3. Forest plantation areas Regional reports

This chapter mainly describes the forestry plantation areas of the three tropical regions along with limited information of actual yields of the main plantation species. A supplementary note on the selected countries of each region is provided in Appendix II to highlight the salient features of plantation forestry. Plantation development of six non-tropical developing and six developed countries, where areas under forestry plantations are significantly large and their records available, is also described briefly for comparison.

TROPICAL AFRICA

There are 46 countries in tropical Africa more than half of whose major land area falls within the tropical zone. The region has been divided into six eco-geographic sub-regions. The forest plantation resource presented in this section covers only 36 countries of the region. Of the remaining 10 countries, the total area of established plantation up to 1980 in 7 countries (Mauritania, Namibia, Guinea, Cape Verde, Reunion, Saint Helena and Seychelles) was only 17,000 ha (FAO, 1988). There was no available record of plantation areas for the other three countries (Equatorial Guinea, Djibouti and Sao Tome and Principe).

Reported areas

The total reported area under plantation in these 36 countries was estimated as about 3 million ha at the end of 1990. The increase in plantation area over the 1980 estimate of 1.71 million ha was about 75%. The average annual plantation rate during the decade 1981–90 was 127,000 ha. It is noted that FAO's 1980 estimate of net plantation area was higher by 1.78 million ha than the area reported by the countries. This difference arose mainly due to overestimation in the areas of Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan, Togo and Uganda and an underestimation in the area of Rwanda.

The areas of industrial and non-industrial plantations have been estimated at about 1.37 million and 1.62 million ha respectively at the end of 1990. Compared with FAO's estimate of 1980 (with estimates of Kenya and Uganda revised by this study in the light of later information) the increase in industrial plantation area was only 35% whereas the increase in non-industrial area was more than 200%. The proportion of industrial to non-industrial was also reversed.

Twelve countries which accounted for about 80% of the reported area of plantations and have more than 100,000 ha of plantations each were Madagascar, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, Malawi, Angola, Kenya, Senegal, Burundi, Rwanda and Zimbabwe in descending order.

About 90% of the industrial plantations of the region were situated in Nigeria, Madagascar, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Malawi, Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Zambia, Rwanda, Zaire, Sudan, Burundi, Congo and Mozambique (in descending order with more than 30,000 ha in each country).

Community forestry

Although establishment of plantations through the “taungya” system (also known as the “shamba” system in Kenya) has been widely practised in the region for quite some time, especially in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique, growing trees outside forest reserves under community forestry has gained momentum since the beginning of the 1980s. Quantitative information about the achievements and the scale of community forestry was however, very scarce. Senegal reported 113,500 ha (73% of the total plantation) under community forestry until 1989 with an annual plantation area of about 13,000 ha during 1985–89. Seedlings were distributed by the Forestry Department. Areas were computed by converting 625 seedlings/ha.

In Malawi about 95% of the current annual plantation was reported to be established under community forestry. About 15–20 million seedlings were distributed annually to the people. Areas were computed by converting 1330 seedlings/ha. The estimated area to the end of 1990 was 90,000 ha. A similar situation existed in Tanzania, where 78,700 ha was reported to be covered in rural community planting to the end of 1984. Ahlbäck (1988) estimated 50,000 ha (less than half of the recorded area of 115,000 ha) as true plantations in Tanzania under community forestry up to 1987. The number of seedlings produced and distributed to planters was converted into hectares using a conversion factor of 1600/ha. In Burundi, about 50,000 ha has been reported as being established under a rural afforestation programme with the area having been determined by converting distributed seedlings at 1600/ha. In Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger more than 50% of the current annual plantations were under community forestry. The total area under community forestry in these three countries to the end of 1990 was estimated at 25,000 ha. In some countries, e.g. Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia and Zimbabwe, where community forestry projects have been implemented with external financial support, achievements have not been reflected in national progress reports and hence were not included in the total plantation area of the region.

Reported plantation areas - Africa
(Countries, sub-regions and region (000 ha))

Species composition

In the whole of tropical Africa about 30 species, mostly exotic, have been planted. The area under indigenous plantations was very limited. Due to geographic, ecological and historical factors there is a sub-regionalization of plantation species. In one sub-region there were only a few species. In West Sahel, Sudan and West Africa mostly broadleaved species like -Acacia albida, A. nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. microtheca, Gmelina arborea, Cassia simaea, Prosopis spp. and Tectona grandis and indigenous - A. senegal, Khaya ivorensis, Mansonia altissima, Nauclea diderrichii, Terminalia superba, T. ivorensis and Triplochiton scleroxylon constituted more than 90% of plantations. Similarly in Tropical Southern Africa and Kenya more than 50% of plantations were of conifers, that is Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus caribaea, P. elliottii, P. patula, and P. kesiya and the rest were broadleaved: Acacia mearnsii, Cassia simaea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, E. robusta, E. saligna and Gmelina arborea.

