APPENDIX 9

INDEX - LATIN NAMES

Note: Reference to figures is shown as e.g. Fig. 4.8, 6.14 etc.

Abies 15, 30–31, 95, 144, 146, 149, 181, 197, 227, 230
     A. alba 29, 74, 144
     A. amabilis 117
     A. grandis 73
     A. nordmanniana 74
     A. procera 74, 89
Acacia 1, 20, 55, 56, 71, 93, 100, 110, 132, 148, 166, 167, 174, 215. Fig. 4.6, 6.12
     A. albida 174, 239
     A. aneura 132. Fig. 2.3, 4.3
     A. auriculiformis 186
     A. catechu 168
     A. farnesiana 167, 168
     A. harpophylla 132
     A. hemsleyi 132
     A. holosericea 132
     A. leptopetala 132
     A. mangium 103, 110, 170, 171, 176, 267. Fig. 8.4
     A. mearnsii 28, 169
     A. melanoxylon 169
     A. nilotica 168, 169, 174
     A. planifrons 174
     A. raddiana 239
     A. senegal 174
     A. sieberiana 171
     A. victoriae 132
Acer 11, 89, 93, 136
     A. pseudoplatanus 74, 121, 136
     A. rubrum 136
     A. saccharinum 136, 145
Adenanthera microsperma 169
Adina cordifolia 47
Aesculus 47, 93, 151
Afzelia 167
Agathiphaga 20
Agathis 20, 133, 152
     A. australis 133
     A. macrophylla 133
     A. robusta 14, 133
Ailanthus 93
     A. altissima 215
Albizzia 132, 166, 167, 191
     A. amara 169
     A. falcataria 49, 100, 103, 110, 168, 170, 171, 253, 297
     A. julibrissin 131
     A. lebbek 168, 174. Fig. 1.3
     A. procera 169
Aleurites 94
     A. moluccana 175
Alnus 93, 146, 203, 215, 221, 228
Amblycerus 20
Andropogon 282
Anisophyllea 9
Anthocephalus 11, 32
     A. chinensis 94
Apion ghanaense 20, 27
Araucaria 14, 15, 58, 136, 152, 191
     A. angustifolia 137. Fig. 1.3
     A. araucana 137
     A. bidwillii 137
     A. cunninghamii 15, 136–137
     A. group colymbea 137
     A. group eutacta 136
     A. group intermedia 137
     A. hunsteinii 15, 137, 142, 152
Artocarpus 11
Atriplex 93, 170
Aucoumea klaineana 134
Azadirachta indica 10, 94, 136

Baccauria 10
Barringtonia 9
Bertholletia excelsa 9, 34
Betula 11, 93, 113, 117, 146, 203, 221
     B. ermannii 12
     B. papyrifera 143
Brassica oleracea 125

Calliandra calothyrsus 186
Calophyllum 167
Campnosperma brevipetiolata 117
Canarium ovatum 94
Carpinus 93, 166
     C. caroliniana 184
Carya 93, 228, 229
Cassia 10, 166
     C. bicapsularis 131
     C. fistula 111, 168, 174
     C. javanica 111, 168
     C. multijuga 131
     C. nodosa 168
     C. siamea 28
Castanea 48, 93, 121, 135, 151
Casuarina 4, 12, 93, 100, 113, 191
     C. equisetifolia 100
Catalpa 109
Cedrela 50, 93, 215
     C. odorata 134, 239
Cedrus 95, 111, 227
Ceiba 12
Celtis laevigata. Fig. 9.7
Ceratonia 166
     C. siliqua 174
Cercis 109
     C. canadensis 183. Fig. 8.10
Chamaecyparis 65, 113, 117, 198
Chlorophora 11, 80, 94
Cinnamomum camphora 94
Cola nitida Fig. 2.5
Cordia africana 177
     C. alliodora 20, 50, 126, 191
Corylus 93
Crataegus 56, 92, 166, 176
     C. monogyna 184
Cryptomeria japonica 215
Cupressus 13, 63, 65, 113, 198
     C. lusitanica 21, 28, 191
     C. sempervirens 215

Dalbergia sissoo 132
Delonix regia 28, 111, 168
Dialium maingayi 174
Dichrostachys cinerea 168
Dioryctria 20
Diospyros 10, 11
     D. maingayi 33
Dipterocarpaceae 6, 11, 89, 120
          collection 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 48
          storage 136, 137, 147, 152
Dipterocarpus 93, 95, 136
     D. humeratus 145
Dothistroma pini 21
Dryabalanops 136
Durio 10
     D. zibethinus 17
Dyera 12
Dysoxylum 10

Elaeagnus 166
Entandrophragma angolense 134
Enterolobium 167
Eucalyptus 1, 10, 11, 12
          collection 38, 41, 44, 56, 57, 70. Fig. 5.4
          extraction and processing 79, 93, 97, 98–100, 103, 106, 108
          pre-treatment 181, 185
          storage 133, 146, 148, 149
          testing 191, 203, 210, 214, 221, 244, 251
     E. alba 299
     E. brachyandra 11
     E. brassiana 213
     E. camaldulensis 23, 25, 28, 213, 215, 299. Fig. 1.3
     E. citriodora 28, 202, 213, 299
     E. cloeziana 24, 213, 221
     E. crebra 299
     E. deglupta 133, 146, 197, 213, 253, 297
     E. delegatensis 177, 181, 182, 221. Fig. 3.1
     E. diversicolor 11
     E. exserta 299
     E. fastigata 182
     E. globulus 6, 213
     E. gomphocephala 28
     E. grandis 28, 115, 119, 213, 233, 244
     E. laevopinea 295
     E. maculata 28
     E. microtheca 133, 213
     E. pauciflora 177
     E. pellita 299
     E. preissiana Fig. 2.3
     E. regnans 28, 182, 213, 221
     E. robusta 25
     E. saligna 28, 213
     E. tereticornis 57, 213, 299
     E. tessellaris 299
     E. urophylla 213
     E. sub-genus Idiogenes 112
     E. sub-genus Monocalyptus 112
Eusideroxylon 167

Fagus 48, 53, 89, 93, 95, 149, 227
     F. sylvatica 74, 134–135, 144, 181
Fimiana 11
Flindersia brayleyana 146
Fraxinus 11, 12, 52, 89, 93, 125, 229
     F. americana 144
     F. excelsior 9, 74, 89, 138, 184
     F. pennsylvanica 34, 183. Fig. 6.23

