ANNEX 1

Category

Key products

Examples of trade data¹³⁶

Food products 

1. Nuts. Brazil nuts, pine nuts, pignolia nuts, malva nut, walnuts and chestnuts.

Brazil nuts (HS080120): Export of 35 149 t worth US$51 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Bolivia, Brazil and Peru; main importers are USA/PR/USVI, UK and Germany.

2. Fruits. Jujube, sapodilla and Ginkgo. 

Total annual production of ginkgo is around 5,000 tonnes, most of which is exported at a value of about 7 million US dollars (FAO1993). China is the only country known to be exporting jujube fruits. Annual output of fresh jujube is 400,000 tonnes. China exports about 4,700 tonnes of dry jujube, earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually (FAO1993)

3. Edible fungi. Morels, truffles and pine mushrooms.

Morels: Total world production is estimated to be approximately 150 tonnes worth US$50-60 Mio. Pakistan and India are the main producing countries, each producing about 50 tonnes of dry morels annually (equivalent to fresh morels of 500 tonnes), all of which is exported (FAO, 1995)

4. Vegetables. Bamboo shoots, osmunds, reindeer moss and palm hearts.

Palm hearts (HS200891): Export of 38 726 t worth US$70 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Ecuador, Costa Rica and Brazil; main importers are France, Argentina and USA/PR/USVI.

Bamboo shoots: Value of bamboo shoots exported from China reached US$157 Mio, including bamboo shoots in brine, dried, canned/water cooked and canned/other (FAO, 2003b)

5. Starches. Sago. 

Sago: During 1991, Indonesia, the major producing and exporting country exported 10 108 tonnes of sago flour and meal to Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, valuing US$ 2.32 million (fob) (FAO, 1995).

6. Birds' nests. 

Salanganes' or birds' nests: Malaysia is the major producer and exporter of birds' nests. Malaysian exports during 1991 totalled 18.6 tonnes, mainly to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and China (Taiwan), valuing Malaysian $ 2.93 million.

7. Oils. Shea nuts, babassu oil, sal or tengkawang or illipe oil. 

Shea nuts (HS120792): Export of 31 783 t worth US$4 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Benin, Burkina Faso and Tanzania; main importers are Togo, Sweden and Denmark.

8. Maple sugar and syrup. 

Maple sugar and syrup (HS170220): Export of 30 392 t worth US$91 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Canada, USA and Germany; main importers are USA, Japan and Germany.

Spices, condiments and culinary herbs 

1. Nutmeg and mace. 

Nutmeg (HS090810): Export of 16 645 t worth US$68 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Indonesia, Grenada and the Netherlands*; main importers the Netherlands, Germany and India.

2. Cinnamon and cassia. 

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers, whole (HS090610): Export of 111 642 t worth US$91 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Sri Lanka, China and Indonesia; main importers are Mexico, USA/PR/USVI and India.

Cinnamon and cinnamon-tree flowers, crushed or ground (HS090620): Export of 4 785 t worth US$8 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Netherlands, Germany and USA/PR/USVI, main importers are Japan, USA and Canada.

3. Cardamom. 

Cardamom (HS090830): Export of 22 215 t worth US$138 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Guatemala, Singapore and India; main importers are Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Singapore.

4. Bay leaves 

Thyme and bay leaves (HS091040): Export of 24 425 t worth US$38 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Turkey, Spain and Germany, main importers are USA, Germany and UK.

5. Other products

Galanga . Allspice . Caraway Oregano, etc. 

Industrial plant oils and waxes 

Tung oil, neem oil, jojoba oil, kemiri or candle or  lumbang oil, and kapok oils, carnauba wax. 

Kapok Oil, Total world production is 35721 mt and the export is only 416mt and the value of this is USD 288 000. (FAOSTAT 2003)

Plant gums 

1. Gums for food uses. Gum arabic, gum tragacanth, gum karaya, carob gums.

Gum arabic (HS130120): Export of 54 792 t worth US$84 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are France, Sudan and UK; main importers USA, France and Germany. USA, Japan and Germany. 96 percent of the total world production of gum arabic in 1998 came from Sudan (23 030 t), Chad (12 887 t) and Nigeria (3 822 t) (FAO, xxx, Coppen).