The estimated areas of the main plantation species in the region to the end of 1990 were eucalypts (790,000 ha), pines (610,000 ha), acacias (250,000 ha), gmelina (160,000 ha), teak (145,000 ha) and cypress (130,000 ha).

Estimated net plantation areas

Plantation surveys covered only 6% of the regional plantation area. The estimation of net plantation areas on the basis of regional inventory data was, therefore, impossible. A tentative estimate of net plantation areas was derived using the global success rate of 70% with ± 7% at 95% confidence. The net area of the total plantation in the region to the end of 1990 was, therefore, estimated to lie between 1.88 to 2.31 million ha. The net area of the average annual rate of planting during 1981–90 was estimated at 89,000 ha.

Growth and yield

The information about growth and yield of species in large scale plantations, was scarce. Mean annual increments of pines planted in Tropical Southern African sub-region generally lay between 10–18 m³/ha per year, but due to the general lack of industrial infrastructure harvesting at the optimum rotation age has often been delayed. The average yield of pines in industrial plantations of Madagascar was quite low (5.6 m³/ha per year) until 1981. It is expected that, by taking corrective measures, yields may be improved to 10 m³/ha per year.

Schönau (1990) quoted yields for eucalypts from Burkina Faso and Burundi as 1.2 – 1.8 m³/ha per year and for Rwanda as 8.5 m³/ha per year. Very low yields (1–2 m³/ha per year) have also been obtained in Senegal. With correct species selection, adequate stocking, tending operations and genetic improvement, it is possible to increase the yield many times as was demonstrated in Congo where the clonal forestry project has increased yield by up to 30 m³/ha per year on a 6 to 7 year rotation.

The industrial plantations of Gmelina in Nigeria had a potential productivity of about 20–22 m³/ha per year, but due to the lack of infrastructure, harvesting has not occurred at the optimum age thus lowering the mean annual increment.

TROPICAL LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN

There are 39 countries in tropical America more than half whose land area falls within the tropical zone. The region has been divided into three eco-geographic sub-regions. The forest plantation resource presented in this section covered only 33 countries in the region. The remaining 6 are small island nations of the Caribbean sub-region and do not have significantly large forest plantation areas.

Reported areas

The reported area of total plantations in 33 countries up to the end of 1990 was estimated at about 8.64 million ha. The increase in the reported plantation area over the 1980 estimate of 4.90 million ha was about 75%. The FAO's estimates of net plantation area in 1980 for Brazil, Peru, Mexico and Colombia have been revised by this study in the light of later information. The average annual planting during the decade 1981–90 was about 373,000 ha.

Reported plantation areas - Tropical Latin America and the Caribbean
(Countries, sub-regions and region (000 ha))

Areas of industrial and non-industrial plantations were estimated at about 5.10 million and 3.54 million ha respectively at the end of 1990, when compared with the FAO's 1980 estimate the increase in the industrial plantation area was by about 115% and in non-industrial by 30%.

Brazil (7 million ha) alone accounted for about 88% of the total plantation area in Tropical South America. The other five countries, which together with Brazil constituted about 96% of the reported plantation area of the region, were Venezuela, Cuba, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. Most of the industrial plantations are confined to Brazil (4 million ha), Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Ecuador.

The raising of large scale commercial plantations by private companies and individuals has been a long standing tradition in the region. A number of fiscal incentives, such as subsidizing the cost of plantation establishment, tax exemption and grants, were extended by governments to encourage plantations in Brazil (1966), Argentina (1974), Chile (1960 and revised in 1974), Paraguay (1980) and Uruguay (1960). These incentives were initially successful but were later misused. Planters tried to make money by raising poor quality plantations, or by claiming for non-existent plantations. This resulted in some countries halting their incentives (Uruguay in 1978, Paraguay in 1984 and Brazil in 1987).

Community forestry

Community forestry based tree planting in the region is of recent origin. Agroforestry projects, financed by USAID in Guatemala, Haiti and the Minas Geraris state of Brazil, have had considerable success. Besides the support of government institutions, an effective network of NGOs has played an important role. In Haiti, the Pan American Development Foundation (PDF) and Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE) joined an Agroforestry Outreach project and distributed approximately 50 million tree seedlings to farmers during 1982–89, 45% of which were reported to have survived (World Bank; 1991) which resulted in approximately 12,000 ha being planted (using a conversion factor of 2000 seedlings/ha). CARE, in partnership with the former Guatemalan Forestry Department and the USA Peace Corps, has made impressive progress by planting 25 million trees, equivalent to 12,000 ha, under Agroforestry in Guatemala (Trexler; 1991). Minas Gerais, the sixth largest state of Brazil established over 47,000 ha of small woodlots on the land of over 26,000 participating farmers up until 1985 (World Bank; 1987). Some community forestry plantations have also been established in Cuba and Peru during recent years but the exact area has not been reported.