Garcinia 9
Gingko biloba 89, 138, 177
Gleditsia 52, 93
     G. triacanthos 174
Gluta 12
Gmelina arborea 10, 11, 83, 174, 247, 253
          collection 27, 44, 48, 49
          processing and extraction 93, 94, 120
          storage 150
          testing 191, 297
Grevillea robusta 169

Hevea 136
     H. brasiliensis 137
Hopea 93, 95
     H. helferi 137, 147, 152
     H. odorata 137

Ilex 56
Imperata 175, 186
Intsia 167
     I. bijuga 222
     I. palembanica 49, 174

Jacaranda mimosaefolia 28
Juglans 52, 93, 110, 229. Fig. 8.7
Juniperus 14, 15

Koompassia 12
     K. malaccensis 132

Lagerstroemia 100
     L. speciosa 222
Larix 8, 15, 30, 73, 112, 186. Fig. 4.14
     L. decidua (L. europaea) 35, 74, 109, 144
     L. leptolepis 74
Lecythis 9
Leucaena 100, 167, 222
     L. leucocephala 131, 170, 186, 187
Libocedrus 113
Liquidambar 8, 90, 93, 125
     L. styraciflua 215. Fig. 6.23
Liriodendron 11, 90, 93, 109
     L. tulipifera 181. Fig. 6.16

Maesopsis eminii 12, 92, 96
Magnolia 89
Malus 52, 93
Mangifera 10, 147
     M. indica 137
Mansonia altissima Fig. 2.5
Melia 93
Morus 11, 93, 94
Mycosyrinx 27
Myristica 10

Nanophyes 20
Nothofagus 93
     N. alpina 70
     N. obliqua 181, 182, 215
     N. procera 181
     N. pumilio 70
Nyssa 93

Ochroma 119
Ocotea usambarensis 94
Olea 93

Pagyda salvaris 20
Parkia javanica 18, 49, 111, 132, 174
Parkinsonia aculeata 170
Paulownia tomentosa, Fig. 2.2
Pennisetum 282
Picea 8, 14, 15, 58, 61, 133, 144, 224, 227, 228
     P. abies (P. excelsa) 24, 30, 31, 74, 109, 125, 143, 225, 226, 294
     P. glauca 35, 57, 217
     P. omorica 74
     P. sitchensis 32, 73, 74
Pinus 8, 13, 14, 15, 20. Fig. 2.4
          collection 28–30, 32, 38, 44, 61. Fig. 4.17
          extraction and processing 97, 119, 126
          storage 133, 144, 147, 148, 149
          testing 210, 224, 227
     P. austriaca 74
     P. banksiana 280
     P. brutia 111
     P. caribaea Fig. 1.3, 3.1
          collection 23, 27, 36, 44, 59, 70, 73, 282, 316–318
          extraction and processing 88, 91, 97, 103, 114
          pretreatment 169, 187, 189. Fig. 8.13
          storage 133, 150, 155
          testing 210, 215, 235. Fig. 9.17
     P. contorta 15, 111. Fig. 9.14
     P. echinata 51, 52
     P. eldarica 218
     P. elliottii 20, 51–52, 91, 98, 102, 164, 187, 210, 215, 243. Fig. 8.3, 8.11
     P. halepensis 96, 111
     P. kesiya 14, 26
          collection 28, 36, 43, 59, 70, 73
          extraction and processing 96, 97, 102, 116. Fig. 6.4
          storage 133
          testing 190, 191, 215, 218, 241
     P. lambertiana 16
     P. maximinoi 70
     P. merkusii 20, 21, 27, 36, 59, 70, 96, 97, 111, 133, 149, 177, 215. Fig. 6.4
     P. oocarpa 14, 23. Fig. 2.3, 3.1
          collection 27, 59, 70, 73, 282
          extraction and processing 88, 103, 114
          pretreatment 187, 189. Fig. 8.13
          storage 133, 150, 155
          testing 191, 215, 219
     P. palustris 20, 52, 91, 185, 210. Fig. 6.22
     P. patula 21, 98, 103, 191, 215, 241
     P. patula subsp. tecunumanii 70
     P. pinaster 215
     P. pinea 14, 96, 200, 210
     P. ponderosa 73, 218, 240
     P. pseudostrobus 282
     P. radiata 6, 15, 21, 44, 55, 90, 111, 141, 215. Fig. 6.6
     P. resinosa 133
     P. sibirica 52
     P. strobus 35, 144, 149
     P. sylvestris 27, 30, 31, 35, 74, 90, 109, 143, 188–189, 225, 226
     P. taeda 51, 52–54, 91, 98, 102, 125, 164, 166, 185, 215. Fig. 5.3, 6.3, 8.2, 8.9
Pithecellobium dulce 100
     P. saman 111
Platanus 93, 107
     P. occidentalis Fig. 6.23
Podocarpus 14, 15, 92
Populus 4, 93, 120, 134, 203, 221
     P. balsamifera 134
     P. deltoides 149
     P. sieboldii 134
Pouteria 10
Prosopis 1, 12, 20, 100, 103, 110, 120, 149, 166, 167
     P. chilensis 174, 239
     P. juliflora 132
     P. tamarugo 110, 174
Prunus 10, 52, 93, 176, 180
Pseudotsuga 8, 14, 30, 32, 35, 40, 61, 72, 73, 74, 89, 90, 148, 230, 286
     P. menziesii 6, 15, 27, 37, 143. Fig. 3.2, 9.14
Pterocarpus 12, 89
     P. angolensis 11, 166, 167, 174, 175
Pterocymbium javanicum 11, 33–34

Quercus 8, 10, 11, 16, 282
          collection 48, 53, 74. Fig. 4.5
          extraction and processing 89, 93, 95, 121
          storage 135, 137, 139, 148, 151, 152
          testing 210, 215, 228, 229. Fig. 9.18
     Q. alba 125. Fig. 6.24, 9.13
     Q. crispula 12
     Q. falcata 135
     Q. muehlenbergii 125. Fig. 6.24
     Q. nigra 125. Fig. 6.24
     Q. robur 121, 135
     Q. rubra Fig. 2.3
     Q. shumardii 125, 183. Fig. 6.24

