agricultural by-products, agricultural residues
biomass by-products originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas.
NOTE See also animal by-products and crop production by-products
agrofuels
biofuels obtained as a product of energy crops and/or agricultural by-products
NOTE See also agricultural by-products, agro-industrial by-products and animal by-products
agro-industrial by-products
Several kinds of biomass materials produced chiefly in food and fibre processing industries
EXAMPLES sugarcane bagasse, rice/paddy husks and hulls, coconut shells, husks, fibre, and pith, olive pressing
animal by-products , animal residues
agricultural by-products originating from livestock keeping. It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
residue obtained by combustion of a fuel
NOTE 1 See also total ash and ash fusibility.
NOTE 2 Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
NOTE 3 Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15]
ash fusibility ; ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions. Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing conditions.
solid biofuels which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium) as a shell for the wooden body
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis
bioenergy
energy from biofuels
bioenergy balance
quantitative summary data on biomass energy production and consumption represented in an energy balance table and diagram. A bioenergy balance represents an overview of production and consumption of primary and secondary biofuels for a specific area, country or region. All values must have the same units and the same prefix to indicate its magnitude (tera, peta, giga, etc.).
NOTE Energy balances should cover all the primary and secondary energy sources, showing clearly the non-energy use of such sources. In the cases where biofuels are utilized for industrial processes, such as in the pig-iron industry, their use should be clearly indicated and consideration given to all the previous processes involved.
biofuel
fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark.
densified biofuel made with or without pressing aids in the form of cubiform or cylindrical units, produced by compressing pulverised biomass. The raw material for briquettes can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and biomass blends, and biomass mixtures. Biofuel briquettes are usually manufactured in a piston press. The total moisture of the biofuel briquette is usually less than 15 % of mass.
biofuel mixture
biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of biomass
biofuel pellet
densified biofuel made from pulverised biomass with or without pressing aids usually with a cylindrical form, random length typically 5 to 30 mm, and broken ends. The raw material for biofuel pellets can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, or biomass blends and mixtures. They are usually manufactured in a die. The total moisture of biofuel pellets is usually less than 10 % of mass.
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and transformed to fossil
NOTE See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
biomass by-products, biomass residues
biomass originating from well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations
NOTE Adopted to the proposal within the Draft CEN Report Solid Recovered Fuels [18]
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment process and separated by sedimentation. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed into solid biofuel.
black liquor
alkaline spent liquor obtained from digesters in the production of sulphate or soda pulp during the process of paper production, in which the energy content is mainly originating from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process
producer gas
solid biofuel gasified/manufactured in a gasifier.
mass of a portion of a solid fuel divided by the volume of the container which is filled by that portion under specific conditions
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
volume of a material including space between the particles
bundled biofuel, bundle
solid biofuels which has been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of the material
EXAMPLE Bundles of energy forest trees and logging by-products, small trees, or branches and tops.
calorific value, heating value (Q)
energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion
NOTE See also gross calorific value, energy density, net calorific value, and net calorific value as received
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose to use the seed for food production. Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel.
EXAMPLES barley, wheat, rye, oat
char
solid partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis of solid biofuels
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
solid residue derived from carbonization distillation, pyrolysis and torrefaction of fuelwood
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
chunkwood
wood cut with sharp cutting devices in which most of the material has a typical particle length, substantially longer and more coarse than wood chips
NOTE Chunkwood has a typical length of 50 to 150 mm.
complete tree
harvested tree, including limbs and root system
NOTE See also whole tree.
cork by-products, cork residues
biomass by-products from cork production
crop production by-products , crop production residues
agricultural by-products originating from crop production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas. It includes among others wood, straw, stalks, and husks.
cross-cut ends
short pieces of woody biomass which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut off, with or without bark
solid biofuels cut into pieces
NOTE See also chunkwood, firewood, chopped straw, and smallwood.
wood chips made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark
demolition wood
used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installation
NOTE Adopted to prEN 13965-1:2000 [17]
densified biofuel, compressed biofuel
solid biofuel made by mechanically compressing biomass to increase its density and to mould the fuel into a specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs, biofuel pellets or biofuel briquettes
NOTE See also biofuel briquette and biofuel pellets.
density
ratio of mass to volume. It must always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles or to the bulk density of the material and whether the mass of water in the material is included.
