Previous Page Table of Contents Next Page


ANNEXES

Annex 1: Participants - Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Human Energy Requirements 17 TO 24 OCTOBER 2001, FAO HEADQUARTERS, ROME, ITALY

EXPERTS

Eric Ategbo
Universite Nationale du Benin
Cotonou, Benin

Stephanie Atkinson (Unable to attend)
Mc Master University
Hamilton, Canada

Nahla Houalla Baba
Universite Americaine de Beyrouth
Riad el Solh, Lebanon

Anna Ferro-Luzzi
National Institute of Research for Food and Nutrition
Rome, Italy

Zhi Qian He (Unable to attend)
Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences
Guangzhou, China

Eric Jequier
Instutut de Physiologie
Lausanne, Switzerland

Joyce Kanyangwa-Luma
World Food Programme Country Office
Islamabad, Pakistan

Eileen Kennedy
167 Yarnick Road
Great Falls, United States

Sook He Kim (Unable to attend)
Ewha Woman’s University
Seoul, Republic of Korea

Janet King
University of California - Davis
Davis, United States

Surat Komindr
Ramathibodi Hospital
Bangkok, Thailand

Ismail Noor
University of Kebangsaan
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Narsinga Rao
National Institute of Nutrition
Hyderabad, India

Patric Ritz
Universite d’Angers
Angers, France

Irwin Rosenberg
Tufts University
Boston, United States

Benjamin Torun
Instituto de Nutrición de Centro America y Panama (INCAP)
Guatemala City, Guatemala

Ricardo Uauy
Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (INTA)
Santiago, Chile

Este Vorster
Potchefstroomse Universiteit
Potchefstroom, South Africa

Klaas Westerterp
University of Maastricht
Maastricht, Netherlands

Roger Whitehead
Dunn Nutrition Centre
Cambridge, United Kingdom

TECHNICAL ADVISORS TO SECRETARIAT

Nancy Butte
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, United States

Joop Van Raaij
Agricultural University of Waginengen
Waginengen, Netherlands

OBSERVERS

Venkatesh Iyengar
International Atomic Energy Agency
Vienna, Austria

Hiroshi Kashiwazaki
National Institute of Health and Nutrition
Tokyo, Japan

Sonya Rabeneck
Standing Committee on Nutrition
Geneva, Switzerland

Beat Schurch (Unable to attend)
Nestle Foundation
Lausanne, Switzerland

SECRETARIAT

Barbara Burlingame
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

Graeme Clugston (Unable to attend)
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Mercedes de Onis
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Gina Kennedy
FAO-ESNA, Consultant
Rome, Italy

Prakash Shetty
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

Kraisid Tontisirin
FAO-ESND
Rome, Italy

Robert Weisell
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

MEMBERS OF WORKING GROUPS, 27 JUNE TO 5 JULY 2001, FAO HEADQUARTERS, ROME, ITALY

1. WORKING GROUP ON ENERGY (AND PROTEIN) REQUIREMENTS OF INFANTS AND PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Chairperson

Nancy Butte
USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center
Houston, United States

Members

Kathryn Dewey
University of California - Davis
Davis, United States

Erik Diaz
Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA)
Santiago, Chile

Mercedes de Onis
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland

Cutberto Garza
United Nations University
Ithaca, United States

Michael Goran
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, United States

Paul Pencharz
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Canada

Benjamin Torun
Instituto de Nutrición de Centro America y Panama (INCAP)
Guatemala City, Guatemala

2. WORKING GROUP ON ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

Chairperson

Joop Van Raaij
Agricultural University of Waginengen
Waginengen, Netherlands

Members

Lindsay Allen
University of California - Davis
Davis United States

Corazon Barba
Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
Metro Manila, Phillipines

Elisabet Forsum
University of Linkoping
Linkoping, Sweden

Andrew Prentice
Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre
Cambridge, United Kingdom

3. WORKING GROUP ON METHODOLOGY FOR ENERGY BALANCE AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Chairperson

Anna Ferro-Luzzi
Instituto Nazionale della Nutrizione
Rome, Italy

Members

Steve Heymsfield
St. Lukes Roosevelt Hospital
New York, United States

Prakash Shetty
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

Robert Weisell
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

Klaas Westerterp
Maastricht University
Maastricht, Netherlands

4. WORKING GROUP ON PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS

Chairperson

Denis Bier
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, United States

Members

Peter Furst
Universitat Hohenheim
Stuttgart, Germany

Peter Garlick
Health Sciences Center
Stony Brook, United States

Alan Jackson
University of Southampton
Southampton, United Kingdom

Anura Kurpad
St. John’s Medical College
Bangalore, India

Joe Millward
University of Surrey
Guildford, United Kingdom

Paul Pencharz
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Canada

Niels Raiha
Lund University
Malmo, Sweden

William Rand
Tufts University
Boston, United States

Peter Reeds (Unable to attend)
University of Illinois
Urbana, United States

Daniel Tomé (Observer)
Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon
Paris, France