Robinia 93, 109, 149, 164, 166
     R. pseudoacacia 49, 215. Fig. 8.1
Rosa 93, 210

Salix 4, 12, 134, 203, 221
     S. glauca 134
Sambucus racemosa 180
Santalum album 168
Scaphium 11
Scorodocarpus 16
Shorea 10, 136
     S. contorta 12
     S. ovalis 137, 147
     S. parvifolia 145
     S. platyclados 48, 145
     S. talura 148
Sindora 167
Sorbus 56, 93
Strombosia javanica 17
Swietenia 113, 136, 191
     S. macrophylla 117
Swintonia 12
Syringa 93
Syzygium cumini 94

Tamarindus 132
Taxus 14, 15
Tectona 9, 11, 20, 35
          collection 44, 47, 48
          extraction and processing 89, 93, 120
          pretreatment 175, 183
          storage 148, 162
          testing 216
Tectona grandis 6, 11, 23, 26, 27, 276. Fig. 1.3, 2.2, 2.3
          collection 37
          pretreatment 166, 169, 175 storage 133
          testing 190, 191, 197, 215, 225. Fig. 9.15
Terminalia 136, 191
     T. arjuna 168
     T. ivorensis 20, 170, 211, 218
     T. tomentosa 168
Theobroma cacao 137, 147
Thuja 15, 55, 65, 73, 113, 198
Tilia 93, 146
     T. cordata 165
Toona 100
Trewia nudiflora 169
Triplochiton scleroxylon 10, 12, 19, 20, 27, 48, 89, 93, 95, 136, 145, 152, 191. Fig. 2.3
Tsuga 55, 65, 73, 227
     T. heterophylla 31

Ulmus 11, 89, 93, 113, 134, 136
     U. americana 134
     U. crassifolia 136
     U. serotina 136

Viburnum opulus 184
Vitex 96
     V. parviflora 92, 94

Ziziphys 93
Z. spina-christi 170

INDEX -SUBJECTS

Note 1) Since the Guide is about seeds, the reader may assume that most references in the index refer automatically to seed. Thus references to seed biology, seed dispersal, seed moisture content, etc. will be found in the index under “biology”, “dispersal”, “moisture content” .. etc. Exceptions are cases where “seed” is so closely associated with another word that the two are used as if they formed a single word; examples are seedcoat, seedleaves, seed orchards, seed stands, seed trees, seed years and seed zones. These subjects are included in the index under “seedcoat”, “seed trees” … etc., not under “coat”, “trees” … etc.

2)   Where appropriate, the reference to the main description of a subject is underlined.

3)   Reference to figures is shown as e.g. Fig. 4.8, 6.14 etc.

Abnormal seedlings 216
Abscission of fruits 36, 48, 51
                   of seeds 107
Absorption of water 118, 124, 156–157. Fig. 6.21
Accessibility 21, 28–29, 43, 48, 59, 247, 300
Achene 10, 92
Acid pretreatment 166, 167–168, 171–174, 176, 215. Fig. 8.5, 8.6
Acorn Fig. 4.5, 9.18
Adaptability 23
Advanced line technique Fig. 4.1
Aeration (air circulation, ventilation)
     before processing 78–80, 82, 85–88, 90, 91
     during drying of fruits 95, 99, 101–106
     during drying of seeds 123, 126, 127
     during pretreatment 179, 180
     during storage 141–142, 148, 151, 154, 302, 306
     during testing 203, 210
Aerial seeding 185, 186. Fig. 1.3
Africa, tropical. Fig. 1.1, 1.2
After-ripening 37–38
Age of tree, effect on seed crop 32
Ageing of seeds 140–141, 143, 178, 245
Agroforestry 3
Air drying 79–81, 88, 89, 92, 95–100, 126, 127, 157. Fig. 6.1
Air lock 301
Alginate 185
Alternate soaking and drying 169–170, 175
Alternating temperatures 176, 178, 206, 210–215
Altitude 24, 31
Ambient conditions, storage in 148, 162
America, tropical. Fig. 1.1, 1.2
Anchorman 68–69, 76. Fig. 4.14
Angiosperms 7–13, 14
Anthesis 33
Anti-desiccants 185
Antipodal cells 8
Ants 55, 97, 100
Arasan 186, 187
Archegonium 13, 14
Areas, annual planting in tropics 3, 24. Fig. 1.2
          conservation stands 42
          total tropical plantations 2–3. Fig. 1.1
Aril 10, 14
Arizona 30
Artificial ripening 89–90
Asia, tropical. Fig. 1.1
Atmosphere, storage 141–142
Australia 23, 38, 40, 57, 58, 72, 106, 132, 186, 212, 248, 251, 283, 295, 299.
          Fig. 4.3, 4.6, 5.4, 6.12, 6.13, 7.1, 8.3, 9.9

Balances 199. Fig. 9.6
Balloons 71
Bark, relation to climbing 59, 60, 76
Barley 140
Basket Fig. 5.2
Baumvelo 61. Fig. 4.12–4.14
Bees 68
Berry 10, 14, 15, 90
Bibliography 336–354
Binoculars 29
Bins 88, 105
Biochemistry 18, 34, 138, 140–141, 177, 178, 222
Biology 7–20
Birds 20, 37, 97, 100, 186, 245
Block and tackle 64. Fig. 4.1
Blotting paper 208, 209. Fig. 9.14
Blowers and blowing 114–117, 120, 199. Fig. 6.17
               aspirator type 116
               pneumatic type 116
Brazil 49, 70, 83, 94, 103, 115, 150. Fig. 1.2
British Columbia 88, 248, 251, 277, 278, 286, 296. Fig. 5.1
Bulk seed supplies 38–39, 40, 45