2. Technological grade gums. Talha and combretum gums. 

Gum talha: A water soluble gum derived from a number of Acacia species like A. seyal, A. sieberana, A. hockii, A. ehrenbergiana and A. karroo. Production remains fairly constant at around 6 000 tonnes per annum (Anderson, 1993). About 3 000 to 5 000 tonnes are exported annually, mainly from Sudan

Natural gum, resin, gum-resin, balsam, not gum Arabic (HS130190): Export of 92 973 t worth US$178 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are India, USA and Indonesia; main importers are India, France and UK.

Natural pigments 

Annatto seeds, logwood, indigo. 

Annatto: International trade in annatto seeds and extracts is 7 000 - 9 000 t, calculated in seed equivalents. Main exporting countries are Peru and Kenya; main importers are USA, Western Europe and Japan (FAO, 1995b).

Oleoresins 

Pine oleoresin, gum, wood or sulphate turpentine oils and other terpenic oils.

Total annual world export is arounf1 Mio t. of rosin (50% gum rosin, 20% oil rosin, 8% wood rosin Main rosin exporting countries are China, USA, Indonesia and Portugal; main turpentine exporting countries are Indonesia, Portugal and China(FAO, 2003b).

2. Copal, damar, gamboge, benzoin gum, dragon's blood  (Benjamin), and copaiba oil. 

Benzoin: Export of about 4 600 t in 1995. Main exporting countries are Singapore (3 411t worth US$2.3 Mio), Indonesia (1 156t worth 1US$1.4 Mio) and Lao PDR (51.3 t) (FAO, 2001 see http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC776E/ac776e00.htm#Contents).

3. Other products

Amber 

Fibres and flosses 

1. Fibres. Bamboo, rattan, xateattap, aren, osier, raffia,  toquilla straw products, cork, esparto, erica and other  broom grasses. 

Total export of rattan and bamboo products (HS 460110, 460120, 460191, 460210, 940150, 940380) worth US$2.4 billion in 2000 (Lobovikov, 2003).

Rattan used primarily for plaiting (HS140120): Export of 100.551t worth US$34 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Singapore, Indonesia and China; main importers are China, Singapore and USA.

Bamboos used primarily for plaiting (HS140110): Export of 117.941t worth US$29 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are China, Indonesia and Germany; main importers are USA, Japan and China HKSAR.

Cork: Total world production is estimated to be 250 000 t per annum, of which about 50% is produced in Portugal, 25% in Spain, and remaining 25% in Italy, France, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Portugal, Spain and Morocco are the major exporting countries; EC and USA being major markets (FAO, 1995). Total trade in cork products reached 149 184t worth US$835.9 Mio in 2001.

2. Flosses. Kapok or silk cotton. 

Kapok (HS140210): Export of 2 775 t worth US$2.7 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Indonesia, Thailand and USA*; main importers are Japan, China and China HKSAR. (FAO 2003a)

Vegetable tanning materials 

Quebracho, mimosa, chestnut and catha/cutch. 

Total value of world's trade in tannin extracts of vegetable origin (HS 3201) reached US$123.3 Mio in 1991. During 1991, 50% of the world's supplies of vegetable tannin extracts originated from Argentina (34%) and Brazil (16%); main importers were USA, Italy, former USSR and Japan (FAO, 1995)

Raw vegetable materials for dyeing or tanning (HS140410): Export of 34 257 t worth US$34 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Indonesia, India and Peru; main importers are Mexico, Japan and Saudi Arabia.

Wattle tanning extract (HS320120): Export of 74 205 t worth US$44 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Brazil, south Africa and Zimbabwe; main importers are India, Italy and Mexico.

Vegetable tanning extracts nes, tannins, salts, derivs (HS320190): Export of 32 616 t worth US$50 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Italy, USA and Indonesia; main importers are India, Italy and China.

Latex 

Natural rubber, gutta percha, jelutong, sorva and chicle. 

Natural rubber: Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia are the world's leading exporting countries in natural rubber ”HS 400110 - 400211”. The world total export value is around USD 3.5 year 2001(comtrade 2001) Entire production of natural rubber in these countries, however, comes from plantations. Separate statistics on rubber extracted from wild sources, however, is not available. The EC, USA and Japan are the major markets (FAO, 1995).

