

X

40

29

Niger

X

X

X

36

39.6

Cameroon

X

X (Interim)


25

21

Burundi

X


X

69

45.1

Liberia

X


X

39

n.a.

Lesotho

X

X (Interim)

X

26

16

Eritrea

X


X

58

43.7

the Gambia

X

X

X

21

17

Asia and the Pacific
(9 CCAs; 4 PRSPs)

Viet Nam

X

X


18

33.1

Papua New Guinea

X



27

n.a.

Lao P.D.R.

X

X (Interim)

X

24

40

Cambodia

X

X (Interim)

X

36

45.9

East Timor

X



n.a.

n.a.

India

X



24

47

Bhutan

X


X

n.a.

18.7

Mongolia

X

X (Interim)


42

12.7

P.R. China

X



10

9.6

West Asia and North Africa
(6 CCAs; 2 PRSPs)

Yemen

X

X

X

33

46.1

Djibouti

X

X (Interim)

X

n.a.

18.2

Lebanon

X



3

3

Tunisia

X



n.a.

4

Egypt

X



4

11.7

Morocco

X



7

9

Latin America and the Caribbean
(10 CCAs; 4 PRSPs)

Nicaragua

X

X


29

12.2

Jamaica

X



9

3.9

Suriname

X



11

n.a.

Trinidad and Tobago

X



12

n.a.

Guyana

X

X


14

11.8

Bolivia

X

X


23

9.5

Haiti

X


X

50

27.5

Guatemala

X



25

42.2

Chile

X



4

0.8

Honduras

X

X


21

24.5

Europe and CIS
(8 CCAs; 5 PRSPs)

Bulgaria

X



15

n.a.

Kazakhstan

X



8

4.2

Kyrgyzstan

X

X (Interim)


8

11

Bosnia-Herzegovina

X



6

4.1

Georgia

X

X (Interim)


16

3.1

Armenia

X

X (Interim)


46

2.5

Kosovo

X



n.a.

n.a.

Turkey

X



n.a.

8.3

Moldova


X (Interim)


10

3.2

Serbia (Yugoslavia)


X (Interim)


n.a.

n.a.

Note: n.a. = not available.

APPENDIX IV. Distribution of least developed countries (LDCs) among the reports in the review

Region

CCA reports

PRSPs

of which PRSPs:

(n = 50)

(n = 25)

Completed

Interim

Africa

17

10

5

5

Not LDC

5

3

0

3

LDC

12

7

5

2

Asia and the Pacific

9

4

1

3

Not LDC

6

2

1

1

LDC

3

2

0

2

West Asia and North Africa

6

2

1

1

Not LDC

4

0

0

0

LDC

2

2

1

1

Europe and CIS

8

5

0

5

Not LDC

8

5

0

5

LDC

0

0

0

0

Latin America and the Caribbean

10

4

4

0

Not LDC

9

4

4

0

LDC

1

0

0

0

APPENDIX V. FIVIMS conceptual framework for understanding possible causes of low food consumption and poor nutritional status

Source: based on FAO, 1998.

APPENDIX VI. Predefined framework for analysis used for review of country reports

No.

Heading/Question

TOR1

Answers allowed and notes2

IDENTIFICATION AND GENERAL

WUR analysis

1

Research assistant


1 = MB; 2 = EH; 3 = HA; 4 = MZ

2

Date of end of review


ddmmyy

3

Hours needed for review


range

4

Language of report


1 = English; 2 = French; 3 = Spanish; 4 = other

5

Pages in report (excluding annexes)


range

6

A general impression of the FIV information in the report


string

Country details

7

Name of country


string

8

Region

1

1 = Africa; 2 = Asia and the Pacific; 3 = West Asia and North Africa; 4 = Europe and CIS; 5 = Latin America and the Caribbean

9

Archive number

1

archive number

10

CCA or PRSP?

2

1 = CCA; 2 = PRSP

11

Is it a “Least Developed Country”(LDC)?


