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V. PERSPECTIVES

Apparently, according to the Cassava Modernization Plan, a series of possibilities for cassava was reached, especially those related to enterprise development, productive diversification and genetic improvement, etc. In this way, in the framework of the proposals made by the Cassava Modernization Plan for 1995-98, some programmes and projects that were used for improving farming and transformation of cassava were being implemented, especially in regions like the Atlantic Coast and the Cauca, with the opened possibility to expand this experience to other zones of Colombia. In the Cauca case, there was the possibility to develop specific projects concerning the "rallanderia" industry that involved the competition of a series of institutions, including the CIAT, CETEC, the Agricultural Ministry with the Cassava Modernization Plan and others.

The CIAT, with its new organization and philosophy, is an important agent that supports and gives advice on acquisition and improvement of the different varieties of cassava, and on the development of the rural agricultural companies, as proposed for this decade.

After one decade of experience using the natural drying process of cassava, nowadays new possibilities appear for the searching of new technologies that escape from the problem of seasonality, and also that allow the mass production of dried cassava with low costs, and try to satisfy the demand of this raw material to be able to elaborate balanced food for animals. These technological improvements may encourage the institutional and enterprise competition under other models like productive organization that gives impulse to the conformation of private companies and not only cooperatives.

It is thus deduced that a potential and an established market for fresh cassava and derived products (dry cassava, starch and meals) to be satisfied, exist and therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the good quality products and competitive prices with the competition between suppliers.

On the other hand, the creation and organization of the Cassava Federation of Producers and Processors as another institution in the Colombian economy, opens the possibility to obtain and/or negotiate governmental policies (non-assisted) to dynamically improve production and transformation of cassava. This will support the development in certain regions that will certainly benefit society. After the official presentation on 26 February 1997 in the presence of the Minister for Agriculture, the cassava producers' board of directors' assignment was to define, according to the Plan of Modernization, a programme of variety improvement and technological assistance to increase the productivity of the cassava crop farming, to design a proposal for legal funds for the producers in order to be presented to the Legislative Chamber and to obtain resources for future activities of technological and enterprise development. The producers' group was also responsible for coordinating the shares they have with FENALCE (National Cereal Federation) since corn is an associated crop that is cultivated with cassava particularly in the Atlantic region.

Although none of the described programmes mentions or gives determined information on women's participation in the different stages of the projects and neither in the specific productive processes, there is still a space destined to impulse these activities inside the new model of development. This model involves women in the transformation and/or the cassava processing. In this way, in the future it will be possible to talk about rural development parallel to the cassava development.

Finally, in the framework of globalization and opened economies, which is being implemented in the world economy, and stimulated by different agreements and multilateral and unilateral programmes (GATT, OMC, G3, etc.), it is necessary to analyse the prospects of cassava in Colombia. It is known that Colombia has the highest production costs of cassava roots (US$34.85/tonne) compared with Thailand (US$20.34/tonne) and Brazil (US$27.8/tonne)[50], that are both the major producers of cassava, one in the world, and the other in Latin America, respectively. In the same way, it is known that the prices of dried cassava pellets compared with the roots, are approximately 3.1 higher for Thailand and 4.1 higher for Colombia; but if this is compared with starch, the relation is 8.1 for Thailand, 11.2 for Brazil and 12.4 for Colombia. In the near future, according to this context, it will be difficult for Colombia to compete in the cassava world market if the production costs, especially of cassava roots, do not decrease considerably. If the free importation of cassava and derived products work their way in and are implemented, the cassava agriculture-industry will possibly disappear.

On the other hand, Henry and Gotrett compared the national prices paid for dried cassava in the concentrate plants with the prices paid in Thailand and with the national and imported prices of sorghum in March 1996. The result showed that the prices of cassava were lower compared with the prices of sorghum but approximately 33 percent higher than the prices of dried cassava in Thailand. In this way the competitivity that exists between dried cassava and the national and imported sorghum was demonstrated. Nevertheless, the authors noticed the low margins of utility, and if the transportation fees to the concentrates plants are taken into account, then the cassava producer "may even be loosing money"[51]. If we consider this result according to the international market tendencies where sorghum and other grain prices are foreseen to decrease due to the expectation that the United States of America, China and Europe will increase their production, then the apparent competitivity of the dried cassava price and the sorghum prices (national and imported) will be cancelled. We also noticed that in the last year, the American sorghum prices 1-2d, had a decreasing tendency between their highest point in May 1996 (US$186.42/tonnes) and their deterioration which reached US$110.66/tonnes[52] in February 1997. With this international level of prices, that have their rebound in the national climate, we concluded that it is difficult that dried cassava will remain competitive.