Benjamin Torun
Instituto de Nutrición de Centro America y Panama (INCAP)
Guatemala City, Guatemala

Ricardo Uauy
Instituto de Nutrición Technologia de Alimentos (INTA)
Santiago, Chile

John Waterlow
15 Hillgate Street
London, United Kingdom

Vernon Young
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, United States

5. WORKING GROUP ON ANALYTICAL ISSUES IN FOOD ENERGY AND COMPOSITION. ENERGY IN FOOD LABELLING, INCLUDING REGULATORY AND TRADE ISSUES

Chairperson

Ghulam Sarwar Gilani
Health Canada
Ottowa, Canada

Members

Barbara Burlingame
FAO-ESNA
Rome, Italy

Malcolm Fuller
107 Quaker Path
Stony Brook, United States

Peter Jones
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

Geoff Livesey
Independent Nutrition Logic
Wymondham, United Kingdom

Paul Moughan
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand

Peter Pellett
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, United States

Daniel Tomé (Observer)
Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon
Paris, France

Annex 2: Authors and reviewers of papers for expert consultation working groups, meetings and follow-up

Energy Background Paper No. 1
Andrew Prentice
Macronutrients as sources of food energy
Reviewer: Jean Pierre Flatt

Energy Background Paper No. 2
Geoff Livesey
Analytical issues related to food energy and food composition, energy in food labeling - including regulatory and trade issues
Reviewers: Janis Baines, Janine Lewis, Penelope Warwick

Energy Background Paper No. 3
Anna Ferro-Luzzi
The conceptual framework for estimating food energy requirements
Reviewers: Paul Haggarty, Andreu Palou, Robert Weisell

Energy Background Paper No. 4
Nancy Butte
Energy requirements of infants
Reviewers: Peter Sauer, Jonathan Wells

Energy Background Paper No. 5
Benjamin Torun
Energy requirements of children and adolescents (with addendum)
Reviewers: Margaret Livingstone, Virginia Stallings

Energy Background Paper No. 6
Prakash Shetty
Energy requirements of adults
Reviewers: Michael Goran, Dale Schoeller, Yves Schutz

Energy Background Paper No. 7
7a: Joop van Raaij (Initial draft)
Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation
Reviewers: Nancy Butte, Janet King
7b: Nancy Butte and Janet King (Final version)
Reviewers: Kathryn Dewey, Elisabet Forsum

Energy Background Paper No. 8
Susan B. Roberts and Gerry E. Dallal
Energy requirements and ageing
Reviewers: Elisabet Rothenberg, Jane Wuu

Energy Background Paper No. 9
Marinos Elia
Insights into energy requirements in disease
Reviewers: Bruce Bistrian, Eileen Gibney

Energy Background Paper No. 10
Anura V. Kurpad, Sumithra Muthayya and Mario Vaz
Consequences of inadequate food energy and negative energy balance in adults
Reviewer: Nick Norgan

Energy Background Paper No. 11
Ricardo Uauy and Erik Diaz
Consequences of food energy excess and positive energy balance
Reviewers: William Dietz, James Hill

Energy Background Paper No. 12
Mario Vaz, Nadine Karaolis, Alizon Draper, Prakash Shetty
A compilation of energy costs of physical activities
Reviewers: Gerald Spurr, K. Satyanarayana, Angela Polito

Energy Background Paper No. 13
Jeya Henry
Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and application
Reviewers: Anna Ferro-Luzzi, Kevin Acheson, Philip James, George Bray

Energy Background Paper No. 14
Nick Norgan
Laboratory and field measures of body composition
Reviewers: Paul Deurenberg, Tim Lohman, Cameron Chumelea

Energy Background Paper No. 15
Ingrid Coles-Rutishauser
Laboratory and field measures of dietary intake
Reviewers: Elisabet Wirfaelt, Wija van Staveren

Energy Background Paper No. 16
James Levine
Measurement of energy expenditure
Reviewers: Anna Ferro-Luzzi, Klaas Westerterp, Eric Ravussin, Catherine Geissler

Opinion Paper No. 1
Michael Goran
Estimating energy requirements: regression based prediction equations or multiples of resting metabolic rate

Opinion Paper No. 2
Penelope Warwick & Janis Baines
Point of view: Energy factors for food labelling and other purposes should be derived in a consistent fashion for all food components

Opinion Paper No. 3
Cutberto Garza
Effect of infection on energy requirements of infants and children

POST-CONSULTATION SOLICITED DOCUMENTS

Document No. 1
Sally Grantham-McGregor and H. Heningham-Baker
Review of the evidence linking protein and energy to mental development