0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

12

Population size in millions (1997-1999)


range. See Note 2

13

Size of country (thousands of square kilometres)


range. See Note 2

Undernourishment/malnourishment in country

14

Proportion of undernourished/malnourished people in total population following FAO in 1997-1999 (percentage)


range. See Note 2

15

Proportion of underweight (moderate and severe) children between 0-59 months following Unicef (percentage)


range. Specify year of source in remarks. If other age range, specify in remarks. See Note 2

REPORT PREPARATION DETAILS

Type of report

If it is a CCA, answer the next questions:

16

CCA version

2

1 = I; 2 = II

17

Year of completion of CCA

2

range

18

UNDAF completed before 1 September 2002?

2

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

19

Year of completion of UNDAF

2

range. See Note 2

20

PRSP completed before 1 September 2002?


0 = no; 1 = interim; 2 = complete. See Note 2

21

Year of completion of PRSP


range. See Note 2

22

PRSP selected for FIVIMS-study?


0 = no; 1 = yes

If it is a PRSP, answer the next questions:

23

PRSP version


1 = interim; 2 = complete

24

Year of completion of PRSP


range

25

UNDAF completed before 1 September 2002?

2

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

26

Year of completion of UNDAF

2

range. See Note 2

27

CCA completed before 1 September 2002?

2

0 = no; 1 = I; 2 = II. See Note 2

28

Year of completion of CCA

2

range. See Note 2

29

CCA selected for FIVIMS-study?


0 = no; 1 = yes

Organizations involved

30

Are government institutions involved in the completion?

5

0 = no; 1 = yes

31

How many different government institutions were involved in the completion?


range

32

To what degree was the government involved in the completion?

5

1 = involved in data supply; 2 = active involvement in problem analysis; 3 = active involvement in data analysis; 4 = active involvement in the whole process; 5 = comments (on draft report)

33

Are there NGO’s involved in the completion?

5

0 = no; 1 = yes

34

To what degree were NGOs involved in the completion?

5

As for #32

35

Is the UN involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

36

How many different UN institutions were involved in the completion?


range

37

To what degree was the UN involved in the completion?


As for #32

38

Are there bilateral aid agencies involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

39

Is the private sector involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

40

Are research institutions involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

41

Are universities involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

42

Are other organizations involved in the completion?


0 = no; 1 = yes

43

If other organizations are involved, specify


string

FAO involvement

44

Was FAO involved in the CCA or PRSP process?


0 = no; 1 = yes

45

What has FAO’s contribution been like?

3

As for #32

DEFINITIONS

Food security

46

Does the report provide a definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

If a definition of food security is provided, answer the following questions:

47

Is the concept of all people part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

48

Is the concept of all times part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

49

Is the concept of physical access part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

50

Is the concept of economic access part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

51

Is the concept of sufficient food part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

52

Is the concept of safe food part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

53

Is the concept of nutritious food part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

54

Is the concept of meeting dietary needs part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

55

Is the concept of meeting food preferences part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

56

Is the concept of leading an active life part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

57

Is the concept of leading a healthy life part of the definition of food security?


0 = no; 1 = yes

Are the following dimensions used in defining food security?

58

Availability?


0 = no; 1 = yes

59

Stability?


0 = no; 1 = yes

60

Sustainability?


0 = no; 1 = yes

61

Utilization?


0 = no; 1 = yes

62

Access?


0 = no; 1 = yes

63

Are other terms related to FIV used?


0 = no; 1 = yes

64

If yes, which terms are used?


string

Poverty

65

Does the report provide a definition of poverty?


0 = no; 1 = yes

66

Is a poverty line defined?


0 = no; 1 = yes, one poverty line defined, 2 = yes, more than one poverty line defined

67

Is the poverty line defined as US$ 1/day/person?


0 = no; 1 = yes

68

Is the poverty line defined as local currency/day/person?


0 = no; 1 = yes

69

Is the poverty line defined in another way?


0 = no; 1 = yes

70

If the poverty line is defined in another way, specify


string

POLICY STATEMENTS

71

Is integration of Food Insecurity Vulnerability (FIV) (hunger, malnutrition, food insecurity and vulnerability) identified as a development priority or a key issue?

4

0 = no; 1 = on its own; 2 = as part of a broader poverty agenda; 3 = other

72

Which other development priorities are identified?

4

string

73

Under which chapter is FIV discussed?


0 = none; 1 = agriculture; 2 = education; 3 = health; 4 = development; 5 = poverty; 6 = separate; 7 = other

74

If “other” in #73, under which chapter is FIV discussed?

