TABLE 1. Important characteristics of the described species
SPECIES |
DISTRIBUTION |
VEGETATION BELT |
PARENT ROCK |
MOISTURE |
||||
Montane |
Subalpine |
Alpine |
Silicious |
Calcareous |
Dry |
Wet |
||
GRASSES |
|
|||||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum |
Europe |
+ |
(+) |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
Avenella flexuosa |
Worldwide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
(-) |
Bellardiochloa variegata |
Middle/south Europe |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
(+) |
(+) |
Briza media |
Europe |
+ |
(+) |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
Bromus erectus |
Middle/south Europe, North Am. |
+ |
(-) |
- |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
- |
Bromus inermis |
Europe, Asia, North America |
+ |
(-) |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
Cynosurus cristatus |
Euroasia, North America |
+ |
+ |
- |
(+) |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
Deschampsia cespitosa |
Worldwide |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
Festuca nigrescens |
Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Festuca picturata |
Middle Europe |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
Festuca pseudodura |
Middle Europe |
- |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
(-) |
Festuca supina |
North/middle Europe |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
(-) |
Festuca varia s.str. |
Central Europe |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
- |
Koeleria pyramidata |
Europe |
+ |
+ |
- |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
- |
Phleum hirsutum |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
Phleum rhaeticum |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
Poa alpina |
Europe, Siberia, North America |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
Sesleria albicans |
Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
- |
LEGUMINOSAE |
|
|||||||
Anthyllis vulneraria |
Middle/south Europe |
+ |
(+) |
- |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
- |
Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris |
Middle/south Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
+ |
+ |
- |
Trifolium alpinum |
Middle/south/west Europe |
- |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
- |
(+) |
(+) |
Trifolium badium |
Europe, Siberia |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Trifolium pratense ssp. nivale |
Middle/south Europe |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
HERBS |
|
|||||||
Achillea millefolium s.l. |
Europe, Siberia |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
Leontodon hispidus s.l. |
Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
(+) |
(+) |
SPECIES |
DISTRIBUTION |
TOLERANCE |
NUTRITIONAL VALUE |
SWARD DENSITY |
||
Fertilization |
Cutting |
Trampling |
||||
GRASSES |
|
|||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum |
Europe |
(-) |
(+) |
(+) |
(-) |
- |
Avenella flexuosa |
Worldwide |
(-) |
- |
(-) |
- |
(-) |
Bellardiochloa variegata |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
(+) |
(+) |
(-) |
(+) |
Briza media |
Europe |
(+) |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
Bromus erectus |
Middle/south Europe, North Am. |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
(+) |
- |
Bromus inermis |
Europe, Asia, North America |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
(+) |
(+) |
Cynosurus cristatus |
Euroasia, North America |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Deschampsia cespitosa |
Worldwide |
+ |
(+) |
+ |
- |
(+) |
Festuca nigrescens |
Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
+ |
Festuca picturata |
Middle Europe |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
Festuca pseudodura |
Middle Europe |
(+) |
- |
(+) |
- |
(+) |
Festuca supina |
North/middle Europe |
(+) |
(-) |
+ |
- |
+ |
Festuca varia s.str. |
Central Europe |
(-) |
- |
- |
- |
(+) |
Koeleria pyramidata |
Europe |
(+) |
(+) |
(+) |
(-) |
(+) |
Phleum hirsutum |
Middle/south Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
+ |
Phleum rhaeticum |
Middle/south Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Poa alpina |
Europe, Siberia, North America |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
Sesleria albicans |
Europe |
(-) |
(-) |
(-) |
(-) |
(-) |
LEGUMINOSAE |
|
|||||
Anthyllis vulneraria |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
(-) |
(+) |
(-) |
- |
Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
(-) |
(+) |
(-) |
- |
Trifolium alpinum |
Middle/south/west Europe |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
Trifolium badium |
Europe, Siberia |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
Trifolium pratense ssp. nivale |
Middle/south Europe |
(+) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(-) |
HERBS |
|
|||||
Achillea millefolium s.l. |
Europe, Siberia |
+ |
+ |
+ |
(+) |
(+) |
Leontodon hispidus s.l. |
Europe |
(+) |
(+) |
+ |
(+) |
(-) |
+ = very good; (+) = good; (-) = poor; - = very poor.
