This section provides the terms and definitions used for the 15 tables in FRA 2005 with explanatory notes. The FRA Reporting Tables, to which the term is mainly related, are also indicated.
Organic material both above-ground and below-ground, and both living and dead, e.g., trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots etc. Biomass includes the pool definition for above - and below - ground biomass.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T6.
(Note however that countries are not requested to provide information on the biomass of Litter for FRA 2005)
All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
Explanatory note:
1. Where the forest understorey is a relatively small component of the above-ground biomass, it is acceptable to exclude it, provided this is done in a consistent manner throughout the inventory time series.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T6.
All living biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than (suggested) 2mm diameter are sometimes excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
Explanatory notes:
1. May include the below-ground part of the stump.
2. The country may use another threshold value than 2 mm for fine roots, but in such a case the threshold value used must be documented.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T6.
All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.
Explanatory note:
1. The country may use another threshold value than 10 cm, but in such a case the threshold value used must be documented.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T6.
The quantity of carbon in a “pool”, meaning a reservoir or system which has the capacity to accumulate or release carbon.
Explanatory note:
1. For FRA 2005 purposes, examples of carbon pools are Living biomass (including Above and below-ground biomass); Dead organic matter (including dead wood and litter); Soils (soils organic matter). The units are mass.
(IPCC. 2003. Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF - Glossary)
Carbon in all living biomass above the soil, including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage.
Explanatory note:
1. Where the forest under-storey is a relatively small component of the above ground biomass carbon pool, it is acceptable to exclude it, provided this is done in a consistent manner throughout the inventory time series.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7.
Carbon in all living biomass of live roots.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes the below-ground part of the stump.
2. The country may use another threshold value than 2 mm for fine roots, but in such a case the threshold value used must be documented.
3. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded, because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7.
Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.
Explanatory note:
1. The country may use another threshold value than 10 cm, but in such a case the threshold value used must be documented.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7.
Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than a minimum diameter chosen by the country in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. This includes the litter, fumic, and humic layers.
Explanatory note:
1. Live fine roots of less than 2 mm (or other value chosen by the country as diameter limit for below-ground biomass) are included in the litter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7.
Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a specified depth chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series.
Explanatory note:
1. Live fine roots of less than 2 mm (or other value chosen by the country as diameter limit for below-ground biomass) are included with soil organic matter where they cannot be distinguished from it empirically.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T7.
For the purpose of FRA 2005 the designated function refers to the function or purpose assigned to a piece of land either by legal prescriptions or by decision of the land owner/manager. It applies to land classified as “Forest” and as “Other wooded land”.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land designated for conservation of biological diversity.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes, but is not limited to, Protected Areas.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land designated to any combination of: production of goods, protection of soil and water, conservation of biodiversity and provision of socio-cultural services and where none of these alone can be considered as being significantly more important than the others.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
A designated function is considered to be primary when it is significantly more important than other functions. This includes areas that are legally or voluntarily set aside for specific purposes.
Explanatory notes:
1. When reporting on Primary function, the sum of areas of forest and other wooded land should match with the totals in table T1.
2. The category Multiple purpose is considered as a primary function when legal prescriptions and/or landowner decisions explicitly assigns functions that correspond to two or more of the designation categories and where none of these is significantly more important than the others.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land designated for production and extraction of forest goods, including both wood and non-wood forest products.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land designated for protection of soil and water.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land designated for the provision of social services.
Explanatory note:
1. These services may include recreation, tourism, education and/or conservation of cultural/spiritual sites
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Total area where a specific function has been designated, regardless of whether it is primary or not.
Explanatory notes:
1. When reporting on Total area with function, the designation categories are not exclusive. Hence, areas can be counted more than once e.g.:
a. Areas with Multiple purposes as primary function should be counted once for each specific function included in the Multiple purposes.
b. Areas with a specific designated primary function should be counted more than once if other, less significant, functions have also been designated.
2. This column does not apply to the categories Multiple purpose and Unknown function.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
Forest/Other wooded land for which a specific function has not been designated or where the designated function is unknown.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T3.
A disturbance is defined as an environmental fluctuation and destructive event that disturb forest health, structure, and/or change resources or physical environment at any given spatial or temporal scale. Disturbances that affect health and vitality, include biotic agents such as insects and diseases and abiotic agents such as fire, pollution and extreme weather conditions.
(White and Pickett,1985. http://www.mcgregor.bc.ca/publications/InteractionsWithInsectsAndPathogens.pdf)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T8.