Species composition

Pines (native as well as exotic spp.) and eucalypts have proved to be successful in the region and account for about 80% of the total plantation area. Estimated planted area up to the end of 1990 under eucalypts was about 4.1 million ha and under pines was 2.8 million ha. The main species of these two genera planted are E. europhylla, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. saligna, P. caribaea, P. elliotti, P. kesiya, P. oocarpa and P. patula. Other fast growing species planted to a limited extent were Acacia sp., Casuarina spp, Cupressus lusitanica, Gmelina arborea and Prosopis spp. Plantations of Swietenia spp and Tectona grandis (15,000 ha) were mainly confined to the Caribbean sub-region.

Estimated net plantation areas

Based on the plantation survey/survival results of five countries in the region covering about 42% of the planted area, the tentative weighted average percentage success was 84% (± 6% at 95% confidence level). The total net area of plantation in the region until the end of 1990 was thus estimated to lie between 6.74 and 7.81 million ha. The annual average net area of plantation during 1981–90 was estimated at about 314,000 ha.

Growth and yield

Growth and yield data for plantations in the region was mainly available from Brazil. The average yield for a mixture of species of eucalypts was 18–20 m³/ha per year at 8–10 years and of pines between 15–25 m³/ha per year at 16 to 25 years age. The actual yield of pines in Brazil obtained during 1989 from plantations owned by private companies was, however, only 15 m³/ha per year. The average yield of P. caribaea in Venezuela was about 10 m³/ha per year.

TROPICAL ASIA & PACIFIC

There are 17 countries in Tropical Asia and 13 in Pacific Islands whose more than half of land area falls within tropical zone. The region has been divided into four ecogeographic sub-regions, three in tropical Asia and one in the Pacific Islands. The forest plantation resource presented in this section covered only 19 countries of the region, 13 from Tropical Asia and 6 from the Pacific Islands. In the remaining 11 countries, the total area of established plantations up to 1980 in Dem. Kampuchea and Brunei was only 7,000 ha (FAO; 1988), there was no available record of plantation areas for the other countries (Maldives, Singapore and seven Pacific island nations).

Reported areas

The total reported area of plantations in 19 countries of the region until the end of 1990 was estimated at about 32.3 million ha. The increase in reported plantation area over the 1980 estimate was about 190%. The FAO's estimate of net area planted in 1980 for India, Indonesia and Vietnam, have been revised by this study in the light of later information. The average annual reported planting during 1981–90 in the region was about 2.11 million ha.

The reported area of industrial plantation up to the end of 1990 is approximately 9.16 million ha. Compared with the FAO's 1980 estimate the increase in the industrial plantation area was about 150% and non-industrial area was 215%.

Reported plantation areas - Tropical Asia and Pacific
(Countries, sub-regions and region (000 ha))

* Excludes about 300,000 ha of homestead plantations reported elsewhere

India (18.90 million ha), Indonesia (8.75 million ha), Vietnam (2.10 million ha), Thailand, Bangladesh and Myanmar account for more than 96% of total plantations. In the Pacific islands, Fiji (104,000 ha) had the major share (55%) of plantations. Countries with a large reported area under industrial plantation were India (5.670 million ha), Indonesia (1.43 million ha), Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The reported areas of industrial plantations in India, Vietnam and Thailand were purely tentative.

Community forestry

The year 1978 was a take off year for community forestry plantations in the region. A large proportion the plantations has since been established outside of the forest reserves in private and community lands with people's participation mainly for non-industrial purposes.

In India, about 50% of the plantations (14.9 million ha) established during 1981–90 belong to this category. For Nepal, 37% of the plantations in the same period. For Indonesia, it was estimated at 69% of the total plantation established to the end of 1988 under a regreening programme. Similarly, in Vietnam, community forestry was approximately 60% of the total plantation.

In the case of a few countries, seedlings of all the species distributed to the people for planting in their private lands, farms or community lands have been converted into area by a notional number decided by the government at national level. In India, the entire area planted during 1981–90 has been computed by converting 2000 seedlings/ha irrespective of the fact that seedlings have been distributed to local people or planted by government agencies in variable spacing. In Vietnam and Nepal only community forestry areas have been computed by converting 2000 seedlings/ha.