4

string

DATA COLLECTION

Administrative structure

75

Of how many levels does the administrative structure consist as indicated in the report (higher than household; lower than country)?


range

76

Outline briefly country-specific administrative structure as from report (for example: region, district, subdistrict, division, village)

6

string

Sources of FIV data

77

Are quantitative FIV data generated by the government of the country?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

78

Are quantitative FIV data generated by NGOs?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

79

Are quantitative FIV data generated by bilateral aid agencies?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

80

Are quantitative FIV data generated by the private sector?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

81

Are quantitative FIV data generated by UN?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

82

Are quantitative FIV data generated by FAO?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

83

Are quantitative FIV data generated by research institutions?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

84

Are quantitative FIV data generated by universities?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

85

Are quantitative FIV data generated by other organizations?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

86

Were there any collaborative data collection efforts?

14

0 = no; 1 = yes

87

Are the FIV data sources used primary or secondary data?

14

1 = only primary; 2 = mostly primary; 3 = both primary and secondary; 4 = mostly secondary; 5 = only secondary

88

Are data sources specified (including FIV data sources)?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

89

Are FIV data sources specified?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

Visualization of FIV data

90

Are (sub)national FIV data presented as text?

10

0 = no; 1 = yes, at national level; 2 = yes, at subnational level; 3 = yes, at national and subnational level

91

Are (sub)national FIV data presented as tables?

10

As for #90

92

Are (sub)national FIV data presented as graphs?

10

As for #90

93

Are (sub)national FIV data presented as diagrams (e.g. pie or bar charts)?


As for #90

94

Are (sub)national FIV data presented as maps?

10

As for #90

95

Are (sub)national FIV data presented in another way?


As for #90

96

If “yes” in #95, how are (sub)national data presented?


string

Disaggregation of FIV data

97

Is the statistical information disaggregated by gender?

7

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

98

Is the statistical information disaggregated by ethnic identity?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

99

Is the statistical information disaggregated by age?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

100

Is the statistical information disaggregated by socio-economic class?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

101

Is the statistical information disaggregated in rural/urban?

7

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

102

Is the statistical information disaggregated by administrative subdivisions?

7

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

103

Is the statistical information disaggregated by other categories?

7

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all


If other categories in #103, specify


string

104

Down to which administrative level are FIV data disaggregated, analysed and contrasted?

8

string

Timeframe FIV data

105

From which year were the most recent FIV data?


range

106

From which year were the oldest FIV data?


range

107

Are projected FIV data presented for the future? If so, what range?

15

0 = no; 1 = 1-5 years; 2 = 1-10 years; 3 = >10 years

What is smallest unit used to present the periodicity of FIV data?

108

Are FIV data presented on a monthly basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

109

Are FIV data presented on a seasonal basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

110

Are FIV data presented on a half-year basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

111

Are FIV data presented on a yearly basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

112

Are FIV data presented on a 2-5 years basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

113

Are FIV data presented on a >5 years basis?

15

0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

How many FIV indicator measurements are presented?

114

One measurement?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

115

Two or three measurements?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

116

Four or more measurements?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

Presentation of general data

117

Examine if timely and simple information has been used, geared to provide clear messages to decision-makers and social actors?

15

0 = no; 1 = yes, RRA; 2 = yes, PRA; 3 = yes, PLA; 4 = several; 5 = other: specify. See Note 3

ANALYSIS

Approaches

118

Is there an approach used to describe FIV?


0 = no; 1 = yes

What kind of approach is used to describe FIV at (sub)national level?

119

A food production approach?

12

0 = no; 1 = yes, national level; 2 = yes, subnational level

120

A household economy approach?

12

As for #119

121

A nutrition approach?

12

As for #119

122

An entitlement-based approach?

12

As for #119

123

A livelihood approach?

12

As for #119

124

Another approach?

12

As for #119. (no need to specify in remarks)

Methodologies

125

Are there methodologies used to assess FIV at (sub)national level?

12

0 = no; 1 = yes, national level; 2 = yes, subnational level

What methodologies are used to assess FIV at (sub)national level?

126

Agricultural production surveys?

12

As for #119

127

Household income and expenditure surveys?