Cable systems 71
Caches, animal 54
Canada 50, 58, 60, 72, 113, 117, 207, 280. Fig. 4.10, 5.1
Capsule 10, 79, 86, 90, 98–100, 108. Fig. 2.3, 5.4
Carabiners 60, 62, 69
Care in seed handling 5
Carpel 10, 11
Case hardening 80, 91, 101
Cellulose paper 208, 209
Cement and concrete mixers 168, 186. Fig. 6.14
Central America 38
Centrifuging 115, 188, 196, 197
Certificate, phytosanitary 83
Certificate of seed origin 82, 83, 248, 274–284
               seed quality 251, 294, 299
Certification 83, 248
CFI (Oxford) 282
Chaff 108, 112, 115, 203, 221
Chile 70, 110
Chromosomes 183
Citric acid 182
Cleaning 80, 87, 94, 95, 111–112, 114–120, 128, 138, 238, 304. Fig. 6.2, 6.17–6.19
Climbing 59–71. Fig. 4.16
     bole 59–63. Fig. 4.9–4.14
     directly into crown 63–65. Fig. 4.17
Climbing irons 59–60, 63, 64, 69. Fig. 4.9
Clones 41–42
Clothing for climbers 71, 75–76. Fig. 4.13
CO₂ 141, 143, 152, 153, 158, 161, 179
Coating (see pelleting)
Cobalt chloride 157
Codominant trees 39
Coefficient of variation 199, 231
Cold moist pretreatment 166, 178–182, 183, 184. Fig. 8.7–8.9
Cold water soaking 167–170
Collection teams 43
Collection 1, 21–77, 316–320. Fig. 4.1–4.17
     costs 249, 286
     forms 246–248, 250, 255–258, 292
     for genetic conservation 42
     methods, factors affecting 47, 48
     of large-scale (bulk) supplies 38–39, 248
     of research samples 39–40, 247
Colour (changes) in fruits and cones 35–36, 49, 91
     in seeds 114
Composite sample 193–196
Condensation 158, 172, 206, 219
Cone Fig. 2.3
Cone scale 7, 13, 14, 15
Cone cutter Fig. 3.3
Conifers 198
Conservation, genetic
     collection for 42
     storage for 129, 130, 143, 146, 150, 155, 159, 300–314
     testing for 190, 244
Conservation stands 42, 44
Containers
     between collection and processing 78, 80, 82, 84–86
     during storage 123–124, 128, 153–159, Ch. 7 passim, 301. Fig. 7.1, 7.3
     sampling for testing 194–195, 244
Content (of seeds in fruits/cones) 32. Fig. 3.3, 3.4
Convection drying 102, 104
Cooling and refrigeration 127, 154, 159–160, 300–303, 308–309
Copenhagen tank 204. Fig. 9.12
Correction factor (for counting fruits/cones) 29–30
Costa Rica 127, 306
Costs 249, 286
Cotton bags 153–154, 161
Cotyledons 9, 10, 14, 17, 219. Fig. 2.2
Counting fruit crop 28–30. Fig. 3.2
Counting seeds 200–201. Fig. 9.5
     electronic 201
     vacuum 200. Fig. 9.8
     with counter board 200–201. Fig. 9.7
Cress, germination of 169
Cross pollination 39
Crown of tree, climbing in 58–71. Fig. 4.14, 4.15
CSIRO (Canberra) 212, 283, 295, 299. Fig. 6.13, 9.9
Cutting test
     fruits and cones 32, 36, 55. Fig. 3.3, 3.4
     seeds 116, 216, 222, 235, 238, 298
Czechoslovakia 30, 294

Daily germination speed 218, 237
Damage
     chilling 137
     heat 139
     insect 118, 139, 216, 222, 225. Fig. 9.16
     mechanical 109, 113, 118, 138, 154, 155, 162, 188–189, 216, 224, 230
DANIDA Forest Seed Centre 1, 279
Deep-freeze chests 160, 315
Dehiscence 10, 21, 34
Dehumidifying 149, 154
Demand, estimation of 22
Denmark 73–74, 212, 223, 293. Fig. 4.11, 5.2, 6.7, 6.10, 6.19, 6.20, 7.2, 7.3, 9.20
Depulping 87, 92–95. Fig. 6.2
Desiccants, chemical 127, 134, 156–157, 161, 308
Desiccators 229
Design, storage 159–160, 300–314. Fig. 7.2
Desorption 126. Fig. 6.21
Development
     angiosperm fruits 10–11, 27–28, 33
     angiosperm seeds 8–10
     gymnosperm fruits 14–15
     gymnosperm seeds 7, 13–14
Development class of seeds (radiography) 226. Fig. 9.16
Dewinging 80, 82, 87, 112–114, 128, 138. Fig. 6.14–6.16
     moist 113–114
Dicotyledons 14
Diploid cell condition 7–8, 9, 13
Dispersal 12–13, 15, 33, 37, 38, 52, 177
     by animals 12
     by gravity 13
     by water 13
     by wind 12–13
Dividers and dividing. Fig. 9.2–9.4
     mechanical 194–197
          Boerner 196. Fig. 9.4
          Gamet 197. Fig. 9.4
          random cup 196. Fig. 9.2
          soil 197
DNA 141, 145
Documentation 82–83, 246–300
Dominant trees 39
Dormancy 6, 15, 17–19, 100, 134, 136, 138, 164–184, 220, 224
     chemical 165–167, 169–170
     double (combined) 164, 165, 183–184. Fig. 8.10
     endogenous (embryo) 17, 18, 151, 164–166, 177–183
     exogenous (seedcoat) 17–19, 132, 164–176
     mechanical 165–167, 176
     morphological 90, 165, 176, 184
     physical 165–176, 183
     physiological 18, 89, 165, 176–184
     secondary 180
Drainage 180
Dressing (see pelleting)
Drought, effect of 19, 33
Drums
     drying 97, 102. Fig. 6.4, 6.8
     tumbling 108–109, 114. Fig. 6.10
Drupe 10, 90, 94. Fig. 2.3
Dry heat pretreatment 175
Dry weight 34, 89
Drying fruits
     between collection and processing 44, 79, 80–81, 317. Fig. 5.1–5.4
     for seed extraction 87, 89, 92, 95–108, 126. Fig. 6.3–6.13
Drying seeds 121, 126–127, 130–131, 133, 138, 305, 308–309
     for determining moisture content 227, 238. Fig. 9.18
     two stage 126
Dust masks 107, 110
Dybvig separator 95, 110. Fig. 6.2