After the experience of the natural drying process and amongst the order of technological limitations, like the enterprise organization described before, and in the framework of the world's economical opened market, the cassava agriculture in the hands of small farmers has no major possibilities in the future, and even less when the natural drying process is in a state of self-regulation which implies that the CIAT and other institutions have practically nothing to do against it. As mentioned, the CIAT and other institutions are concentrating efforts in the cassava starch produced principally in the Cauca Department by small producers. Now, it is known that cassava starch from Venezuela entered Colombia costing US$300/tonne that corresponds approximately to the 57 percent of the starch price produced in Colombia[53].

With the experience of the natural drying process and inside the model of free market, it is necessary to question if small producers of starch will be able to compete in the future with producers like Venezuela and continue to offer on the market, a good quality starch with lower prices than international ones. Even more so, it must be questioned how profitable will it be for the Colombian state and other institutions to invest in small producers of cassava and derived products in the actual conditions of competence that are being established internationally.

Lastly, since on the one hand it is known that the major portion of cassava is destined to fresh human consumption and having on the other hand, the experience of the relative success obtained with the fresh storage that failed in Barranquilla for lack of promotion, why do we not impulse, or better, why do we not continue the offer of packed cassava on a major scale, which certainly has lower costs compared with the natural drying process and also is a product that might be consumed normally and necessarily in a massive way abandoning its condition as an inferior good in urban zones?

ANNEXES

Table 1

Colombia: Cassava areas, production and yields 1970-1996

YEARS

AREAS

PRODUCTION

YIELDS


(000 ha)

TONNE

TONNE/ha

1970

244.50

1 956.00

8.000

1971

248.80

1 990.40

8.000

1972

251.30

2 010.40

8.000

1973

249.80

1 998.40

8.000

1974

250.10

2 125.90

8.500

1975

256.70

2 021.10

7.873

1976

223.30

1 845.70

8.266

1977

209.70

1 960.00

9.347

1978

216.80

2 044.10

9.429

1979

221.70

1 908.90

8.610

1980

207.70

2 150.40

10.353

1981

207.00

2 150.10

10.387

1982

170.90

1 552.30

9.083

1983

172.70

1 554.75

9.003

1984

152.90

1 386.30

9.067

1985

154.20

1 367.35

8.867

1986

153.30

1 334.90

8.708

1987

159.10

1 260.39

7.922

1988

148.80

1 281.60

8.613

1989

170.60

1 509.40

8.848

1990

207.31

1 939.02

9.353

1991

174.00

1 645.21

9.455

1992

181.26

1 650.96

9.108

1993

186.50

1 900.19

10.189

1994

189.60

1 794.61

9.465

1995

178.36

1 751.90

9.822

1996

184.14

1 804.81

9.801

Source: Ministerio Agricultura.

Table 2

Colombia: Cassava areas per department (hectares)

