Appendix 2: Supplementary tables for Chapter 3

Contents

Table A2.1 Land use classification under different studies
Table A2.2 Land use in each dzongkhag
Table A2.3 Forest cover by crown density and dzongkhag
Table A2.4 Change in land use
Table A2.5 Districtwise growing stock
Table A2.6 Biomass production in districts
Table A2.7 Land use in protected areas

Table A2.1 Land use classification under different studies

Lupp, 1994	Gupta , 1992	Negi, 198	PIS, 1958
Scale 1:50,000	Scale 1:50,000	Scale 1:250,000	Scale 1:250,000
Non-Forest Land Uses
Snow/glaciers	Perpetual snow/glacier	Perpetual snow/glaciers	Snow covered areas
Rock Outcrops	Exposed and rocky areas	Barren land , and rocky areas, generally >3500m Grassland and scrub	Exposed rocks and barren slopes
Water spreads	Water bodies and lakes	Water spread (river, lake)	Lakes and water spread
Marshy areas
Landslips and erosion
		Agricultural land, incl. Settlement & orchard	Cultivation, habitation and orchard
	Valley cultivation	Valley cultivation
	Terraced cultivation	Terraced cultivation
	Unterraced cultivation
Agri.-irrigated wetland
Agri.-rainfed wetland
Agri-terraced dry land
Agri.-unterraced dryland
Agri-mixed-cultivation
Shifting Cultivation	Shifting cultivation	Shifting cultivation
Orchards	Orchards		Combined with cultivat.
Horticulture
Settlements	Habitation		Combined with cultivat.
Improved Pastures
Forest Land Use/Types
Natural pastures	Alpine pastures /meadows	Alpine pastures /meadows	Alpine pasture and scrub
Fir	Fir	Fir	Fir
Mixed conifer	Mixed conifer	Mixed conifer	Mixed conifer
Blue pine	Blue pine	Blue pine	Kail
Chir pine	Chir pine	Chir pine	Chir
Broadleaved w. Conifer	Broadleaved w. Conifers	Hardwood with conifer	Broadleaved with conifer
Broadleaved	Temperate broadleaved Trop. Sub Trop. Broad.	Upland hardwood forest	Broadleaved
Scrub Forest	Grassland and scrub	With barren land	Blanks in forests
	Degraded Forest	Degraded forests
Forest Plantation	Plantation	Plantation	Plantation
Forest Density Classes
Crown density > 80%	Dense >60%	Closed Forest > 60%	High density >60%
Crown density >40-80%	Low density <60%	Wood Land < 60%	Med. Density > 20-60%
Crown density >10-40%	Degraded < 20%	Degraded area <20%	Low density < 20%
Scrub Forest < 10% Shifting Cultivation Natural Pasture
Source Material
Photograph / Imagery	Panchromatic SPOT	LANDSAT	Aerial Photograph
Period	1989	1977 and 1978	1956 and 1958
Country Coverage	96%	97%	72%

(Source: MPFD, 1991, Gupta, 1992, Guidelines 1994)

Table A2.2 Land use in each dzongkhag

This table presents land use information as of 1989 for each dzongkhag based on the LUPP (1994). This table includes information on the area under shifting cultivation (AT), forest plantation (FP), horticulture (H), and pastures (P), different type of regular agriculture (A), human settlements (SE) and other forms of land use (O). The natural forests consist of closed and open forests. The crown density of closed forests is more than 40 percent while that of open forests is between 10 and 40 percent (Forest Resource Assessment 2000 classification, FAO, 1999).

District	Natural Forest Area (1 000 ha)
	Open	Closed	Total	FS	AT	FP	H	P	A	SE	O	Total
Bumthang	13.39	121.24	134.62	46.43	0.02	0.01	0.01	22.19	5.60	0.16	62.44	271.48
Chhukha	7.35	145.55	152.90	3.20	1.82	0.47	0.43	3.03	14.91	0.34	3.14	180.24
Dagane	5.24	105.06	110.29	3.80	4.67	0.00	1.53	1.62	12.95	0.00	4.01	138.89
Gasa	15.42	67.06	82.48	62.32	0.13	0.00	0.00	23.31	0.63	0.00	272.38	441.25
Ha	7.37	98.81	106.18	28.20	0.79	0.06	0.20	12.12	2.41	0.09	21.12	171.17
Lhuentse	10.36	164.13	174.48	42.84	3.29	0.00	0.00	9.45	9.52	0.04	49.22	288.85
Mongar	16.32	152.16	168.48	3.76	5.88	0.02	0.00	1.55	13.11	0.09	1.84	194.73
Paro	12.37	63.18	75.55	7.92	0.03	0.29	0.52	8.17	7.27	0.03	28.80	128.60
Pemogats	1.41	26.07	27.48	0.27	19.93	0.00	0.01	0.02	3.49	0.05	0.52	51.78
Punakha	7.99	73.96	81.95	5.16	0.01	0.00	0.03	1.87	4.59	0.07	3.83	97.50
S.Jhonkhar	5.05	170.28	175.32	2.76	19.24	0.30	0.10	0.78	22.81	9.22	0.31	230.84
Samtse	6.43	117.59	124.02	2.04	2.69	1.85	1.41	0.13	22.17	0.13	4.37	158.81
Sarpang	6.64	181.28	187.92	2.20	3.53	2.06	0.61	1.27	23.93	0.14	8.76	230.42
T.Yangtse	7.12	90.25	97.36	12.73	1.17	0.00	0.00	4.73	10.06	0.04	17.72	143.81
Thimpu	14.84	73.45	88.30	17.22	0.00	0.50	0.66	33.40	3.62	1.03	46.21	190.94
Trashigang	8.23	141.40	149.63	30.59	9.41	0.03	0.00	10.92	22.98	0.14	4.57	228.27
Trongsa	4.17	136.10	140.27	17.91	3.66	0.06	0.23	6.52	6.78	0.05	5.25	180.73
Tsirang	2.54	45.75	48.29	0.18	1.87	0.19	0.07	0.09	12.02	0.00	1.18	63.88
Wangdue	16.13	249.76	265.89	33.87	0.08	0.61	0.01	14.24	9.14	0.25	82.36	406.44
Zhemgang	9.60	172.56	182.15	2.35	9.94	0.00	0.03	0.99	12.46	0.20	4.43	212.55
TOTAL	177.94	2 395.62	2 573.57	325.73	88.18	6.45	5.85	156.40	220.45	12.07	622.46	4 011.16