Effective kg 243–244
Electricity supply 300, 302–303, 308
Embryo
     biology 8–10, 14, 16, 17
     in dormant seeds 165–167, 176, 177, 183
     in estimating seed maturity 35, 36
     in germinating seeds 203, 216
     in testing viability 222, 223–226. Fig. 9.16, 9.17
     underdeveloped 89, 138. Fig. 9.16, 9.17
Embryo sac 8, 13
Endocarp 10, 12
Endosperm 8–10, 13, 14, 36, 167, 172, 183, 222, 225. Fig. 2.2, 9.16
Endrin 186, 187
Energy period 217, 234, 236, 239
Enzymes 140, 145
Epicotyl 165, 182, 184
Equilibrium moisture content 121–128, 142, 147, 156, 157. Fig. 6.21–6.24
Equipment 5
     collection 2, 43, 46, 317–320. Fig. 4.1–4.17
     storage 300–314. Fig. 7.1–7.3
     testing 192, 198, 204–208. Fig. 9.1–9.14
Excised embryo test 222, 223–224
Exocarp 10, 175
Exotics 22, 248
Expansion, cone scales 79, 88, 104
Export 6, 45
Extraction
     at seed processing depot 44, 87, 92–111. Fig. 6.3–6.13
     damage from 138
     in field 80–81
record of, on seed forms 248, 250, 256, 259, 289

Fans, fanning 116, 117
FAO 6
Fats, fatty acids and oils in seeds 34, 89, 124–125, 140, 143. Fig. 6.23
Felled trees, collection from 55–56
Fermentation 80, 82, 90, 92, 175
Fertilization 7–8, 13–14, 32
Fertilizers 184, 185
Filter paper 207, 209, 212
Fire 15, 18, 102, 107, 119–120, 175
First aid 43, 77
Fleshy fruits 10, 14, 80, 86, 90, 92–95
Flotation of fruits 35, 88, 93, 94
     of seeds 109, 114, 117–118, 120, 188
Flowering 7, 18–19, 28, 29, 31, 33, 45
Follicle 11
Food storage in seeds 8–9, 14, 16, 34, 140, 202
Forced draught drying 101–107, 126, 127
Forest floor, collection from 48–54
Forms 246–299
France 1, 53, 134–135, 182
Friction cleaning 118
Frost 19
Fruit development
     angiosperms 10–11, 28, 33
     gymnosperms 14–15
Fruits passim
     as units of treatment, sowing or storage 26, 87
     collection of 47–77
     crop rating methods 30–31
     types and sizes of 10–11, 14–15, 47–48. Fig. 2.3
Fuelwood plantations 3
Full seeds 202
Fumigation 6, 139
Fungi 48, 55, 78, 85–86, 87–88, 139, 143, 145, 203, 209. Fig. 8.13
Fungicides 152, 185, 211–212
Funicle 8

Gametes 8
Gametophyte 13, 14. Fig. 9.17
Gaseous environment 16, 17
Gene frequencies 23
Genetic conservation,
     collection for 42
     storage for 129, 130, 143, 146, 150–151, 155, 159, 300–314
     testing for 190, 245
Genetic diversity 27, 120
Genotype 4, 40, 150
Germination
     biology 15–19
     effect of extraction and processing 91, 92, 94, 120
     effect of fungi 55
     effect of pretreatment Ch. 8 passim. Fig. 8.1–8.4, 8.10
     effect of seed size 202
     effect of storage 131, 133–136, 142, 148, 150, 152, 162
     energy 217, 234, 236, 239
     epigeal 17. Fig. 2.5
     hypogeal 17. Fig. 2.5
     per cent 216, 222, 235, 241–244
     per kg 26, 221, 232–233, 243–244
     premature 86, 179
     speed of 17–19, 217, 218, 237
     testing, tests 25, 139, 192, 199, 202–221, 222, 232, 297, 298
          conditions for 208–215
          in laboratory 202–218, 239, 263, 265–268, 273. Fig. 9.9–9.14
          in nursery 202, 219, 239, 272
          record of results, on seed forms 248, 250, 251, 263, 265–268, 272–273, 290
          recurrent 190, 244
     value 218, 236–237
Germinative capacity, potential 27, 37, 140, 221, 246
Germinators
     box type 207–208. Fig. 9.11, 9.14
     cabinet type 205–206, 208, 309. Fig. 9.9, 9.10
     room type 206, 309. Fig. 9.12
Gibberellin 18, 181, 182
Glass jars 155
Glossary 321–335
Goats 13, 174
Grading 111, 119, 120, 127
Greece 81
Gymnosperms 7, 13–15

Hail 19
Half-sib parents 40. Fig. 8.4
Hand tools, for seed collection 53, 55, 56–57, 70–71, 76. Fig. 4.6, 4.7, 4.17
Haploid cell condition 7–8, 13, 14
Hardcoated seeds 131–132, 135, 146, 148, 154, 165, 166
Hardwood genera (drying and storage requirements) 92–93
Haustorial function 16
Heating (see overheating)
Helicopters 71
Hessian 153–154, 162. Fig. 6.3
Homogeneity in seeds 128, 193–194, 219–220, 231, 232, 238
Honduras 23, 36, 43, 59, 67, 70, 73, 88, 91, 97, 103, 114, 120, 155, 167, 187, 207, 284, 316. Fig. 3.1
Hormones 18
Hornbills 12
Hot water pretreatment 166, 167, 170–171. Fig. 8.4
Humidity, moisture (see also Relative humidity) 16, 17, 18, 19, 78, 101, 121, 160–161, 165, 178, 188, 203, 210
Hybridization 41
Hydrogen peroxide 182, 226
Hydrol 186
Hypocotyl 9, 14, 16, 182

IBPGR 300
Identity, maintenance of
     single tree collections 40–41, 49, 246, 249
     seed lots 22, 41, 78, 82–83
IDS pretreatment method 187–189. Fig. 8.12, 8.13
Imbibition 16, 142, 144, 166, 169, 170, 176, 179, 187–188
Immature seeds,
     collection of 34, 37–38, 48
     separation of 118
     storage of 138
Impermeable containers 153, 154–157, 158, 161. Fig. 7.1, 7.3
Impermeable seeds 165, 174
Import 6
Importance of correct seed handling 2–6
Indehiscent fruits 10, 92, 110
India 23, 100, 120, 168, 169, 205. Fig. 1.2
Indonesia 20, 186
Inert matter 198–199, 203
Inhibitors 165, 168, 169
Insecticides 100, 185
Insect pests 20, 27, 28, 37, 48, 97, 118, 139, 143, 153
Insolation 84, 126
Insulation 84, 162, 205, 301–302, 307–308, 311–314
Integument 8, 13
International seed collection/exchange 6, 21, 44–46, 161, 248
Interval between flowering and seed maturation 11, 14–15
Involucre 11, 89, 95
Iran 218
Iraq 168
Irradiation 183
Isoenzyme techniques 230
Isolation of mother trees 39, 47, 49
ISTA 1, 2, 5, Ch. 9 passim, 251, 294
Italy 24–25, 52
IUFRO 1, 6, 39, 44