12

As for #119

128

Anthropometric measurements?

12

As for #119

129

Individual intake surveys/Food consumption surveys?

12

As for #119

130

Health Information System surveys?

12

As for #119.

131

Qualitative methods?

12

As for #119

Indicators

Are the following FIV indicators used?

132

Level of malnourished women (based on Body Mass Index (BMI)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes

133

Per capita Dietary Energy Supply (DES)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

134

Indicators of Household Income and Expenditure surveys

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

135

Qualitative (coping) strategies

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

136

Food production indicators

13

0 = no; 1 = yes

137

Prevalence of malnourished children (<5 years)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes, underweight; 2 =yes, wasted/stunted; 3 = yes, underweight/wasted/stunted; 4 = general, not specified. See Note 2

138

Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

139

Infant (<1) and/or child (<5) mortality rate


0 = no; 1 = yes, infant mortality rate; 2 = yes, child mortality rate; 3 = both

140

Maternal mortality rate


0 = no; 1 = yes

Are the following poverty indicators used?

141

Is a proportion or number of the population below the poverty line given?


0 = no; 1 = yes

142a

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 1st poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

142b

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 2nd poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

142c

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 3rd poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

142d

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 4th poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

142e

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 5th poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

142f

If yes, define fraction of the population below the 6th poverty line (name and define in remarks)


range

143

Is a further distinction of poverty made on the basis of regions, rural/urban, economic sectors or age?


0 = no; 1 = yes

144

Poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

145

Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

146

Share of poorest quintile in national income


0 = no; 1 = yes

147

Poverty headcount ratio (percentage of population below national poverty line)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

148

Food poverty headcount ratio (percentage of population below national food poverty line)


0 = no; 1 = yes

149

Poverty headcount ratio (percentage of population below US$ 1 per day)

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

150

Percentage of household income spent on food for the poorest quintile

13

0 = no; 1 = yes. See Note 2

Causes and trends for FIV data

151

Is an underlying causal model presented in the report?

16

0 = no; 1 = implicit; 2 = explicit

152

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to the socio-economic and political environment?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

At the national level

153

Population


0 = no; 1 = yes, static; 2 = yes, past trends; 3 = yes, projecting

154

Education


As for #153

155

Macro-economy


As for #153

156

Policy-environment


As for #153

157

Natural resource endowment


As for #153

158

Agriculture sector


As for #153

159

Market conditions


As for #153

At the subnational level

160

Household characteristics


As for #153

161

Livelihood systems


As for #153

162

Social institutions


As for #153

163

Cultural attitudes


As for #153

Other

164

Natural disasters


As for #153

165

Political disasters


As for #153

166

HIV/AIDS


As for #153

167

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to the food availability?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

168a

Production


As for #153

168b

Imports


As for #153

169

Exports


As for #153

170

Utilization (food/non-food)


As for #153

171

Stocks


As for #153

172

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to the stability of food supplies and stability of access?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

173

Storage


As for #153

174

Incomes


As for #153

175

Markets


As for #153

176

Social entitlements


As for #153

177

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to access to food?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

178

Purchasing power (consumers)


As for #153

179

Market integration


As for #153

180

Access to markets


As for #153

181

Food prices


As for #153

182

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to care practices?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

183

Child care


As for #153

184

Feeding practices


As for #153

185

Nutritional education


As for #153

186

Food preparation


As for #153

187

Eating habits


As for #153

188

Intra-household food distribution


As for #153

189

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to health and sanitation?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

190

Health care practices


As for #153

191

Hygiene


As for #153

192

Water quality


As for #153

193

Sanitation


As for #153

194

Food safety and quality


As for #153

195

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to food consumption?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

196

Energy intake


As for #153

197

Nutrient intake


As for #153

198

Are there explanations regarding the causes of FIV in the report that are related to food utilization?

17

0 = no; 1 = yes

199

Bioavailability


As for #153

Health status

200

Malaria


As for #153

201

Diarrhoea


As for #153

202

Anaemia


As for #153

203

Intestinal parasites


As for #153

204

Other infection diseases (specify in remarks)


As for #153

Is a link made between food security and...?

205

Poverty?


As for #153

206

Human rights?


As for #153

207

Gender?