Document No. 2
Tim Cole and Jeya Henry
The Oxford Brookes BMR database-a reanalysis

Document No. 3
Manuel Ramirez-Zea
Validation of three predictive equations for basal metabolic rate

Document No. 4
Anna Ferro-Luzzi
A review of Tim Cole and Manuel Ramirez-Zea’s reports on BMR predictive equations

Annex 3: Update on predictive equations to estimate basal metabolic rate

The Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements, which met at FAO in Rome in 1981, concluded that - wherever possible - estimates of energy requirements should be based on measurements of energy expenditures rather than on energy intakes. It also decided that there would be many advantages in expressing the various components of total energy expenditure (TEE) as multiples of the basal metabolic rate (BMR). BMR is the most dominant component of TEE, and this is the primary reason for expressing the energy requirement (primarily BMR plus energy requirements for physical activity) as a multiple of the BMR. As a result, measurements of BMR and the methods to predict BMR have gained increased significance in estimating human energy requirements.

Dr J. Durnin of Glasgow University, the United Kingdom, made an extensive examination of the scientific literature and produced a background document for the 1981 expert consultation, which laid the foundations for the use of the BMR factorial approach to estimate TEE and energy requirements. It was noted that, while attempts had been made to carry out post hoc analysis of the existing data on BMRs in the past at the express request of FAO (Quenouille et al., 1951), subsequent FAO and FAO/WHO committees had not followed up on this approach of using BMR as the starting point to assess human energy requirements. On the recommendation of the 1981 expert consultation, it was decided to undertake a more comprehensive analysis of the available data on BMRs worldwide in order to generate predictive equations that could be used in the report. In a relatively short period following the 1981 expert consultation, FAO initiated a thorough research of the available literature for robust BMR data in order to construct a series of regression equations by sex and age groups. These equations and the related scientific papers appeared as a supplement of Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition (Volume 39C, Supplement 1, 1985). The new database contained 7 173 data points drawn from 114 published studies. Shortcomings in the data sets were duly noted, predominantly the over- or underprediction of BMR, and these were viewed primarily as the result of a lack of ethnic and geographical representation in the data.

The BMR predictive equations were used for the first time in the 1985 Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Report on Energy and Protein Requirements and have gained considerable popularity since then. They were also used by several national expert groups that deliberated on energy requirements. Since then, however, questions have frequently been raised in the literature about the adequacy and accuracy of these predictive equations for universal use. In the 1990s, based on the recommendations made at a workshop organized by the International Dietary Energy Consultative Group (IDECG)[6] in London (Scrimshaw, Waterlow and Schurch, 1996) and supported by FAO and the Nestle Foundation, Dr C.J.K. Henry (in collaboration with Dr Durnin) was commissioned to conduct a review of the literature of BMR data, in order to expand and refine the earlier database and to derive new equations based on selective criteria using more geographically representative data. This work resulted in the creation of a new database that has been referred to as the "Oxford database". It also resulted in an increased number of data points and included additional data from several developing countries. The findings of this review were presented at an IDECG meeting in December 1997 in Rome. The results were reviewed and found to be inconclusive in furthering the need to produce new, representative and internationally useable BMR predictive equations for future use.

In preparation for the 2001 Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Human Energy Requirements, Dr Henry prepared a background paper that constituted the final analysis of this complete data set, taking into account the feedback provided on his original findings. Concurrently, a subcommittee was formed to guide the expert consultation regarding the appropriateness of the methods used to measure BMR and its related issues. The final conclusion of the subcommittee was to conduct a more in-depth analysis of the Oxford database.

In December 2001, following the 2001 Joint Expert Consultation on Human Energy Requirements, FAO assigned Dr T. Cole the task of reanalysing both the earlier Schofield database and the more recent Oxford data sets on BMR. This analysis was expected to provide information on the influence of ethnicity on BMR, to reveal any possible methodological biases, and to help develop new BMR predictive equations that would replace the currently used international equations in the 1985 report, if their predictive performance was better. Dr Cole carried out an elegant and sophisticated analysis in two stages using the Oxford database consisting of 13 910 BMR data points. The thrust of the first analysis was to develop a single unified and seamless predictive equation that would apply to all ages, i.e. through the life cycle from infancy to old age. The expectation was that a seamless, continuous equation could eliminate the split of the predictive curves at the joining points of the various age groups. This analysis showed that cleaning the data sets by exclusion increased their inefficiency, and hence the inclusion of all data irrespective of the methodology used, the date of publication or the geographical region was the favoured approach. Two major factors that seemed to affect BMR were age and weight, with height having far less effect than weight. The inclusion of both weight and height in the model ensured that variations in body composition were adjusted for. Following a presentation of the first analysis of the data sets, Dr Cole was persuaded to carry out a supplementary analysis to develop predictive equations from subsets of the original database. These were meant to consider adults only, within normal ranges of body mass index (18.5 to 25.0) and were further separated to observe the effect of the time period when the data were collected (i.e. pre- and post- 1950), as well as the effect of excluding any data based on close circuit calorimetry. This analysis showed that all four models examined among adults produced very similar results, and comparison with the earlier predictive equations indicated the absence of any significant improvement from the equations generated for the 1985 report.