Jacobsen tank 204. Fig. 9.12

Kiln drying 81, 82, 91, 92, 100–107, 111, 123
Kilns,
     horizontal progressive 105
     portable 107. Fig. 6.9
     rotating drum 106, 107. Fig. 6.8
     stationary tray 102–104. Fig. 6.6, 6.7
     vertical progressive 104–105, 107
Kilogram effective factor 243–244
Kimpak 208. Fig. 9.13, 9.14
Knives, cone-cutting 32. Fig. 3.3
Korea 116

Labelling 43, 82–83, 162, 163, 246, 257–258, 262
Ladders
     extending 63–64
     free-standing 63
     general purpose 63–65, 77
     rope 64
     vehicle-mounted 64
     vertical sectional 60–61, 63, 69. Fig. 4.10, 4.11
Laminated foil 155–156
Lamp, infra-red 229
Land race 23
Latex 186–187
Latitude 24, 31
Leguminous spp. 81, 131, 132, 148–149, 166, 167, 198, 200
Lettuce 141, 170
Light, effects of 16, 148, 178, 203, 206, 209, 211–215
Lipids 141 (see also fats)
Lithium chloride 301
Locking method (safety line) 69. Fig. 4.16
Loculus 108. Fig. 2.3, 9.15
Longevity 37, 130–138

Maceration 87, 92, 94
Malaysia 18, 20, 29, 33–34, 36, 48, 49, 145, 152, 219
Mangroves 15
Mast year (see Seed Year)
Maturation, maturity 33–38, 83, 87, 89, 138, 177, 190
Mean daily germination 218, 236, 237
Mechanical sweeper 53
Mediterranean 96, 97
Meiosis 8, 13
Mesocarp 10
Metal cans 154. Fig. 7.1, 7.3
Methylcellulose 186
Mexico 1, 38, 61
Micropyle 8, 13, 16, 223
Microwave oven 229
Mitosis 8, 13
Mixing 128, 193–194. Fig. 9.2–9.4
Moist prechilling 177, 178, 180–182, 214–215, 216
Moisture content
     cones and fruits 14, 35, 91, 94, 104
     seeds adjustment of, during processing 19, 95, 111, 121–128,
               at dispersal/maturity 16, 17
               dry weight basis 123, 142
               during storage 130–141, 142–145, 146–161 passim
               during transport 85
               recording, on seed forms 251, 264, 267, 268, 273
               testing 190, 227–230, 238. Fig. 9.18–9.20
               wet weight basis 123, 142–143, 228–229, 238
Moisture effects 16, 17, 18, 19, 78, 165, 178, 188, 203, 210
Moisture meters, electric 229. Fig. 9.19, 9.20
Moulds, moulding (see Fungi)
Mutations 150

Naked prechilling 180
Natural forests 3
Natural seedfall 48–50
Net retrieval system 52–53, 54. Fig. 4.4
Netherlands 53. Fig. 4.5, 4.17
New Mexico 30
New Zealand 50, 55, 57. Fig. 6.6
Nicaragua 282
Nigeria 11, 19, 27
Nitrogen, fixation 3
     storage in gaseous 141, 153
     storage in liquid 151
Normal seedlings 203, 216
Normal stands 39
Norway 275
Nucellus 7, 8, 13
Nucleus, cell 7, 8, 13
Numbers of trees to collect from 40–42
Nurseries 85, 89, 163, 202–203, 208, 217, 218, 239–245
Nursery losses and culls 25, 26, 239–244
Nursery recovery factor 25, 240–244
Nut 10, 92, 175. Fig. 2.3, 4.5, 9.13, 9.18

OECD 248, 275
Oregon 30, 31
Origin, seed 22, 246–248, 256, 259, 274–284, 287, 288, 299
Orthodox seeds 19, 177. Fig. 6.23
     drying of 79, 95, 121, 126–127. Fig. 6.23
     in storage, Ch. 7 passim, 300
Oscillating screens 88
“Other matter” 198
“Other seed” 198
Ovary 7, 8, 10
Overheating
     between collection and processing 78, 85, 88, 92
     during extraction and processing 96, 100
     during pretreatment 179
     during storage 139, 143, 145, 151, 154, 161, 162
Ovule 7–8, 11, 13, 15, 32. Fig. 2.3, 2.4
Oxygen during pretreatment 179, 180
     during storage 124, Ch. 7 passim
     for germination 165