(FS=Forest Scrub, AT=Shifting Cultivation, FP=Forest Plantation, H=Horticulture, P=Pastures, A=Agriculture, SE=Settlement, O=Others)

Table A2.3 Forest cover by crown density and dzongkhag

This table provides details about forest area in different forest crown cover density classes for each district. In this table, conifer forest includes fir, mixed conifer, blue pine, and chir pine forest areas. The broadleaved forest includes hardwoods and hardwoods with conifer areas. This information is based on LUPP (1994) and the GIS database at FRDS of forest department.

Table A2.4 Change in land use

Table 4 provides land use patterns in general and for forests in particular for different base years (1958, 1978, and 1989) to help understand the nature and direction of change. Although Table 4 presents information from all four studies, this report attempts to understand changes in land use with only first three studies (PIS, Negi and Gupta). This section prefers to use the Gupta (1992) study over the LUPP (1994) study because the forest cover classes of Gupta (1992) are comparable with earlier studies like Negi (1983) and PIS (1970) and because of the difficulty in explaining changes indicated by LUPP (1994). Finally, the Forest Department also prefers the Gupta (1992) figures to LUPP (1991). For example, Wangchuk (1998) uses Gupta figures contained in MPFD (1991) and not the LUPP (1994) figures to compare forest cover over time.

The LUPP (1994) and Gupta (1992) studies utilize same satellite data for 1989 but they are not comparable. For example, the degraded forest category does not exist in LUPP (1994) and perhaps the 237 000 ha area of degraded forests shown in Gupta (1992) have been reclassified as small patches of open forests or closed forests in LUPP (1994). Similarly, the reclassification of 440 000 ha of agricultural land in Gupta (1992) to 220 000 ha of agricultural land in LUPP (1994) must have lead to increases in other land use categories, including open forests, under LUPP (1994). There may be similar cases with other classifications in the two studies.

Note 1:* It includes degraded forests as well

Note 2: the dense forest is defined as forest cover density >40% and less dense forest with forest cover density between 10 to 40%, (Source: For 1958: PIS, 1970, For 1978: Negi, 1983, For 1989 (G) :Gupta, 1992, For 1989 (L): LUPP, 1994, and GIS cell FRDS)

Table A2.5 Districtwise growing stock

The forest department does not conduct a regular forest inventory to assess forest growing stock. However, forest inventories are done while preparing forest management plans for each forest management units . These units are spread over almost all (17 out of 20) districts. This report assumes that the units are representatives of the forests in the respective districts for the purpose of estimating growing stock in each district. The per-unit area growing stock in these units is the basis for estimation of growing stock in the different districts of Bhutan.

(Source: Forest Inventories of different forest management units. Data at the GIS Unit of the Forest Department)

Table A2.6 Biomass production in districts

Total biomass production estimates have been converted into fuelwood and fodder supply estimates through assumed access and recovery ratios for various types of biomass. The digestible parts of biomass have been converted into total digestible nutrient (TDN) by conversion factors from MPFD (1991).

Note TDN * = Total Digestible Nutrients

Source: MPFD, 1991

Table A2.7 Land use in protected areas

The table provides information on land use in protected areas based on the GIS database maintained by the World-wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in Bhutan.

Land use	JDNP	BMNP	RMNP	TNP	BWS	PWS	KNWS	SWS	TSNR		Total
	Area, 1 000 ha
Broadleaved	30.14	91.79	93.81	21.09	40.12	23.68	29.12	9.22	7.28	346.23
Conifer	123.94	62.43	0.00	59.27	39.17	0.24	0.00	34.97	35.06	355.07
Forest Scrub	66.61	8.87	0.26	3.18	13.28	0.24	0.13	22.39	13.19	128.16
Shifting Agri	1.15	5.03	5.21	1.47	1.19	1.15	2.47	0.32	0.05	18.04
Forest Plant.	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pasture	48.22	1.94	1.05	2.43	1.99	0.05	0.02	6.12	6.22	68.02
Landslips	19.28	0.13	0.07	0.07	0.02	0.03	0.19	0.02	0.73	20.52
Rock Outcrop	57.77	0.57	0.37	1.21	0.50	0.34	0.31	1.66	2.00	64.71
Water body	2.81	0.42	1.51	0.21	0.30	0.79	1.15	0.26	0.44	7.91
Snow/Glaciers	85.04	1.59	0.00	0.01	21.87	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	108.51
Total	434.96	172.76	102.28	88.93	118.43	26.52	33.38	74.96	64.96	1 117.17

(Source: WWF, Bhutan)

Note:
JDNP = Jigme Dorji National Park
BMNP = Black Mountain National Park
RMNP = Royal Manas National Park
TNP = Thrumshingla National Park
BWS = Bomdiling Wildlife Sanctuary
PWS = Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary
KNWS = Khaling-Neoli Wildlife Sanctuary
SWS = Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary
TSNR = Torsa Strict Nature Reserve