Disturbance caused by diseases attributable to pathogens, such as a bacteria, fungi, phytoplasma or virus.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T8.
Disturbance caused by wildfire, regardless of whether it broke out inside or outside the Forest/Other wooded land.
Explanatory note:
1. A wildfire is any unplanned and uncontrolled wildland fire which, regardless of ignition source, may require suppression response.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T8.
Disturbance caused by insect pests that are detrimental to tree health.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T8.
Disturbance caused by factors other than fire, insects or diseases.
Explanatory note:
1. May includes areas affected by drought, flooding, windfalls, acid rain, etc.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T8.
Any type of work performed or services rendered under a contract of hire, written or oral, in exchange for wage or salary, in cash or in kind.
(Based on definitions by ILO and the Employment Security Commission)
Employment in activities related to the primary production of goods, such as industrial roundwood, wood fuel and non-wood forest products.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes employment in direct productive activities such as planting, seeding, silviculture, logging, terrain transport, collection of NWFP, including administrative and supervisory staff in companies that are engaged in such activities.
2. Employment in direct supporting activities to production of goods, such as plant production in nurseries, etc.
3. Contractors working in activities as mentioned under (1) above, even if these are legally considered as self-employed.
4. Employment in direct supervision of these activities by private and/or public entities.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T15.
Employment in activities directly related to the provision of services by forests and woodlands.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes employment in activities such as forest-related eco-tourism, establishment and management of protective plantations, guarding of national parks, etc., regardless of whether carried out by private or public entities.
2. Includes employment in direct supervision of these activities by private and/or public entities.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T15.
Employment in unspecified forestry activities related to the primary production of goods and/or the provision of services by forest.
Explanatory note:
1. Countries may choose to report employment under this category if their data does not permit a separate reporting on the previous categories.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T15.
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E specified for the Endangered category of the IUCN Red list and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
(For details visit the IUCN website: http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/RedList2003/English/backgroundEn.htm)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T9.
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for the Critically Endangered category of the IUCN Red list and is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
(For details visit the IUCN website: http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/RedList2003/English/backgroundEn.htm)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T9.
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable category of IUCN Red list and is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
(For more details visit the IUCN website: http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/RedList2003/English/backgroundEn.htm)
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T9.
A native species is one which naturally exists at a given location or in a particular ecosystem, i.e. it has not been moved there by humans.
(CBD web site: http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp)
The term Native species is synonymous with Indigenous species.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4 (where it refers to native tree species) and T9.
Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.
Explanatory notes:
1. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters in situ. Areas under reforestation that have not yet reached but are expected to reach a canopy cover of 10 percent and a tree height of 5 m are included, as are temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural causes, which are expected to regenerate.
2. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that height and canopy cover criteria are met.
3. Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest.
4. Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more than 20 m.
5. Includes plantations primarily used for forestry or protection purposes, such as rubber-wood plantations and cork oak stands.
6. Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, for example in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems. The term also excludes trees in urban parks and gardens.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Forest/Other wooded land of naturally regenerated native species where there are clearly visible indications of human activities.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes, but is not limited to: selectively logged-over areas, areas naturally regenerating following agricultural land use, areas recovering from human-induced fires, etc.
2. Includes areas where it is not possible to distinguish whether the regeneration has been natural or assisted.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Forest/Other wooded land of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes areas where collection of non-wood forest products occurs, provided the human impact is small. Some trees may have been removed.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Forest/Other wooded land of introduced species and in some cases native species, established through planting or seeding mainly for production of wood or non wood goods.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes all stands of introduced species established for production of wood or non-wood goods.
2. May include areas of native species characterized by few species, straight tree lines and/or even-aged stands.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Forest/Other wooded land of native or introduced species, established through planting or seeding mainly for provision of services.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes all stands of introduced species established for provision of environmental services, such as soil and water protection, pest control and conservation of habitats to biological diversity.
2. Includes areas of native species characterized by few species, straight tree lines and even-aged stands.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4
Forest/Other wooded land of native species, established through planting, seeding or assisted natural regeneration.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes areas under intensive management where native species are used and deliberate efforts are made to increase/optimize the proportion of desirable species, thus leading to changes in the structure and composition of the forest.
2. Naturally regenerated trees from other species than those planted/seeded may be present.
3. May include areas with naturally regenerated trees of introduced species.
4. Includes areas under intensive management where deliberate efforts, such as thinning or fertilizing, are made to improve or optimise desirable functions of the forest. These efforts may lead to changes in the structure and composition of the forest.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T4.