Species composition

Due to the wide range of agro-climatic conditions in the region, a large number of species (more than one hundred) have been planted. Important among broadleaves were, Acacia mangium, A. auriculiformis, A. nilotica, Albizzia spp., Casuarina spp., Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus deglupta, E. europhylla, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. hybrid, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Paraserianthes Falcataria, Styrax tonkinensis, Swietenia macrophylla, Tectona grandis and Xylia spp. The conifers were mostly Pinus merkusii, and partly P. kesiya, P. roxburghii, P. patula, P. caribaea, P. oocarpa and P. elliottii. Mangroves and bamboos have been planted on a limited scale.

In the absence of detailed information from the countries, the areas under main species have been estimated; eucalypts 5.20 million ha, acacias 3.15 million ha, teak 2.03 million ha and pines 1.25 million ha. In India, there were major plantations of eucalypts (4.82 million ha), and acacias (mostly A. nilotica and A. auriculiformis) over 3.0 million ha. In Indonesia, there were major plantations of teak 0.89 million ha. and Pinus merkusii (0.6 million ha). A. mangium has been planted mainly in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Estimated net plantation area

Based on the plantation survey/survival rates of nine countries in the region, the tentative weighted average of success was 61% (± 6% at the 95% confidence level). The total net area of plantation in the region until the end of 1990 was thus estimated to lie between 17.72 and 22.83 million ha. The net annual average of plantation area during 1981–90 was estimated at 1.292 million ha.

Growth and Yield

Yield data from large scale plantations was inadequate. The yield teak of the commercially most important timber species in India and Bangladesh was between 2.4 and 3 m³/ha per year and in Indonesia was less than 2 m³/ha per year between 50 and 70 years age. This was considered low. The average yield of eucalypt plantations in India was about 6 m³/ha per year at 8 to 10 years. Among Acacias, the yield of A. nilotica in India and Bangladesh was around 3 m³/ha per year between 15 and 20 years age and A. mangium in Malaysia and Indonesia was >20 m³/ha per year.

Non-Forestry Plantations

Large scale non-forestry plantations have been established in the region, which form an important source of industrial wood. The main countries having such plantations were Indonesia 7.36 million ha (coconut 3.3 million ha, rubber 3.1 million ha and oil palm 0.96 million ha) (Indonesia/FAO, 1990); Malaysia 3.54 million ha (rubber 1.94 million and oil palm 1.60 million ha) (Mead, 1989) and Thailand 2.32 million ha (rubber 1.73 million ha, coconut 0.45 million ha and oil palm 0.14 million ha) (Personal communication from the extract of the Master Plan 1991). In Sri Lanka 0.206 million ha rubber and 0.42 million ha coconut (Nanayakkara; 1991) and in Vietnam 0.24 million ha rubber plantation have been established.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tropical Africa

Angola

1991. Forest statistics of ATO member countries, pamphlet distributed to 10th World Forestry Congress by African Timber Organisation

Benin

1983. Rapport national d'activités forestières to 6th session of the African Forestry Commission

Botswana

1989. Forestry research in Eastern and Southern Africa, Tropical Forestry Paper No.19, Oxford Forestry Institute

1991. Forestry sector profile, submitted to Management of Forests & Wood Industries Seminar held in Sweden August to September 1991

Burkina Faso

1978. Rapport de la Haute-Volta, Commission des Forêts pour l'Afrique, 5th session

1991. Rapport national à la 10 ème session du Congrès Forestier Mondial

Burundi

1986. Rapport national d'activité sur le secteur forestier, République du Burundi, 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1991. Rapport national sur le secteur forestier, Département des Forêts 10th World Forestry Congress

Cameroon

1983. Country paper-Cameroon presented at the 6th session of the African Forestry Commission

1991. Personal communication from the country delegate during 10th World Forestry Congress

Central African Republic

1991. Forestry statistics of African Timber Organisation member countries

Comores

1991. Rapport national pour le 10ème Congrès Forestier Mondial à Paris

Congo

Cailliez, F. 1991. Industrial Eucalyptus plantations in the People's Republic of the Congo technical, sociological and ecological aspects, proceedings of international workshop large-scale reforestation May, 1990 Corvallis Oregon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1991. Forest statistics of African Timber Organisation member countries

1983. Rapport d'activités forestières de la République Populaire du Congo 1978–82 to 6th session of African Forestry Commission

1991. Rapport national d'activités forestières pour le 10ème Congrès Forestier Mondial

Côte d'Ivoire

1990. Rapport forestier national, République de Côte d'Ivoire, to 10th World Forestry Congress

SODEFOR, 1991. Evaluation de la production des plantations, République de Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire

Ethiopia

ECA/FAO Agri. Div. Addis Ababa. 1988. System of afforestation and reforestation in arid and semi-arid areas of the of the subregions of the Mulpocs based at Lusaka, Niamey, and Tangiers, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,