DEPARTMENTS

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Amazonas




300

256


477

197

623

Antioquia

4 400

4 400

6 000

6 437

12 790

6 556

11 213

10 692

12 389

Arauca

5 000

4 000

4 000

3 010

2 361

3 247

2 225

3 343

2 106

Atlántico

9 000

11 000

10 900

12 689

3 085

10 715

8 791

5 954

5 473

Bolivar

20 000

18 000

23 000

28 365

20 939

19 262

20 983

17 152

16 712

Boyaca

5 300

6 000

5 900

2 950

2 228

3 180

3 753

3 737

2 563

Caldas

800

1 400

2 700

1 785

1 472

784

1 769

1 310

695

Caqueta

7 800

4 000

9 000

18 999

11 083

8 307

8 178

14 480

9 393

Casanare

2 000

600

1 200

1 267

1 500

2 492

2 176

3 800

3 061

Cauca

3 200

6 000

6 700

5 387

6 290

7 626

6 979

5 858

6 225

Cesar

9 400

7 800

9 600

12 728

15 565

10 681

10 083

7 590

8 308

Choco

2 700

4 000

900

1 734

3 875

643

2 012

1 549

1 512

Córdoba

10 000

6 900

14 000

16 800

16 860

16 548

13 237

12 995

19 065

Cundinamarca

2 700

3 000

3 100

3 530

3 135

3 450

5 017

4 357

3 735

Guainia




98

150

467

1 000

400

1 250

La Guajira

4 500

2 100

2 000

1 800

1 147

1 245

1 442

2 020

2 296

Guaviare



1 400

630

1 323

894

897

897

897

Huila

3 700

4 100

3 000

3 591

3 224

4 925

5 091

3 426

3 064

Magdalena

14 300

16 900

14 000

19 696

11 600

10 860

12 049

17 784

18 058

Meta

3 000

1 100

2 600

6 100

4 693

4 314

5 001

2 987

3 177

Narino

2 000

2 300

2 300

775

1 612

1 359

1 104

260

178

Norte Santander

11 500

9 000

9 500

8 986

9 555

8 734

9 571

9 667

9 503

Putumayo

1 700

1 500

1 500

1 600

1 200

2 710

1 214

3 319

3 391

Quindio

800

1 300

1 000

1 500

1 441

660

1 854

1 065

1 048

Risaralda

1 200

2 200

1 600

2 121

1 377

874

1 903

1 055

897

Sn Andres y Prov








22

25

Santander

15 000

17 600

19 600

22 677

18 033

20 265

15 952

22 892

23 497

Sucre

11 500

7 100

11 000

17 000

14 000

25 232

22 093

18 663

15 331

Tolima

5 100

4 500

2 300

3 210

1 310

4 210

4 246

6 884

3 963

Valle

2 500

2 000

1 600

1 545

970

865

789

923

731

Vaupes





892


5 150

4 125

3 371

Vichada



200


30

150

250

200

161

TOTAL

159 100

148 800

170 600

207 310

173 996

181 255

186 499

189 603

182 698

Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.

Table 3

Colombia: Cassava production per departments (tonnes)