Balata. Gutta-percha, guayule, chicle and similar gums (HS400130): Export of 3 330 t worth US$8 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Singapore, Spain and Sweden; main importers are USA, Japan and Korea Rep.

Insect products 

1. Natural honey. 

Natural honey (HS040900): Export of 353 657 t worth US$426 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are China, Argentina and Germany; main importers are Germany, USA and Japan.

2. Beeswax. 

Beeswax, other insect waxes and spermaceti (HS152190): Export of 10 359 t worth US$36 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are China, Brazil and USA; main importers are Germany, USA and France.

3. Lac and lac-dye. 

Shellac: Thailand and India dominate world trade, each exporting, on an average, about 6 000 t per annum. Major markets are Germany, Italy, Egypt, Indonesia and USA (FAO, 1995).

4. Silk. Mulberry and non-mulberry silks 

Silk, the value of the silk export is 34 825 mt 2000, the annual growth in silk export has been 1.8% between 1990-2000China is the dominate export country in the world (FAO 2002b)

5. Cochineal 

Total world production of cochineal, though fluctuating, is estimated at 150 to 180 tonnes per year. Total demand is also in the same range. Peru is the biggest producer, accounting for 90% of the total production. Peru: production of 500 tonnes of cochineal in 1993; export of 77 tonnes of carmine valued at US$6 700 000 in 1993.(FAO 1993)

6 And other products

Aleppo galls. Kermes 

Incense woods 

Sandalwood, gharu or aloewood. 

Gharu (argawood, eaglewood): Reported global trade in gharu provided by Aquilaria malaccensis reached 700t in 1997. Main producing countries are Indonesia and Malaysia. Gharu chips and segments may be worth several hundred to several thousand US$/kg (TRAFFIC, 2000).

Essential oils 

Essential oils of bergamot, orange, lemon, lime, citrus fruits, nes, geranium, jasmine, lavender or of lavandin, peppermint, other mints, vetiver

World trade is of the order of US$ 1 billion (comtrade 2001), including both the wild as well as cultivated sources. China, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Brazil are the major suppliers of some of the oils. The EC, USA and Japan are the principal import markets, accounting for 72% of the total world imports (FAO, 1995).

Plants & parts, pharmacy, perfume, insecticides use nes (HS121190): Export of 517 030 t worth US$660 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are China, India and Germany; main importers are USA, India and Germany.

Plant insecticides 

Pyrethrum, derris, medang and peuak bong. 

Plants & parts, pharmacy, perfume, insecticides use nes (HS121190): see “essential oils”.

Pyrethrum, roots containing rotenone, extracts (HS130214): Export of 449 t worth US$20 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Kenya, Australia and USA; main importers are USA, Germany and Italy.

Medicinal plants 

Ginseng

The number of plant species used for medicinal purposes is more than 50 000, out of which around 2 500 are commercialised on the international level (Schippmann et al., 2003). The 12 leading countries of export of medicinal and aromatic plants exported in 1998-1998 281 550 t per year worth US$ 643 million. Main exporting countries are China, India and Germany. Main importer of medicinal and aromatic plants (342 550 t worth US$ 1 billion in 1981-1998) is the EU (Schippmann et al., 2003).

The world market for herbal products based on traditional knowledge is estimated to be worth US$60 000 million (WHO, 2002).

Ginseng roots (HS121120): Export of 9 813 t worth US$167 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are China, Canada and Korea Rep; main importers are China HK, China and Asia OTHERS.

Plants & parts, pharmacy, perfume, insecticides use nes (HS121190): see “essential oils”.

Animals and animals' products 

Ivory, trophies, bones, feathers, maleo eggs, 
butterflies, live animals and birds. 

Ivory, unworked or simply prepared, powder and waste (HS050710): Export of 33 t worth US$ 4 Mio in 2001. Main exporting countries are Hungary, Tanzania and Canada; main importers are Austria, Hongkong and China.

Miscellaneous products 

1. Lacquer. 

Lacquer covers a total of 500,000 hectares with an annual production of 3,219 tons (1994). Raw lacquer is a traditional export product, e.g.: 300 tons/year during 1980-1986, mostly to Japan, Hong Kong, Macao and the United Kingdom. (FAO 1997)

2. And other products

Dom nuts or ivory nuts. Chewing sticks. Betel and cola nuts. Quillaia bark. Soap berries (soap nut). Bidi leaves.