TABLE 2. Characteristics for cultivation and fertilization
SPECIES |
SEED RATE |
ROW SPACING |
FERTILIZATION |
NOTES |
||
N |
P2O5 |
K2O |
||||
GRASSES |
|
|||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum |
7-9 |
12-15 |
40 |
40 |
70 |
- |
Avenella flexuosa |
10-12 |
12-15 |
40 |
40 |
70 |
pH above 6 recommended |
Bellardiochloa variegata |
8-10 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Briza media |
10-12 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Bromus erectus |
12-15 |
25-30 |
80 |
70 |
120 |
- |
Bromus inermis |
12-15 |
25-30 |
100 |
70 |
120 |
- |
Cynosurus cristatus |
7-9 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
- |
Deschampsia cespitosa |
6-8 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut after harvest |
Festuca nigrescens |
5-8 |
15-25 |
100 |
70 |
120 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Festuca picturata |
8-10 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Festuca pseudodura |
8-10 |
20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Festuca supina |
6-8 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Festuca varia s.str. |
8-10 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Koeleria pyramidata |
7-9 |
12-25 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Phleum hirsutum |
8-10 |
15-20 |
70 |
60 |
100 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Phleum rhaeticum |
8-12 |
20-25 |
100 |
70 |
120 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Poa alpina |
6-8 |
15-20 |
100 |
70 |
120 |
No cut between harvest and autumn |
Sesleria albicans |
14-16 |
20-25 |
40 |
40 |
70 |
Low growth rate |
LEGUMINOSAE |
|
|||||
Anthyllis vulneraria |
8-10 |
20-45 |
- |
80 |
140 |
No potassium chloride |
Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris |
8-10 |
20-45 |
- |
80 |
140 |
No potassium chloride |
Trifolium alpinum |
10-14 |
12-24 or 45 |
- |
60 |
100 |
Nematode-free soils,pH above 5.5 recommended, no potassium chloride |
Trifolium badium |
10-12 |
15-20 |
- |
60 |
100 |
Low growth rate,no potassium chloride |
Trifolium pratense ssp. nivale |
8-12 |
|
|
80 |
160 |
Cut in spring recommended, no potassium chloride |
HERBS |
|
|||||
Achillea millefolium s.l. |
2-3 |
20-25 or 45 |
60 |
60 |
100 |
- |
Leontodon hispidus s.l. |
10-12 |
15-20 |
80 |
40 |
80 |
Two harvests per year |
TABLE 3. Possibilities of chemical weed control in seed production of indigenous species
SPECIES |
DISTRIBUTION |
EXAMPLE TRADE NAME |
APPLICABLE RATE/HA |
TIME |
APPLICATION |
GRASSES IN GENERAL |
Tribenuron-methyl |
Express + Starane 250 EC |
15.0 g |
p.e.* |
Dicotyledons |
Bromoxynil |
Oxytril |
1.5 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Bentazone |
Basagran |
2.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Fluroxypyr |
Starane 250 |
0.5 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
MCPP |
Aniten new |
2.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Bentazone |
Basagran DP |
4.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Dicamba |
Banvel M |
4.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
MCPP |
Dicopur U 46 KV new |
4.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
MCPP |
Duplosan KV |
2.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
MCPA |
Dicopur M |
2.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
2.4-D |
Dicopur fluid |
1.0 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Clopyralid |
Garlon L60 |
2.5 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Ethofumesat |
Tramat |
1.5 l |
p.e. |
Dicotyledons |
|
Festuca ssp. |
Cycloxydim |
Focus ultra |
2.0 - 3.0 l |
p.e. |
Grasses |
Quizalofop |
Targa super |
1.0 l |
p.e. |
Grasses |
|
Anthyllis ssp. |
Bentazone |
Basagran DP |
1.0 l |
Plants > 10 cm |
Dicotyledons |
Oxasulfuron |
|
100.0 g |
Over two to four leaves stadium |
|
|
Imazethapyr |
|
1.5 l |
Over two to four leaves stadium |
|
|
Acifuorfen |
|
0.5 l |
Over two to four leaves stadium |
|
|
Trifolium pratense |
Bentazone |
Basagran |
2.0 l |
Two leaves stadium |
Dicotyledons |
ssp. nivale + |
Quizalofop |
Targa super |
1.5 l |
Over two to four leaves stadium |
Grasses |
Trifolium badium |
Fluorzifop-P |
Fusilade extra |
2.0 l |
p.e. |
Grasses |
* p.e.= post emergence.