DPTMT

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Amazonas




3 900

768


1 431

790

1 869

Antioquia

60 300

62 000

99 400

90 234

224 933

102 215

189 881

187 602

215 108

Arauca

35 000

30 000

35 300

32 955

30 282

62 560

39 640

41 827

26 820

Atlántico

67 500

82 500

86 700

81 915

9 255

90 511

65 196

43 519

43 043

Bolívar

140 000

135 000

195 500

261 730

194 105

206 563

215 437

174 183

180 888

Boyacá

29 200

30 000

32 500

22 391

17 530

22 273

22 658

30 398

17 267

Caldas

8 700

20 000

33 600

23 927

20 344

10 487

26 458

14 995

5 428

Caquetá

54 600

32 000

70 500

171 610

107 638

58 015

84 200

104 233

96 408

Casanare

18 000

6 000

11 300

12 670

15 000

16 227

32 412

40 787

35 539

Cauca

22 400

69 000

56 900

55 959

71 624

79 665

49 186

57 694

42 312

Cesar

67 500

70 200

79 200

111 434

161 970

102 558

122 730

80 374

87 000

Chocó

18 900

20 000

9 000

18 608

34 875

8 395

23 339

16 618

17 743

Córdoba

70 000

34 500

116 200

189 955

134 880

165 480

145 561

122 036

195 273

Cundinamarca

13 800

15 900

16 000

17 150

15 445

18 268

32 984

29 676

24 550

Guainía




490

750

6 997

5 000

600

6 875

La Guajira

42 800

23 100

23 800

18 000

11 470

9 346

13 720

16 985

27 552

Guaviare



20 200

6 300

15 876

10 728

10 764

10 764

10 964

Huila

22 200

24 600

22 300

32 319

32 240

34 475

31 728

21 702

19 423

Magdalena

114 400

152 100

112 000

157 568

104 400

95 568

102 417

124 488

130 899

Meta

19 500

8 400

20 500

61 000

35 667

56 082

55 011

34 588

35 900

Narino

13 000

11 500

13 700

7 700

15 345

8 761

8 963

1 535

1 097

Norte Santander

115 000

126 000

95 400

89 860

68 748

70 680

87 445

73 370

71 834

Putumayo

13 600

12 000

12 000

12 800

15 600

26 940

13 938

34 514

27 716

Quindío

14 400

23 400

15 000

23 882

22 938

10 596

28 073

16 142

15 745

Risaralda

19 200

26 400

23 400

32 461

19 546

13 550

30 448

14 454

12 618

Sn Andrés y Prov








160

179

Santander

105 000

135 500

136 800

186 108

118 610

132 831

112 684

178 925

214 603

Sucre

102 000

71 000

121 000

170 000

98 000

182 088

214 187

188 207

148 349

Tolima

45 900

40 500

24 900

26 019

19 169

35 785

38 214

66 578

37 758

Valle

27 490

20 000

24 700

20 074

14 555

12 417

11 835

11 143

9 896

Vaupés





13 380


82 400

53 624

38 652

Vichada



1 600


270

900

2 250

2 100

1 771

TOTAL

1 260 390

1 281 600

1 509 400

1 939 019

1 645 213

1 650 961

1 900 190

1 794 611

1 801 079

Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.

Table 4

Colombia: Cassava yields per departments kilograms per hectare

DEPARTMENT

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Amazonas




13 000

3 000


3 000

4 010

3 000

Antioquia

13 705

14 091

16 567

14 018

17 587

15 591

16 934

17 546

17 363

Arauca

7 000

7 500

8 825

10 949

12 826

19 267

17 816

12 512

12 735

Atlántico

7 500

7 500

7 954

6 456

3 000

8 447

7 416

7 309

7 865

Bolívar

7 000

7 500

8 500

9 227

9 270

10 724

10 267

10 155

10 824

Boyacá

5 509

5 000

5 508

7 590

7 868

7 004

6 037

8 134

6 737

Caldas

10 875

14 286

12 444

13 404

13 821

13 376

14 956

11 447

7 810

Caquetá

7 000

8 000

7 833

9 033

9 712

6 984

10 296

7 198

10 264

Casanare

9 000

10 000

9 417

10 000

10 000

6 512

14 895

10 733

11 610

Cauca

7 000

11 500

8 493

10 388

11 387

10 446

7 048

9 849

6 797

Cesar

7 181

9 000

8 250

8 755

10 406

9 602

12 172

10 589

10 472

Chocó

7 000

5 000

10 000

10 731

9 000

13 056

11 600

10 728

11 735

Córdoba

7 000

5 000

8 300

11 307

8 000

10 000

10 997

9 391

10 242

Cundinamarca

5 111

5 300

5 161

4 858

4 927

5 295

6 574

6 811

6 573

Guainía




5 000

5 000

14 983

5 000

1 500

5 500

La Guajira

9 511

11 000

11 900

10 000

10 000

7 507

9 515

8 408

12 000

Guaviare



14 429

10 000

12 000

12 000

12 000

12 000

12 223

Huila

6 000

6 000

7 433

9 000

10 000

7 000

6 232

6 335

6 339

Magdalena

8 000

9 000

8 000

8 000

9 000

8 800

8 500

7 000

7 249

Meta

6 500

7 636

7 885

10 000

7 600

13 000

11 000

11 580

11 300

Narino

6 500

5 000

5 957

9 935

9 519

6 447

8 119

5 904

6 163

Norte Santander

10 000

14 000

10 042

10 000

7 195

8 093

9 136

7 590

7 559

Putumayo

8 000

8 000

8 000

8 000

13 000

9 941

11 481

10 399

8 173

Quindío

18 000

18 000

15 000

15 921

15 918

16 055

15 142

15 157

15 024

Risaralda

16 000

12 000

14 625

15 305

14 195

15 503

16 000

13 700

14 067

Sn Andrés y Prov








7 273

7 160

Santander

7 000

7 699

6 980

8 207

6 577

6 555

7 064

7 816

9 133

Sucre

8 870

10 000

11 000

10 000

7 000

7 217

9 695

10 084

9 676

Tolima

9 000

9 000

10 826

8 106

14 633

8 500

9 000

9 671

9 528

Valle

10 996

10 000

15 438

12 993

15 005

14 355

15 000

12 073

13 538

Vaupés





15 000


16 000

13 000

11 466

Vichada



8 000


9 000

6 000

9 000

10 500

11 000

TOTAL

7 922

8 613

8 848

9 353

9 455

9 108

10 189

9 465

9 858

Fuente: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.