Packaging 160–163. Fig. 7.1, 7.3
Pakistan 167
Palms 16
Paper 153–154, 161, 208–210, 212, 213–214
Papua New Guinea 137
Paraffin wax 153, 162
Parent trees 38–42, 48, 55, 282, 299
Parthenocarpy 11, 15, 32
Peak germination 217, 234, 236
Peak value 218, 236
Peat 176, 177, 178
Pedigree 22, 248
Pelleting 112, 153, 162, 164, 184–187. Fig. 8.11
Pericarp 10, 36, 162, 165, 166, 169, 175, 183
Period of storage 129, 146, 148
Periodicity 27–28, 137, 149, 152, 159, 187
Perisperm 9, 14
Permeable containers 153–154, 161
Permeable seedcoats 176
Permits, collecting 44, 45
Pests and diseases 20, 32, 37, 38, 41, 80, 153, 164
ph 210
Phenology of flowering 7, 24, 29
Phenotype 38, 39, 50, 55
Philippines 12, 27, 36, 59, 94, 96, 97, 110, 149, 167, 170, 175, 177, 187
Photosynthesis 17
Physiological ageing 140–141, 143
Physiological maturity 34
Phytosanitary regulations 6, 163
Picking fruits 56, 69–71. Fig. 4.6, 4.7, 4.14–4.15, 4.17
Pistil. Fig. 2.1
Pit, stratification in 179–180
Placenta 92, 108. Fig. 2.3
Planning seed collection 21–46, 316–320
Plant per cent, Plantable plants 25–26, 239–244
Plantations, forest 2–6. Fig. 1.1
Platforms, seed collecting 43, 71–72. Fig. 4.17
Plumule 9, 14, 17
Plus stands 39
Pod 10, 110, 120. Fig. 2.3
Poland 134, 135–136, 181, 184
Polar nuclei 8, 13
Pollen 27, 42
     grain 7, 20
     tube 8. Fig. 2.4
Pollination 7–8, 14–15, 19–20, 27, 28, 33, 57, 90
Polyembryony 10, 14
Polyethylene bags 137, 152, 155–156, 158, 161, 180. Fig. 8.9
Polyethylene sheeting 44, 97. Fig. 6.3, 6.5
Pome 10
Prechilling 177, 178–182, 213–214, 216
Precleaning 88–89. Fig. 8.7–8.9
Precuring 88, 89–91, 98, 100, 101, 103. Fig. 6.1
Pregermination 152, 187–188
Pretreatment 89–128, 134, 164–189, 216, 220, 266. Fig. 8.1–8.13
PreVac pretreatment 188–189. Fig. 8.12, 8.13
Primary sample 194–195
Processing 87–128, 216, 244
Productivity, forest 3
Productivity fruit/cone collection 72–74, 317
Progeny trials 40, 41
Proteins 9, 34, 140
Provenance 5, 230
     effect on collection 22–24, 24, 25, 30, 38–42, 247
     effect on dormancy 18, 169, 177
     effect on extraction and processing 106, 109
     effect on storage 137
     effect on testing 193
     regions 23, 275. Fig. 3.1
     trials 44, 45
Pruning for seed collection 62, 63, 71. Fig. 4.7
Pulp, fruit 87, 92–95
Purity per cent 112, 119
Purity testing 192, 198–199, 203, 221, 231–244 passim. Fig. 9.5
     record of results, on seed forms 251, 263, 265–268, 273, 297, 298

Quality, genetic 4, 191
     physiological 4, 27, 33, 36, 138, 190, 191, 246
Quantity (seed demand/supply) 4, 24–26, 30–33, 39, 42, 138, 241–244. Fig. 1.3, 3.2
Quarantine 161, 163
Queensland 24, 136. Fig. 4.3

Racks, storage 88. Fig. 5.1, 6.1
Radicals, free 141, 145
Radicle 9, 14, 16, 179, 181, 184, 209, 226
Rain effects 19, 20, 33, 96, 99
Ramet 41
Rate of germination 217
Recalcitrant seeds 6, 177. Fig. 6.24
     between collection and processing 79, 84–86
     during processing 92, 121, 125
     during storage Ch. 7 passim
     during testing 245
Receptacle 10
Reconnaissance 28–30, 33, 45, 251, 295
Records 43, 46, 82–83, 246–299, 305
Red lead 186
Refrigeration 127, 154, 159–160, 301–303
Relative humidity 122–128, 142–143, 147, 152, 154–158, 205, 227, 301, 308. Fig. 6.21–6.24
Repellents 184–187, 210. Fig. 8.11
Replication 199, 203, 207, 219–220 223, 231–238, 244, 266–267
     by weight 221, 251
Research on tropical forest seeds 6
                 on seed collection for 39–40
Resin 89
Resistant container materials 153, 155–156, 158
Respiration 16
     aerobic 141
     anaerobic 142, 180
     between collection and processing 78, 85, 90
     during storage 139, 141–142, 143, 145, 151, 154, 161
     during stratification 179
Rewetting 109, 111, 114, 121, 127, 139, 151, 154, 181
Rifle, use of 57–58
Rodents 15, 37, 48, 79, 80, 97, 148, 153, 185, 245
Rodewald germinator 205
Rogueing 41
Ropes, hoisting 64–65
     safety 62, 64, 66–69, 75, 76

Sabah 103, 110, 170, 176, 246, 252–273. Fig. 8.4
Safety
     belt or harness 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65–69, 77. Fig. 4.13
     clips 62, 69
     helmet 59, 71, 76. Fig. 4.13
     line 59, 62, 64, 66–69, 75, 76. Fig. 4.10, 4.14–4.16
     precautions 66–69, 75–77, 107, 172, 173, 303–304
     rope 62, 64, 66–69, 75, 76. Fig. 4.13
     strap 59–60, 62, 66–67, 76, 77
     strop 66
Samara 10, 92, 138. Fig. 2.3
Sampling 193–197
Sand 176, 177, 179, 209, 210, 214–215. Fig. 8.7
Sandpaper 167, 168
Sarcotesta 10
Saturation water vapour 122–123
Saws, use of 57, 70, 71. Fig. 4.6–4.8
Scarification 166–174
     acid 171–174, 183
     manual 167
     mechanical 168, 183
Scotland 109
Screening and sieving 49, 92, 94, 96, 108, 109, 114–115, 117, 120, 168, 199, 219. Fig. 4.6, 9.5
Sealing containers 136, 141, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 155–157, 301
Season of seeding 21, 23, 33–34, 45, 46, 55, 87
Seedcoat
     biology of 9–10, 12, 13, 16–19
     effect on dormancy 164–176
     in germination 219
     in shipment 162
     in tetrazolium test 223
Seedleaves 9 (see also cotyledons)
Seed orchards 24, 41, 52, 53–54, 60, 62, 63, 120, 243, 247, 275
Seed stands 24, 44, 63, 247, 253
Seed stock register 246, 249, 260–261, 278, 280, 287–288, 291, 293
Seed trees 27, 29, 30, 55
Seed years 27–28, 129, 138, 152, 164, 187
Seed zones 23, 277. Fig. 3.1
Self-pollination 39
Semi-permeable membranes 141, 145, 224
Separation 87, 95, 107–110, 187–189. Fig. 6.2, 6.4, 6.8, 6.10–6.13, 6.20
Serotinous cones 15, 100, 111
Shade, shading 84, 85, 100
Shade-drying 95–96
Shaking to induce seedfall
     manual 50. Fig. 4.1
     mechanical 51–52. Fig. 4.2
Shape of seeds 114–115
Sheeting and tarpaulins 44, 48, 52, 53, 79, 88, 96–99
Shelterbelts 3
Shelving for storage 159
Shipment 153, 160–163. Fig. 7.3
Shooting projectile
     over branch 50
     to sever branches 57–58
Sieving (see Screening)
Silica gel 127, 156–157, 161, 308, 309
Single
     clone collections 41–42
     tree collections 40–41, 45
Size of seeds 114–115. Fig. 9.5
Solomon Islands 117
Southeast Asia 38
Sowing 160, 221
Spacing
     between mother trees 40
     between seeds 203
     in plantations 25–26
Spain 109
Species 21–22, 25, 31, 38, 247, 287, 288
Specific gravity
     of fruits 35, 90
     of seeds 114, 117–119, 159, 201–202
     separation 118–119, 120, 199. Fig. 6.19, 6.20
Spurs, climbing 59–60. Fig. 4.9
Squirrels 20, 54
Standard seedling recovery 243–245
Standing trees, collection from 67–72
Stands 24, 30, 38, 40, 44, 63, 247, 253
Stickers 184–185
Stigma 7, 20
Storage 19, 25, 42, 121, 129–160, 181, 187, 244, 300–314. Fig. 7.1–7.3
     recording on seed forms 256, 262
     space, capacity 159, 305
Stratification 18, 151, 178–180, 182, 183. Fig. 8.2, 8.7–8.9
Substrates 208–215
Sudan 132, 174, 175, 239
Sulfurid acid 171–174, 176, 215
Sugars 35, 140
Sun-drying 44, 78, 80–81, 96–100, 123. Fig. 6.3–6.5
Surface texture of seeds 114
Sweden 31, 114, 167
Syncarp 80, 94
Syncarpy 10
Synergid 8