NOTE See also basic density, bulk density and particle density.
dry ash free basis
condition in which the solid biofuel is free from moisture and inorganic matter
dry basis
condition in which the solid biofuel is free from moisture
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
dry matter
material after removal of moisture under specific conditions
dry matter content
portion of dry matter in the total material on mass basis
edgings
parts of woody biomass which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder of the original rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark
energy crops, fuel crops
woody or herbaceous crops grown specifically for their fuel value
NOTE See also energy forest trees, energy grass, energy plantation trees.
energy density
ratio of net energy content and bulk volume
NOTE The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value determined and the bulk density.
energy forest trees
woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry
herbaceous energy crop
EXAMPLE Sugarcane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass.
energy plantation trees
woody biomass grown as short rotation trees specifically for its fuel value
extraneous ash
total ash from contaminants entering the material at harvest, logging, treatment, transport, storage etc.
fibre board by-products, fibre board residues
by-products from fibre board production. Fibre board is a panel product manufactured from low grade wood, wood residues, or similar lignocellulosic materials with primary bonding deriving from the arrangements of fibres and their natural adhesive properties.
fibre sludge
sludge formed in the sedimentation basin as a part of the waste water treatment process in a pulp and paper mill. The main component is pieces of wood fibres. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed into a solid biofuel.
cut and split oven-ready fuelwood used in household wood burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central heating systems. Firewood usually has a uniform length, typically in the range 150 mm to 500 mm.
remainder after the percentage of total moisture, total ash, and volatile matter are subtracted from 100
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
food processing industry by-products , food processing industry residues
biomass by-products originating from the food processing industry. It includes among others bone meal, press cake from juice production.
foreign material; impurities
material other than claimed, which has contaminated the biofuel
forest chips
forest wood in the form of wood chips
forest fuels
woodfuel produced where the raw material has not previously had another use. Forest fuel is produced directly from forest wood by a mechanical process.
forest wood
woody biomass from forests and/or tree plantations
NOTE See also complete tree, energy forest trees, energy plantation trees, logging by-products, thinning by-products, tree section, and whole tree.
fruit biomass
part of a plant which holds seeds
fuel
energy carrier intended for energy conversion
division of fuels into defined fuel classes. The aim of classification can be to describe the fuel and/or to physically separate certain particle types.
pulverised biofuel with a typical particle size of 1 to 5 mm
EXAMPLE Saw dust, straw dust
fuel powder; fuel flour
pulverised biofuel with a typical particle size less than 1 mm
EXAMPLE Wood powder, wood flour, straw powder
fuel specification
description of fuel properties
fuelwood
woodfuel where the original composition of the wood is preserved
condition based on fresh material at specific total moisture
wood chips made of fresh logging and thinning by-products, including branches and tops
grinding dust
dust-like wood residue formed in grinding timber and wood boards
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen in calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified. The result of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume. Old term is higher heating value.
NOTE Adopted to ISO1928:1995 [14]
gross density
ratio of the mass of a wooden body and its volume, including all cavities (pores and vessels), based on specific total moisture
herbaceous biomass
biomass from plants that has a non-woody stem and which dies back at the end of the growing season
NOTE 1 See also energy grass.
NOTE 2 Adopted to BioTech's Life Science Dictionary [2].
herbaceous fuels
all types of biofuels originating from herbaceous biomass
fuelwood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers, hammers, or flails
horticultural by-products, horticultural residues
biomass by-products originating from production, harvesting, and processing in horticulture including greenhouses
inorganic matter
non-combustible fraction of dry matter
landscape management by-products , landscape management residues
by-products of woody, herbaceous and fruit biomass originating from landscape, park, and cemetery management. It includes among others grass, hay, branches from landscape trees, road side green, and/or wood from shrubs.
log wood
cut fuelwood in which most of the material has a length of 500 mm and above
logging by-products, logging residues
woody biomass by-products which are created during harvest of merchantable timber
NOTE Logging by-products include tree tops with branches and they can be salvaged fresh or after seasoning.
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
mechanical strength , mechanical durability
ability of densified biofuel units (e.g. briquettes, pellets) to remain intact during loading, unloading, feeding, and transport
moisture
water in a fuel
NOTE See also total moisture and moisture analysis sample.
total ash of uncontaminated fuel
net calorific value (qnet)
under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0.1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature. The net calorific value can be determined at constant pressure or at constant volume. Old term is lower heating value. Net calorific value as received (qnet,ar) is calculated by the net calorific value from dry matter (qnet,d) and the total moisture as received.
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1928:1995 [14].
combustible fraction of dry matter
wood free of moisture, produced by drying to constant weight under specific conditions
portion of particles exceeding a specific limit value
particle board by-products, particle board residues
by-products from particle board production, which is a panel product produced by densifying small particles of wood or similar lignocellulosic materials while simultaneously bonding with an adhesive
particle density
density of a single particle
particle size
size of the fuel particle as determined. Different methods of determination may give different results.
