17. If a coffee tree is to grow well, it needs more than
anything else a soil off good structure, permeable and
deep.
The coffee tree has tap roots.
The tap root goes straight down into the soil.
The branch roots go down very deep.
The soil must have a good structure so that the roots
can penetrate well.
You can improve the soil structure by spreading
manure around the base of the coffee trees.
The soil must be deep, so that the roots can go down
deep.
Never plant coffee trees in soil which has a hard layer,
or, if you do, break up the hard layer.
18. With the traditional method coffee is often grown in
the forest region.
Before making a plantation, growers cut down and
pull out the trees, and burn everything.
This is a bad method.
In this way the soil is left bare, without protection
against sun and rain.
The humus is destroyed and the soil becomes less
fertile.
The coffee trees do not grow well and do not yield
many berries.
19. It is better not to remove all the trees.
Cut first the tall weeds and the smaller trees.
Then at once cover the soil either with the vegetation
you have cut, or by sowing a cover crop.
Trace rows, put in pegs as markers and dig holes. Remove the large, useless trees, but leave trees which cast shade and can therefore protect the young coffee trees against the sun.
20. With traditional methods, the trees are most often planted in a haphazard way
The coffee trees are not planted in rows.
There is not the same distance between them.
When they are too far apart, they do not use all the
soil.
When they are too close, they grow badly.
You should plant in rows.
First trace the rows for the coffee trees, leaving 3
metres between rows.
Along each row, mark out with pegs the spot where
the coffee trees are to go.
Leave 3 metres between trees.
In this way you can plant about 1 000 coffee trees per
hectare.
21. Digging the holes
Before planting the coffee seedlings you must dig
holes in order to stir the soil and loosen it.
Dig the holes two months before planting the coffee
trees.
The holes should be about 50 centimetres long, 50
centimetres wide and 50 centimetres deep.
When you are digging a hole, do not put together the soil from above and the soil from below: make two separate heaps.
You have now cut down the weeds and the smaller trees, and you have traced the rows where you will plant the coffee trees.
22. But the soil Is bare
If you leave the soil bare, the rain will spoil the soil
and destroy its good structure.
Water washes away the mineral salts, and the sun very
quickly decomposes humus.
The soil becomes poorer and does not feed the coffee
trees well enough.
So the coffee trees will not yield many berries.
23. You must cover the soil to protect it against erosion
You can cover the soil
either by mulching
You can leave on the ground the vegetation you
have cut, or you can put down palm fronds.
In this way the soil is protected against sun and
rain.
The rotting leaves give the soil organic matter.
or by a cover crop
Between the rows of coffee trees, you can sow
legumes.
They also protect the soil.
Legumes give nitrogen to the soil.
You have not removed all the other trees; you have left
some large ones to protect the soil against sun and
rain.
When you have covered the soil either by a mulch or
a cover crop, you can cut down the remaining large
trees.
24. But the coffee tree is a delicate plant
Young coffee trees do not like too much sun.
Young coffee trees need to grow in the shade.
Often, a few large trees are left on the plantation.
Trees with long branches and many leaves provide
shade for the young coffee trees.
Sometimes all the trees are cut down and other trees
are planted, which grow quickly and give enough
shade.
In some regions there are many clouds, so that it is
not always necessary to provide shade.
Then all the other trees can be cut down.
Dry winds are very bad for young coffee trees.
In regions where a dry desert wind blows, the plantation
must be sheltered by a line of trees.
25. After you have grown your coffee seedlings in seed beds and a nursery, you can plant the seedlings from the nursery in the plantation.
The day before you plant the seedlings in the plantation
Remove a few leaves from each coffee seedling.
The seedling will then lose less moisture.
A few hours before taking the seedlings out of the nursery
Water the soil.
Then lift the seedlings from the nursery beds with a spade or a hoe.
Be very careful not to break the roots.
Next sort out the coffee seedlings.
Throw away diseased plants and plants that have a
twisted tap root.
You can dip the roots of the seedlings into liquid mud,
so that the coffee trees will take root again easily.
26. When to plant coffee trees
Plant your young coffee trees during the rainy season.
Choose a day after it has rained a lot, and when the
sky is cloudy.
Plant your young coffee trees when they are about
six or seven months old, or when they are 15 to 18
months old.
27. How to plant coffee trees
A few days before planting, fill in the holes you have
dug.
At the bottom of the hole, put the soil you have dug
out from the top, and on top put the soil you have
dug out from below.
You may mix the soil with manure.
When you are ready to plant, make a small hole with
your hand or a machete.
In this small hole place your young coffee tree.
Be very careful not to twist the tap root.
Leave the crown above the ground surface.
Pack the soil down well around the tap root.
For the first few days, protect the young coffee tree
from the sun with a palm frond.