Tanzania 31, 167, 169, 276
Tarpaulins and sheeting 44, 48, 52, 53, 79, 88, 96–99
Tasmania 30, 103
Tegmen 8, 9
Telescope 29
Temperature effects
     between collection and processing 78, 85
     during drying 100–102, 111, 121–125, 126
     during precuring 89–91
     during pretreatment 165, 178, 180, 182, 185, 188
     during storage Ch. 7 passim, 146–148, 303, 308–309
     during testing 203–210, 211–215, 223, 227
     on dormancy 18
     on flowering 19
     on germination 16, 17
     sub-freezing 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 158, 162
Temporary storage 79, 87–88. Fig. 5.1–5.4
Termites 111, 175
Testa 8, 9, 13, 189, (see also seedcoat)
Testing 190–245, 250, 295, 305, 309
     authenticity 192, 230
     germination 25, 139, 192, 199, 202–220, 222, 232, 297, 298
          conditions for 208–215
          in laboratory 202–219, 239, 263, 265–268, 273
          in nursery 202–203, 219, 239, 272
     health and damage 192, 230
     indirect viability 192, 202, 221–226, 238, 297. Fig. 9.16, 9.17
     moisture content 190, 227–230, 238
     purity 192, 198–199, 203, 221, 231–238 passim. Fig. 9.5
     recording results, on seed forms 248, 250, 251, 263, 265–268, 272–273, 290, 297, 298
     recurrent 190, 244
     squash 295
Tetrazolium test 214, 222–223, 224, 238, 297, 298. Fig. 6.4, 6.5
Thailand 36, 37, 43, 48, 59, 70, 73, 96, 97, 116, 133, 169, 175, 210, 229, 281, 289–292
Thinnings, collection from 55
Thiram 186
Thorny species 71
Threshing 87, 108, 109–110. Fig. 6.12, 6.13
Timing of seed collections 23, 33–34, 36, 37, 46, 48, 55, 89, 91
Toluene distillation 227
Tool line 61, 66, 70, 76
Toxic substances 140, 158, 209
Training, seed collection 75
Transplanting 217, 240–242
Transport 43, 78, 81, 82, 83–84, 87, 139, 317
Trays 88, 91, 97, 102–105, 127. Fig. 6.5–6.7
Tree bicycle 61–63, 69. Fig. 4.12–4.14
Tree net 65
Tree shakers 43, 51–52, 53. Fig. 4.2
Trier 153, 194–195. Fig. 9.1
Trinidad 26
Triploid cell condition 8, 9, 13
Tumbling 87, 89, 108–109, 113, 114. Fig. 6.4, 6.8, 6.10, 6.11

UK 1, 27, 30, 32, 61, 72, 179, 243, 298. Fig. 4.14
USA 1, 32, 36, 51–54, 57, 72, 103, 110, 133, 148, 179, 185, 187. Fig. 4.4, 5.3, 6.9, 8.7, 8.11, 9.19
USSR 52, 72, 113

Vacuum
     counter 200–201. Fig. 9.8
     storage in 141, 153
     sweeper 53–54. Fig. 4.5
     used with PreVac method 189. Fig. 8.12
     used with tetrazolium testing 223
Vapour barrier 307, 311–314
Ventilation (see Aeration)
Vermiculite 176, 177, 209, 212
Viability 5, 6, 17, 19
     affected by timing and method of collection 27, 37, 39, 48
     maintenance of, between collection and processing 78–80, 84
                    during extraction and processing 101, 111, 112, 118
                    during storage Ch. 7 passim
     recording, on seed forms 246, 251, 297, 298, 299
     testing 216, 221–226, 232–235, 245
     by indirect methods 192, 202, 221–226, 238, 297. Fig. 9.16, 9.17
Vibrators 88
Vigour classes of germinated seed 217
Vivipary 15
Volatile substances in seeds 227

Warm moist pretreatment 176–178, 181, 184
Washington 30
Wasps 68
Water vapour 122–123, 155–156
Waxoline red dye 186
Weight of seed 197, 199–202, 231–232, 297, 298. Fig. 9.6
West Africa 126. Fig. 2.5
Wind 12, 19, 28, 33, 56
Windthrown trees 56
Wing,
     fruit 10–12, 89, 112–113
     seed 12, 14, 15, 112–113
Winnowing 114, 116, 117
Wolf trees 39
Working rope. Fig. 4.1
Working sample 194–196, 198

X-ray radiography 35, 183, 199, 224–226. Fig. 9.15–9.17

Yield of cones, fruits and seeds 72–74, 316

Zambia 26, 240
Zimbabwe 41, 83, 98, 102, 108, 117, 196, 236, 241, 243. Fig. 6.1, 6.3, 6.11, 6.18, 9.5
Zygote 8, 13

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