1988. The last forests of Ethiopia, action plan for remaining natural forests

Gabon

1991. Forestry statistics of African Timber Organisation member countries

Gambia

1989. National report to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

Ghana

1986. Ghana national progress report 1982–85 to 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1978. National progress report on forestry 1976–77 to 5th session of African Forestry Commission

1991. National report on forestry by the Forestry Department, Accra to 10th World Forestry Congress

Guinea-Bissau

1991. Relatorio sobre as actividades forestales na Guinea-Bissau to 10th World Forestry Congress

Kenya

Bradely, P.N. 1991. Woodfuel, women and woodlots, volume 1: The foundations of a woodfuel development strategy for East Africa

1976. Progress report 1972–75 for the 4th session African Forestry Commission, Forest Department, Republic of Kenya

1983. State of forests and forest products in Kenya, 6th session African Forestry Commission

1991. State of forests and forest products in Kenya, 10th World Forestry Congress

Liberia

National progress report on forestry 1976–77, Liberia, 5th session African Forestry Commission

National progress report on forestry 1978–82, Liberia, 6th session

National progress report on forestry 1983–85, Liberia, 7th session

Madagascar

FAO. Rapport du programme de cooperation FAO/Banque Mondiale, No 25/84 CP-MAG 15, 1984 Centre d'Investissement, FAO, Rome

Malawi

1983. National progress report on forestry in Malawi 1978–82, 6th session African Forestry Commission

1989. National progress report on forestry 1985–87, 8th session African Forestry Commission

1986. Progress report 1983–85, Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources, Malawi 7th session African Forestry Commission

1991. Personal communication with the country delegate attending 10th World Forestry Congress

Mali

1986. Rapport d'activités sur le secteur forestier du Mali, Septième session de la Commission FAO, Commission des forêts pour l'Afrique

1983. Rapport national sur la situation de la foresterie au Mali à la 6ème session de la Commission des forêts pour l'Afrique

1991. Situation des forêts, des productions ligneuses et des industries forestières, Mali to 10th World Forestry Congress

Mauritius

National progress report on forestry sector 1983–85

National progress report on forestry sector 1986–88

National progress report on forestry sector to 10th World Forestry Congress

Mozambique

FAO. 1984. Field document No. 6, Forestry sector review and development guidelines, FO: MOZ/82/009

1986. Progress report on forestry 1983–85, Peoples Rep. of Mozambique to 5th session of the African Forestry Commission

Niger

1990. Rapport national, République du Niger, 10ème Congrès Forestier Mondial

Nigeria

Ball, J.B. 1979. Plantations, Nigeria, Forestry Development Project, FAO

FORMECU. 1991. Forest plantation development in Nigeria by 1990, Forest Management, Evaluation and Coordination Unit (FORMECU), Federal Department of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria.

1972. National progress report on forestry for the federation of Nigeria 1969–71, to 3rd session of African Forestry Commission

1986. National progress report of forestry for the federation of Nigeria 1983–85 to 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1990. National progress report on forestry and wildlife to 10th World Forestry Congress 1991, Federal Department of Forestry, Nigeria

Omoluabi, A. C., 1990. Promoting gmelina roundwood market in Nigeria: The experience, Invited paper for the sub-regional symposium of the IUFRO

Rwanda

1986. Eléments de réponse pour le rapport forestier du Rwanda à la sixième session, African Forestry Commission

Mutungirehe Isaie, 1988. Politique nationale en matière de plantations forestières, presented to COMPTE-RENDU du premier séminaire national sur la silviculture des plantations forestières au Rwanda Sep. 1987

Senegal

1983. Rapport d'activités forestières 1978–82, Ministère de la Protection de la Nature 6th session, African Forestry Commission

1986. Rapport d'activités, 7ème session African Forestry Commission

1990. Rapport national sur les activités forestières du 10ème Congrès Forestier Mondial, Ministère du Développement Rural et de L'Hydraulique, Sénégal

Sierra Leone

1986. National progress report on forestry sector for the 7th session African Forestry Commission

1991. National progress report on forestry sector for the 10th World Forestry Congress

Somalia

Bowen, M.R. 1988. A survey of tree planting in Somalia (1982–1985), OFI Occasional paper No. 36, Oxford

1989. Tropical Forestry Action Plan - Somalia Report II, Mogadishu

Sudan

Badi, K.M. et al, 1989. The forests of Sudan, Khartoum

1990. National report for 11th session of the Near East Forestry Commission, The Republic of the Sudan, Forest National Corporation