Volume over bark of all living trees more than X cm in diameter at breast height. Includes the stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm.
Explanatory notes:
1. The countries must indicate the three thresholds (X, Y, W in cm) and the parts of the tree that are not included in the volume. The countries must also indicate whether the reported figures refer to volume above ground or above stump.
2. The diameter is measured at 30 cm above the end of the buttresses if these are higher than 1 meter.
3. Includes windfallen living trees.
4. Excludes: Smaller branches, twigs, foliage, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T5.
The part of the growing stock that is considered as commercial or potentially commercial under current market conditions (and with a diameter at breast height of Z cm or more).
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes all commercial and potentially commercial (merchantable) species for domestic and international markets.
2. Excludes growing stock on areas where legal, economic or other specific restrictions prevent felling and removal of wood.
3. The countries must indicate the minimum diameter at breast height (Z cm) applied for considering a tree as being commercial.
4. When most species are commercial, i.e. in the temperate and boreal zone, the commercial growing stock can be close to the total growing stock. On the other hand, when only a small fraction of all species is merchantable, it can be considerably smaller.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T5.
Total country area excluding area under inland water bodies.
Explanatory notes:
1. The definition of inland water bodies generally includes major rivers and lakes.
2. Validated data in this category are obtained mainly from the United Nations Statistics Division, New York. Possible variations in the data may be due to updating and revisions of the country data and not necessarily to any change of area.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
All land that is not classified as Forest or Other wooded land.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes agricultural land, meadows and pastures, built-up areas, barren land, etc.
2. If a country has areas with meadows and pastures and it is difficult to determine whether they should be classified as Forest/Other wooded land or as Other land, the country should explain the criteria used and how this classification is done.
3. Includes areas classified under the sub-category Other land with tree cover.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Land classified as Other land, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity.
Explanatory notes:
1. Includes groups of trees and scattered trees in agricultural landscapes, parks, gardens and around buildings, provided that the area, height and canopy cover criteria are met.
2. Includes tree plantations established mainly for other purposes than wood, such as fruit orchards.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T1.
Land that is not classified either as Public ownership or as Private ownership.
Explanatory note:
1. Includes land where ownership is not defined or unknown.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T2.
Land owned by individuals, families, private co-operatives, corporations, industries, private religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, and other private institutions.
Explanatory note:
1. Private owners may be engaged in agriculture or other occupations including forestry.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T2.
Land owned by the State (national, state and regional governments) or government-owned institutions or corporations or other public bodies including cities, municipalities and villages.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T2.
Value of the wood removed for production of goods and services other than energy production (wood fuel).
Explanatory notes:
1. The value to be reported refers to the market value at the site of removal. Where values are obtained from a point further down the production chain, transport costs and possible handling and/or processing costs should be deducted.
2. If the wood is removed for subsistence use, the value should be calculated based on local market price.
3. The value should be reported excluding taxes.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T12.
Value of the wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless of whether for industrial, commercial or domestic use.
Explanatory notes:
1. The value to be reported refers to the market value at the site of removal. Where values are obtained from a point further down the production chain, transport costs and possible handling and/or processing costs should be deducted.
2. If the wood is removed for subsistence use, the value should be calculated based on local market price.
3. The value should be reported excluding taxes.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T12.
Value of the annual removal of primary Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP).
Explanatory notes:
1. The value to be reported refers to the market value at the site of removal. Where values are obtained from a point further down the production chain, transport costs and possible handling and/or processing costs should be deducted.
2. If the NWFP is removed for subsistence use, the value should be calculated based on local market price.
3. The value should be reported excluding taxes.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T14.
The wood removed (volume of round wood over bark) for production of goods and services other than energy production (wood fuel).
Explanatory notes:
1. The term removal differs from fellings as it excludes felled trees left in the forest.
2. Includes removal from fellings in an earlier period and from trees killed or damaged by natural causes.
3. Includes removal by local people or owners for their own use.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T11.
The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless of whether for industrial, commercial or domestic use.
Explanatory notes:
1. Wood fuel includes wood collected or removed directly from Forest or Other wooded land for energy purposes only and excludes wood fuel which is produced as a by-product or residual matter from the industrial processing of round wood.
2. Includes removal from fellings in an earlier period and from trees killed or damaged by natural causes.
3. Includes removal by local people or owners for their own use.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Table T11.
Annual removal of a Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP) from Forest and Other wooded land.
The term is mainly related to FRA 2005 National Reporting Tables T13 and T14.