Table 5

Colombia: Participation of area and cassava production in the principal producer departments and national total 1987-96

DPT


1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

(A)

Atlántico

superf

5.66

7.39

6.39

6.12

1.77

5.91

4.71

3.14

3.00

4.90


produc

5.36

6.44

5.74

4.22

0.56

5.48

3.43

2.42

2.39

4.01

Bolívar

superf

12.57

12.10

13.48

13.68

12.03

10.63

11.25

9.05

9.15

11.55


produc

11.11

10.53

12.95

13.50

11.80

12.51

11.34

9.71

10.04

11.50

Caquetá

superf

4.90

2.69

5.28

9.16

6.37

4.58

4.39

7.64

5.14

5.57


produc

4.33

2.50

4.67

8.85

6.54

3.51

4.43

5.81

5.35

5.11

Cesar

superf

5.91

5.24

5.63

6.14

8.95

5.89

5.41

4.00

4.55

5.75


produc

5.36

5.48

5.25

5.75

9.84

6.21

6.46

4.48

4.83

5.96

Córdoba

superf

6.29

4.64

8.21

8.10

9.69

9.13

7.10

6.85

10.44

7.83


produc

5.55

2.69

7.70

9.80

8.20

10.02

7.66

6.80

10.84

7.70

Magdalena

superf

8.99

11.36

8.21

9.50

6.67

5.99

6.46

9.38

9.88

8.49


produc

9.08

11.87

7.42

8.13

6.35

5.79

5.39

6.94

7.27

7.58

Norte Santander

superf

7.23

6.05

5.57

4.33

5.49

4.82

5.13

5.10

5.20

5.44


produc

9.12

9.83

6.32

4.63

4.18

4.28

4.60

4.09

3.99

5.67

Santander

superf

9.43

11.83

11.49

10.94

10.36

11.18

8.55

12.07

12.86

10.97


produc

8.33

10.57

9.06

9.60

7.21

8.05

5.93

9.97

11.92

8.96

Sucre

superf

7.23

4.77

6.45

8.20

8.05

13.92

11.85

9.84

8.39

8.74


produc

8.09

5.54

8.02

8.77

5.96

11.03

11.27

10.49

8.24

8.60

Resto Dptos

superf

40.72

45.21

37.44

33.26

37.22

33.87

41.55

42.24

41.21

39.19


produc

42.74

46.41

40.28

34.88

45.70

38.89

44.87

46.23

42.39

42.49

TOTAL

superf

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0


produc

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.

Table 6

Colombia: Growing rate of cassava area, production and yields in the principal producer department and national total 1987-95

DPT


AREA

PRODUCTION

YIELDS

Atlántico

% annual

16.78

83.19

12.13


% absol

-39.19

-36.23

4.86

Bolívar

% annual

-0.55

4.97

5.16


% absol

-16.44

29.21

54.63

Caquetá

% annual

17.89

22.26

7.43


% absol

20.42

76.57

46.63

Cesar

% annual

0.97

6.62

5.21


% absol

-11.62

28.89

45.83

Córdoba

% annual

12.81

30.56

8.20


% absol

90.65

178.96

46.32

Magdalena

% annual

6.03

4.33

-0.65


% absol

26.28

14.42

-9.39

Norte Santander

% annual

-1.66

-3.96

-0.97


% absol

-17.37

-37.54

-24.41

Santander

% annual

6.80

11.70

3.70


% absol

56.65

104.38

30.47

Sucre

% annual

9.78

12.03

2.34


% absol

33.31

45.44

9.10

Resto Dptos

% annual

2.12

4.73

2.53


% absol

16.23

41.75

21.95

TOTAL

% annual

2.08

4.78

2.61


% absol

14.83

42.90

24.44

Source: Ministerio de Agricultura. Anuario Estadístico 1995.