Tanzania

Ahlbäck, A.J. 1988. Forestry for development in Tanzania, IRDC, SLU, Uppsala

1986. Country progress report on forestry 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1989. Country report to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

1978. National report on forestry 1976–77, United Republic of Tanzania for the 5th session of African Forestry Commission

Personnel communication, Cross checking of actual volume harvested in 1989 vs estimated 1991 volume from plantations of Tanzania

1983. Tanzania national progress report for the 6th session of African Forestry Commission

Tchad

Rapport d'activités forestières en République du Tchad 1976–77 to 5th sesion

1983. Rapport d'activités forestières en République du Tchad to 6th session

1991. Rapport national de la République du Tchad to 10th World Forestry Congress

Togo

1986. Rapport national, République Togolaise to 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1991. Rapport national, Ministère du Développement Rural, Togo to 10th World Forestry Congress

Uganda

1985. National progress report to 12th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Canada

1989. National progress report to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

Zaire

1990. Rapport national d'activités forestières to 10th World Forestry Congress

Zambia

National progress report on forestry - Zambia to 6th session of African Forestry Commission

National progress report on forestry - Zambia 1983–85 to 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1989. National progress report on forestry - Zambia to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

Zimbabwe

1991. A survey of plantations and roundwood processing in Zimbabwe 1989–1990

1986. National progress report on forestry in Zimbabwe to 7th session of African Forestry Commission

1989. National progress report on forestry in Zimbabwe, 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

1991. National progress report on forestry in Zimbabwe, 1985–1990 to 10th World Forestry Congress

1983. The state of forestry in Zimbabwe to 6th session to African Forestry Commission

Tropical Latin America and Caribbean

Belize

Progress report for the 15th session of the Latin American Forestry Commission, held in 1986 San Jose, Costa Rica

1988. Progress report for the 16th session of COFLA held in Kingston, Jamaica by Forestry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Belize

Bolivia

Freeman P.H. et al, 1980. Bolivia, State of environment and natural resources, A field study

1982. Informe sobre recursos forestales de Bolivia, Trabajo presentado en la 14^a reunion de la Comisión Forestal Latino Americana, Lima, Peru

Brazil

CINTRAFOR, 1990. Brazil: A country profile of the forests and forest industries, working paper 27 CINTRAFOR, University of Washington and University of Vicosa, Brazil

Roberto Samanez Mercado. 1983. Brazil country report prepared for the first FAO/Finland workshop on management of forest industries

FAO. 1989. Brazil forestry sector review, desk study, FAO/World Bank Cooperative Programme, 35/89. BRA 36 DS, FAO, Rome

Freitas, A.R. de. 1989. Timber industry development within the tropical forest eco-system. The Brazilian experience, prepared for first ASEAN Forest Products Conference on timber technology and tropical forests “Conflict or Challenge in the 1990's ?” at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (IBAMA) e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis, Directoria de Recursos Naturais Renovaveis, 1991. Preparado para 17^a sessao Comissa Forestal Latino-Americana

Lorensi, C.J. 1991. Reflorestamento incenivado, producao de papel celulose e carvao no Brasil, Brasilia

COFLA. 1979. The state of forestry in Brazil, Comissao Forestal Latino-Americana (COFLA)

The World Bank, 1987. Staff appraisal report, Brazil Minas Gerais Forestry development project

Colombia

1991. Algunas cifras sobrela reforestacion en Colombia, Ministerio de Agricultura, Instituto Nacional de lis Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente, Estación Forestal la Florida

1991. La industria forestal, Colombia submitted to 10th World Forest Congress

1991. National forestry report submitted to the International Training on Management of Forest and Wood Industries held in 25th Aug. to 27th Sep. in Sweden.

Costa Rica

Flores Rodas, G.J. 1984. Supply and demand trends of mechanical wood products in Central America, Agency for International Development, Regional Office for Central American Programs (ROCAP), San Jose, Costa Rica

1991. Informe de Costa Rica sobre el desarrollo forestal (1990–94) for 17 Reunion Comisión Forestal Latinoamericano, Ministerio de Recursos Naturales Energía y Minas

Cuba

1991. Informe de Cuba A La 17^a reunion de la Comisión Forestal Latinoamericana, Cuidad de la Habana, Feb.

Informe X Congresso Forestal Mundial República de Cuba

1991. Plan de accion forestal para Cuba, Documento Base, Ministerio de la Agricultura, Cuidad de la Havana, Sept.

Dominica Republic

1991. Personal communication from the country delegate during 10th World Forestry Congress

1990. Plan de acción forestal, Comisión Nacional Técnica Forestal, República Dominicana, Santo Domingo, julio de 1990

Ecuador

1990. Analisis del sector forestal (1978–89) Ecuatoriano, En los ultimos 10 anos y perspectivas hasta el ano 2005

El Salvador

1986. El Salvador informe nacional sobre progreso forestal 1983–86, 15th Comisión Forestal Latinoamericana, Costa Rica 6–10 octubre 1986