As for #153

208

HIV/AIDS?


As for #153

209

Women education?


As for #153

210

Governance?


As for #153

211

Environment?


As for #153

Usefulness and validation of maps on FIV data

212

Are there any maps on FIV in the report?


0 = no; 1 = yes

213

Do the maps show the geographical distribution of the FIV problem?


0 = no; 1 = yes

214

Do the maps show a relationship between the FIV problem and an indicator(s) of the FIV problem?


0 = no; 1 = yes

215

Are the results of the maps analysed and discussed in the text of the report?

11

0 = no; 1 = yes

Representativeness of FIV data

216

Are whole-country estimates based on national representative surveys (Demographic Health Survey (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), etc.)?


0 = no; 1 = yes

217

Are whole-country estimates based on randomly selected districts? (or something like districts)


0 = no; 1 = yes

218

Are whole-country estimates based on ad hoc local surveys?

9

0 = no; 1 = yes

219

Are whole-country estimates based on routine sector data?

9

0 = no; 1 = yes

POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND INVENSIONS

Policy

220

Are there long-term general development policies formulated?


0 = no; 1 = yes

221

Is a long-term policy concerning FIV formulated?


0 = no; 1 = yes

222

Is the long-term FIV policy time bound?


0 = no; 1 = yes

223

Is a long-term policy regarding poverty eradication formulated?


0 = no; 1 = yes

Strategies to address food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty

224

Are strategies proposed?

18

0 = no; 1 = yes

Are strategies related to...?

225

Socio-economic and political environment?


0 = no; 1 = yes, related to FIV; 2 = yes, related to poverty; 3 = yes, related to FIV and poverty; 4 = yes, related to other: specify

226

Food availability?


As for #225

227

Stability of food supplies and access?


As for #225

228

Access to food?


As for #225

229

Care practices?


As for #225

230

Health and sanitation?


As for #225

231

Food consumption?


As for #225

232

Food utilization?


As for #225

233

Social services


As for #225

234

Income/employment


As for #225

Interventions

235

Are there interventions suggested with relevance to FIV and poverty?

19

0 = no; 1 = yes

Are interventions related to...?

236

Socio-economic and political environment?


0 = no; 1 = yes, related to FIV; 2 = yes, related to poverty; 3 = yes, related to FIV and poverty

237

Food availability?


As for #236

238

Stability of food supplies and access?


As for #236

239

Access to food?


As for #236

240

Care practices?


As for #236

241

Health and sanitation?


As for #236

242

Food consumption?


As for #236

243

Food utilization?


As for #236

244

Social services


As for #236

245

Income/employment


As for #236

246

Are the interventions the responsibility of the government?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

247

Are the interventions the responsibility of national NGOs?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

248

Are the interventions the responsibility of international NGOs?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

249

Are the interventions the responsibility of bilateral aid agencies?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

250

Are the interventions the responsibility of the private sector?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

251

Are the interventions the responsibility of the UN?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

252

Are the interventions the responsibility of FAO?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

253

Are the interventions the responsibility of research institutions?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

254

Are the interventions the responsibility of universities?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

255

Are the interventions the responsibility of other organizations?


0 = no; 1 = some; 2 = most; 3 = all

Notes on the Framework:

1 Refers to relevant item in the TOR checklist (see Appendix I).

2 Additional answers allowed: x = unknown; y = not applicable.

3 RRA = Rapid Rural Appraisal.
PRA = Participatory Rural Appraisal.
PLA = Participatory Learning and Action.

APPENDIX VII. Background to the indicators of food insecurity and vulnerability

Both CCA reports and PRSPs were screened for their use of five indicator types for food insecurity, all measuring complementary aspects of the food insecurity and vulnerability problem.

The two first indicator types estimate dietary intake and try to relate this to energy needs. The first of this type comprises two indicators. One indicator is the per capita dietary energy supply (DES) and the proportion of the population below a minimum level of dietary energy consumption, which are based on the FAO methodology for estimating the prevalence of food deprivation at national level (Naiken, 2002), This refers to the prevalence of undernourishment, using a comparison of usual consumption expressed in terms of dietary energy (Kcal) with certain energy requirement norms. The part of the population with food consumption below this norm is considered undernourished.