NOTE See also particle size distribution, fine particles and over size particles.
particle size distribution
proportions of various particle sizes in a solid fuel
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
plywood by-products, plywood residues
woody biomass by-products formed in plywood industry
pressing aid
additive to the raw material used for enhancing the production of densified fuels
analysis of a solid biofuel reported in terms of total moisture, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon measured at specified conditions
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
solid biofuel in the form of dust and powder, produced by milling or grinding
NOTE See also fuel dust and fuel powder.
renewable energy
consists of energy produced and/or derived from sources infinitely renovated (hydro, solar, wind) or generated by combustible renewables (sustainably produced biomass); usually expressed in energy units and, in the case of fuels, based on net calorific values.
recovered construction wood
used wood arising from construction of buildings or from civil engineering works
NOTE Adopted to prEN 13965-1:2000 [17].
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined
sawdust
fine particles created when sawing wood
NOTE Most of the material has a typical particle length of 1 to 5 mm.
woody biomass grown as a raw material and/or for its fuel value in short rotation forestry
shredded biofuel
solid biofuels which has been mechanical treated into smaller pieces by blunt tools
EXAMPLE Shredded straw, shredded bark, hog fuel.
slabs
parts of woody biomass created when cuts are made into the edges of logs and whereby one side shows the original rounded surface of the tree, either completely or partially, with or without bark
smallwood
fuelwood cut with sharp cutting devices and in which most of the material has a particle length typically 50 to 500 mm
solid biofuel
solid fuels produced directly or indirectly from biomass
volume of individual particles
NOTE Typically determined by a fluid displaced by a specific amount of material.
stacked volume
volume of stacked wood including the space between the wood pieces
part of tree stem with the branches removed
stemwood chips
wood chips made of stemwood, with or without bark
stump
part of the tree stem below the felling cut. In total-tree utilisation the root system is included in the stump.
thinning by-products, thinning residues
woody biomass by-products originating from thinning operations
mass of inorganic residue remaining after combustion of a fuel under specified conditions, typically expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter in fuel
NOTE See also extraneous ash and natural ash.
total carbon (C)
sum of carbon in organic and inorganic matter as a portion of the fuel
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
total hydrogen (H)
sum of hydrogen in organic and inorganic matter and in the moisture as a portion of the fuel
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
total moisture MT
moisture in fuel removable under specific conditions
NOTE 1 Indicate reference (dry matter / dry basis, or total mass / wet basis) to avoid confusion.
NOTE 2 Old term is moisture content.
NOTE 3 Adopted to ISO1928:1995 [14].
tree section
part of a tree (with branches) which has been cut into suitable length but not processed. Tree sections can be processed to pulpwood and forest fuel.
wood substances or objects which have performed their intended purpose
NOTE 1 See also recovered construction wood and demolition wood.
NOTE 2 Proposal within the Draft CEN Report Solid Recovered Fuels [18].
viscose by-products, viscose residues
by-products from viscose production and processing in which cellulose of wood pulp is treated with high concentrations of sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide and then dissolved in sodium hydroxide forming a thick solution called viscose
mass loss, corrected for moisture, when a fuel is heated out of contact with air under specific conditions
NOTE Adopted to ISO 1213-2:1992 [15].
amount of space that is enclosed within an object
NOTE 1 It must always be stated whether the volume refers to the solid volume of individual particles, the bulk volume, or the stacked volume of the material and whether the mass of moisture in the material is included.
NOTE 2 See also bulk volume, solid volume, and stacked volume.
wet basis
condition in which the solid biofuel contains moisture
whole tree
felled, undelimbed tree, excluding root system
wood chips made of whole trees
EXAMPLE Wood chips containing stems with bark, branches, needles/leaves.
chipped woody biomass in the form of pieces with a defined particle size produced by mechanical treatment with sharp tools such as knives. Wood chips have a subrectangular shape with a typical length 5 to 50 mm and a low thickness compared to other dimensions.
NOTE See also cutter chips, forest chips, green chips, stemwood chips, and whole-tree chips.
wood energy, forest energy
energy derived from woodfuels corresponding to the net calorific value of the fuel
wood energy systems
All the (steps and/or) unit processes and operations involved for the production, preparation, transportation, marketing, trade and conversion of woodfuels into energy
woodfuels, wood based fuels, wood-derived biofuels
all types of biofuels originating directly or indirectly from woody biomass
NOTE See also fuelwood, forest fuels, and black liquor.
wood processing industry by-products , wood processing industry residues
woody biomass by-products originating from the wood processing as well as the pulp and paper industry
NOTE See also bark, cork by-products, cross-cut ends, edgings, fibre board by-products, grinding dust, particle board by-products, plywood by-products, saw dust, slabs, and wood shavings
wood shavings; cutter shavings
shavings from woody biomass created when planing wood
woody biomass
biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs
NOTE See also forest wood, wood processing industry by-products, fibre board by-products, particle board by-products, plywood by-products, and used wood.