1991. Informe forestal de El Salvador período 1985–89, X Congreso Forestal Mundial

Grenada

1989. National report of forestry sector to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

Guatemala

1986. Informe de Guatemala sobre el progreso forestal (1983–86) to XV Reunion de La Comisión Forestal para América Latina, San José

1991. National progress report to 10th World Forestry Congress

Trexler, M.C. 1991. Agroforestry in Guatemala: Mitigating global warming through social forestry, Proceedings of international workshop on large scale reforestation, May 1990 sponsored by US EPA

Guyana

1991. Country report by Guyana for 17th session Latin American Forestry Commission

1991. Guyana and Tropenbos, prepared for the 10th World Forestry Congress, The Tropenbos Foundation, The Netherlands

Haiti

The World Bank. 1991. Country report to 10th World Forestry Congress Haiti forestry and environmental protection project, Staff appraisal report 1991-September 1991

Honduras

1991. Informe nacional de Honduras período 1988–90, 17th session Comisión Forestal Latinoamericana

Jamaica

1982. Progress report forestry in Jamaica 1980–82, prepared for the 14th session Latin American Forestry Commission, Lima, Perú

1991. Progress report forestry in Jamaica 1988–90, 17th session Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission, Ciudad Guyana, Venezuela

Mexico

1991. Informe forestal de México, X Congreso Forestal Mundial

1987. Programa nacional de reforestación México D.F. Comisión Nacional Forestal, marzo 1987

Nicaragua

Anon. 1991. Diagnóstico de las plantaciones forestales realizadas en Nicaragua

1986. Diagnóstico y perspectivas del sector forestal, República de Nicaragua, 15^a reunión de la Comisión Forestal Latinoamericana

Panama

Flores Rodas, G.J. 1984. Supply and demand trends of mechanical wood products in Central America, Agency for International Development, Regional Office for Central American Programs (ROCAP), San Jose, Costa Rica

1990. Informe nacional forestal (1985–89) prepared for 10th World Forestry Congress by Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Panama, junio 1990

Paraguay

1991. Personnel communication from the Director, Paraguay Forest Department during 10th World Forestry Congress, Paris

Peru

1991. Informe sobre progreso forestal 1988–90 del Perú, 17^a reunión de la Comisión Forestal para, América Latina-COFLA, Dirección General de Forestal y Fauna, Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima-Perú

1991. Plan nacional de accion forestal 1988–2000, Ministerio de Agricultura, Republica del Peru to 10th World Forestry Congress

Puerto Rico

Francis, J.K. 1990. Forest plantations in Puerto Rico (draft)

Suriname

1990. Forestry in Suriname 1990, National report on forestry prepared for the 10th World Forestry Congress by Ministry of Natural Resources, Paramaribo

Trinidad and Tobago

1991. Trinidad and Tobago country report to 10th World Forestry Congress,

Venezuela

1991. Informe de Venezuela sobre el progreso del sector forestal período 1988–90, 17^a reunión de la Comisión Forestal Latinoamericana, feb. 1991

1982. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, Venezuela, Comisión Forestal Latino Americana, 14 Período de sesiones

FAO. 1989. Protección de plantaciones y manejo de bosques naturales, Venezuela, Programa de Cooperación Técnica, FO:TCP/VEN/6751, FAO Rome

Tropical Asia and Pacific

Bangladesh

1977. National progress report 1974–76, Bangladesh to 10th Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1984. National report Bangladesh to 12th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1991. Status paper on forest in Bangladesh with future plan to 10th World Forestry Congress

Bhutan

Dorji, C.D. 1991. Forestry in the integrated land use of Bhutan, trees and forests in rural land use, FAO

1991. Personal communication from the country delegate during 10th World Forestry Congress

Fiji

1973. National progress report to 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference

1984. National progress report to 12th Commonwealth Forestry Conference

Plantation area as at 31-12-1990, Annual Report, Ministry of Forests, Fiji

India

1990. Andhra Pradesh forests pamphlet, Plantation areas up to 1988–89 and the Forest cover report of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Forest Department

1989. Developing India's wasteland, National Wastelands Development Board to Ministry of 1985 Environment and Forests, New Delhi

1987. India's Forests 1987, Survey and Utilisation Division, Department of Environment, Forests and Wild life, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India

Indian Institute of Public Opinion (IIPO), New Delhi 1989. A report on a survey on the survival rate of trees: 1983–84 to 1987–88 in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamal Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh

Haryana Forest Statistics-1985

1973. National progress report, Forestry Sector, India to 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference

Van Sankhyaki. 1989. (Forest statistics) Forest Department, Utter Pradesh,

1987. Wood balance study of West Bengal

Indonesia

FAO Indonesia. 1990. Situation and outlook of the forestry sector in Indonesia, Volume 2: Forest resource base

1977. National progress report on forestry 1974–76, Indonesia, 10th session Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1984. National progress report on forestry 1981–83, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia for 12th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission, Bangkok

Laos

Anon. 1991. Survey of forest plantations in Laos P.D.R., Department of Forestry and Environment, Laos-Swedish Forestry Cooperation Programme-Forest inventory report No. 1

1991. Forestry sector profile submitted to Management of Forests & Wood Industries Seminar held in Sweden Aug.–Sep. 1991

Malaysia

Mead, D.J. 1989. Malaysia's new plantations, New Zealand Forestry, Feb.

1985. Progress report 1980–84 by the Forest Department of Malaysia for the 12th Commonwealth Forestry Conference

1989. Progress report on forestry in Malaysia 1986–88, for 14th session of Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

Thang, H.C. 1991. Asean forest resource database, Country Report Malaysia, Asean Institute of Forest Management, Kuala Lumpur

Myanmar

1991. Forest resources of Myanmar, conservation and management, Forest Department of Myanmar, Yangon, May

National report on forestry, Union of Myanmar to 10th World Forestry Congress

Nepal

1988. Master plan for the forestry sector for the Nepal, Main Report, His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu

1977. National progress report on forestry 1974–76, Nepal, 10th session Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, Kathmandu

1990. National progress report on forestry, Nepal 14th session Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

New Caledonia

Personal communication through CTFT

Pakistan

Country report Pakistan, 10th World Forestry Congress

1984. National progress report on forestry (1981–83), Pakistan to 12th session Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

Papua New Guinea

1990. Papua New Guinea the forestry sector: Tropical forestry action plan review, a report prepared by the World Bank under the auspices of the TFAP, February

Papua New Guinea Department of Forests, 1991.
Country Report, Papua New Guinea Paper 1991 prepared for the heads of Forestry Meeting, Lautok, Fiji

Philippines

1977. National progress report on forestry 1974–76, Republic of the Philippines, to 10th session of Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1991. National report on forestry Philippines to 10th World Forestry Congress

1984. Philippines progress report on forestry 1981–83 for the 12th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

Samoa

1989. National report on forestry to 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Zealand

Solomon Islands

1989. National progress report, Solomon Islands for the 13th Commonwealth Forestry Conference

1991. National forest resources inventory, Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources, Solomon Islands (draft report)

1985. Progress report (1980–84) Solomon Islands for the 12th Commonwealth Forestry Conference Solomon Islands (draft report)

Sri Lanka

Nanayakkara, V.R. 1991. Agroforestry systems in Sri Lanka, Agroforestry in Asia and the Pacific, FAO Regional office in Bangkok

1977. National progress report on forestry (1974–76), Sri Lanka, for the 10th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1990. National progress report (1986–88) Sri Lanka prepared for 14th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1991. Natural resources of Sri Lanka, conditions and trends, a report prepared for the Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka sponsored by USAID

1981. Progress report Sri Lanka prepared for the Ministry of Lands and Land Development of Sri Lanka for the 11th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission, Suva, Fiji

The World Bank. 1989. Staff appraisal report Sri Lanka, Forestry Sector Development Project, May 1989

Thailand

1990. Forest plantation in Thailand personal communication

1983. Forestry statistics of Thailand 1983, Forest Statistics Section Planning Division, Royal Forest Department Forest Statistics Sub Division Royal Forest Department

Forestry statistics of Thailand 1989,

National progress report on forestry (1974–76) by Royal Forest Department, Thailand for the 10th session of the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission

1984. National progress report on forestry (1981–83) to 12th session of the APFC

National progress report on forestry (1983–85) to 13th session of the APFC

1989. Potential of commercial fast-growing tree plantations in Thailand, prepared by Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation, February 1989

1987. Thailand natural resources profile, prepared by Thailand Development Research Institute, May 1987

1991. Personal communication in form of an extract from the Master Forestry Plan

Vanuatu

1991. Personal communication from consultant working on plantation forestry in the South Pacific, September 1991

Vietnam

1981. Intervention of the Forestry Delegation of Vietnam on the Forestry situation and some forest policy problems in Vietnam

1984. Report on forestry activities (1981–83), Ministry of Forestry, Vietnam to the 12th session of the Asia Pacific Commission

1991. Vietnam forestry sector review, Tropical Forestry Action Programme, Main report Ministry of Forestry, Hanoi December 1991