The other indicator in the first category is based on Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES). These surveys, using food expenditure data to calculate household calorie availability, reflect the quantity of food acquired and thus immediately available to a household, rather than that consumed by its members (Smith, 2002).

The second type of indicators estimate the level of food production and is mainly focused on the key staple foods in a country or region and as such reflects food availability.

The third type assesses the perceptions of hunger/food insecurity and the behavioural response to these using more qualitative measures of food insecurity through focusing on coping strategies (Kennedy, 2002).

The fourth type of indicators measures the physical effects on growth and body form (anthropometry). These comprise three indicators of growth of infants and children under five years: height-for-age (reflecting linear growth and measures long-term growth faltering or stunting); weight-for-height (reflecting body proportion and is particularly sensitive to acute growth disturbances, detecting the presence of wasting); and weight-for-age (representing a synthesis of both linear growth and body proportion, and is used to diagnose underweight children) (Shetty, 2002). Body mass index (BMI, weight:height ratio) is considered the most objective anthropometric indicator of nutritional status of the adult, and is used to diagnose chronic undernutrition. The causes of undernutrition are multidimensional, including both food- and non-food-related factors. In addition to food insecurity, many social, cultural, health and environmental factors influence the prevalence of undernutrition, and hence undernutrition is more than a problem of food insecurity.

The last type of indicators looked at are the mortality rates, including infant mortality rate (IMR, number of children dying in first year per 1 000 live births), under-five mortality rate (U5MR, number of children dying before end of 5th year per 1 000 live births) and maternal mortality rate (MMR, number of women dying during pregnancy and delivery per 100 000 women of reproductive age). Mortality rates describe the general level of development and, as with undernutrition, reflect more than the food security situation.

There is no absolute measure or golden standard, but all the indicators mentioned assess different aspects of food insecurity and vulnerability. To estimate the extent of the food insecurity and vulnerability problem, the use of a combination of the above indicators would be advisable in order to capture the different components of food insecurity and vulnerability.

APPENDIX VIII. Explanations regarding the causes of food insecurity and vulnerability in CCA reports and PRSPs (percentages)

Explanations

CCA reports

PRSPs

of which PRSPs:

(n = 50)

(n = 25)

Completed
(n = 11)

Interim
(n = 14)

Socio-economic and political environment

68

32

55

14

Population

14

16

18

14

Education

8

8

18

0

Macroeconomy

22

4

0

7

Policy environment

26

0

0

0

Natural resource endowment

24

8

18

0

Agricultural sector

26

16

18

14

Market conditions

10

0

0

0

Household characteristics

20

4

9

0

Livelihood systems

14

0

0

0

Social institutions

8

0

0

0

Cultural attitudes

16

0

0

0

Natural disasters

38

16

36

0

Political disasters

12

4

0

7

HIV/Aids

2

0

0

0

Food availability

56

12

9

14

Production

44

12

9

14

Imports

10

4

0

7

Exports

6

4

0

7

Utilization (food/non-food)

2

0

0

0

Stocks

10

0

0

0

Stability of food supplies and access

52

24

36

14

Storage

10

0

0

0

Incomes

36

12

27

7

Markets

10

4

0

7

Social entitlements

6

4

0

7

Access to food

40

8

9

7

Purchasing power (consumers)

18

4

0

7

Market integration

6

4

0

7

Access to markets

14

4

9

0

Food prices

16

0

0

0

Care practices

34

16

27

0

Child care

4

8

18

0

Feeding practices

22

4

9

0

Nutritional education

10

0

0

0

Food preparation

0

0

0

0

Eating habits

18

0

0

0

Intra-household food distribution

10

12

18

0

Health and sanitation

28

12

27

0

Health care practice

6

0

0

0

Hygiene

10

4

9

0

Water quality

14

4

9

0

Sanitation

20

8

18

0

Food safety and quality

6

0

0

0

Food consumption

40

8

9

7

Energy intake

20

4

9

0

Nutrient intake

34

8

9

7

Food utilization

24

16

27

7

Bioavailability

2

0

0

0

Malaria

10

4

9

0

Diarrhoea

14

8

18

0

Anaemia

2

4

9

0

Intestinal parasites

8

0

0

0

Other infection diseases

18

12

18

7


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