Table 7

Colombia: Cassava areas, production and yields per regions 1987-1995

* REGIÓN


1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Costa Atlántica

supf

78 700

69 800

84 500

109 078

83 196

94 543

88 678

82 158

85 243


prod

604 200

568 400

734 400

990 602

714 080

852 114

879 248

749 792

813 004


rend

7 677

8 143

8 691

9 082

8 583

9 013

9 915

9 126

9 537

Occidente

supf

17 600

23 600

22 800

21 284

29 827

19 367

27 623

22 712

23 675


prod

184 390

252 300

275 700

272 845

424 160

246 086

368 183

320 183

319 947


rend

10 477

10 691

12 092

12 819

14 221

12 706

13 329

14 098

13 514

Centro Oriente

supf

43 300

44 200

43 400

44 944

37 485

44 764

43 630

50 963

46 325


prod

331 100

372 500

327 900

373 847

271 742

314 312

325 713

400 649

385 435


rend

7 647

8 428

7 555

8 318

7 249

7 022

7 465

7 862

8 320

Orinoquía

supf

10 000

5 700

9 400

11 105

10 949

11 564

16 699

15 752

14 023


prod

72 500

44 400

88 900

113 415

111 225

153 494

227 477

184 290

156 521


rend

7 250

7 789

9 457

10 213

10 158

13 273

13 622

11 699

11 162

Amazonía

supf

9 500

5 500

10 500

20 899

12 539

11 017

9 869

17 996

13 407


prod

68 200

44 000

82 500

188 310

124 006

84 955

99 569

139 537

125 993


rend

7 179

8 000

7 857

9 010

9 890

7 711

10 089

7 754

9 398

TOTAL

supf

159 100

148 800

170 600

207 310

173 996

181 255

186 499

189 581

182 673


prod

1 260 390

1 281 600

1 509 400

1 939 019

1 645 213

1 650 961

1 900 190

1 794 451

1 800 900


rend

7 922

8 613

8 848

9 353

9 455

9 108

10 189

9 465

9 859

Source: URPA. Minagricultura-Direcciones de Planificación y Producción. Subdirección de Información y Estadísticas. Tomado de los Anuarios Estadísticos del Sector Agrpecuario. Ministerio de Agricultura 1987-1995

Región Costa Atlántica: Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Guajira, Magdalena, San Andrés y Providencia y Sucre.

Región Occidente: Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda y Valle.

Región Centro Oriente: Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Norte de Santander, Santander y Tolima.

Región Orinoquía: Arauca, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Vaupés y Vichada.

Región Amazonía: Amazonas, Caqutá y Putumayo.

Table 8

Colombia: Participation in the cassava producing regions and national total 1987-1995

REGIÓN


1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Costa Atlántica

superf

49.5

46.9

49.5

52.6

47.8

52.2

47.5

43.3

46.7


produc

47.9

44.4

48.7

51.1

43.4

51.6

46.3

41.8

45.1

Occidente

superf

11.1

15.9

13.4

10.3

17.1

10.7

14.8

12.0

13.0


produc

14.6

19.7

18.3

14.1

25.8

14.9

19.4

17.8

17.8

Centro Oriente

superf

27.2

29.7

25.4

21.7

21.5

24.7

23.4

26.9

25.4


produc

26.3

29.1

21.7

19.3

16.5

19.0

17.1

22.3

21.4

Orinoquía

superf

6.3

3.8

5.5

5.4

6.3

6.4

9.0

8.3

7.7


produc

5.8

3.5

5.9

5.8

6.8

9.3

12.0

10.3

8.7

Amazonía

superf

6.0

3.7

6.2

10.1

7.2

6.1

5.3

9.5

7.3


produc

5.4

3.4

5.5

9.7

7.5

5.1

5.2

7.8

7.0

TOTAL

superf

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0


produc

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Source: Anuarios Estadísticos del Sector Agropecuario. Ministerio de Agricultura 1987-1995.


[50] Henry, Guy; Gottret, Maria V., Tendencias globales de la producción y mercado de yuca y sus productos. In La Economia de la Yuca en Colombia. Ministry of Agriculture, 1996. pp.25.
[51] Ibidem pp.15-16.
[52] National Agricultural Stock.
[53] Henry, Guy; Gottret, María V., Tendencias globales de la producción. p.27.

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