Following the reanalysis, Dr M. Ramirez-Zea was asked to validate the equations developed by Dr Cole and compare their predictive performance with that of other BMR predictive equations generally used. Dr Ramirez-Zea then researched the recent literature for additional data sets that had not been included in the 1980s and in the Oxford data sets, but that fulfilled the established criteria for selecting data for those databases, and then tested the various equations against these data. Following this process, a careful review of all findings to date was undertaken by Dr A. Ferro-Luzzi, who suggested that this lengthy post-consultation exercise may not result in providing the experts with a new set of BMR predictive equations to be presented in the report.

In conclusion, the enhanced precision and robustness of the earlier equations, many of them in the published literature since the 1985 report, and the seamlessness of the Cole equation proved to be inadequate to persuade the expert consultation to warrant discontinuing the use of the international equations presented in the1985 report and widely used since then. Thus, for the current energy report, the experts decided to follow the advice of the FAO Secretariat and continue to use the Schofield BMR predictive equations. However, it was agreed that it was necessary to pursue an aggressive review of all the work that had been done to see whether the BMR equation question could be resolved more satisfactorily, both as a follow-up and in preparation for the next energy review, which it is hoped will take place within the next five years. Additional details as to how this decision was reached, along with Dr Henry’s background document on this topic, Dr Cole’s analysis and the review by Drs Ramirez-Zea and Ferro-Luzzi, will be published alongside all the background documentation related to this expert consultation as a supplement to the Public Health Nutrition journal in 2005.

References

Quenouille, M.H., Boyne, A.W., Fisher, W.B. & Leitch, I. 1951. Statistical studies of recorded energy expenditure of man. Part I. Basal metabolism related to sex, stature, age, climate and race. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Nutrition Technical Communication No 17. Aberdeen, UK, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau.

Scrimshaw, S., Waterlow, J.C. & Schurch, B. (eds). 1996. Energy and protein requirements. Proceedings of an IDECG Workshop 31 October to 4 November 1994. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 50: S1-S197.

Annex 4: Software application for calculating populations’ energy requirements and food needs

This software application is an interactive program that allows the user great flexibility in customizing input parameters and population statistics. It is composed of a series of modules with the following functions:

The software allows users to base calculations on default data provided for countries and UN-defined regions, or to customize data for sub-country-level populations.

A. CONTENT OF THE CD-ROM: CALCULATING POPULATION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND FOOD NEEDS

B. CALCULATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS USED BY THE SOFTWARE APPLICATION

There are four options available for calculating energy requirements, as summarized in Annex Table 1.

ANNEX TABLE 1
Options in the energy requirement module

Default data, average daily energy requirements for populations

Customized data, average daily energy requirements for populations

Default data, daily energy requirements for special groups

Customized data, daily energy requirements for special groups

The default data option is chosen when the user wishes to calculate energy requirements for a UN-defined region or a country using default data provided with the application. The data provided include population structure by age and sex, crude birth rate and percent urban population for five-year periods from 2000 to 2025, as well as average body weight by age and sex. When choosing the default data option, a screen appears with the default data, any of which may be modified on screen if more recent information is available. This profile can be saved with a unique name and used again at a later date.

ANNEX TABLE 2
Summary of age-specific calculations of average energy requirements

Age group

Default body weighta

Additional energy allowances

Average daily energy requirementsb

Adjustments

Infants: 0-5.99 months

Reference weight-for-age by sex, 6-month average

Energy deposition in normal growth

TEE for breastfed infants + energy needed for growth

For calculation of the average per capita energy requirement for a country, the sum of average daily energy requirements across age groups does not include breastfed infants aged 0.0-5.9 months, whereas the additional allowance for breastmilk production is included for the adult age group of 18-29 years

Infants: 6-11.99 months

Reference weight-for-age by sex, 6 month average

Energy deposition in normal growth

TEE for mixed diet infants + energy needed for growth


Children: 1-4.99 years

Reference weight-for-age, 1year average

Energy deposition in normal growth

TEE + energy needed for growth

TEE is reduced by 7% for age 1.0-1.9 yearsc

Children: 5-17.99 years

Weight for given height corresponding to median reference BMI for age-sex

Energy deposition in normal growth

TEE + energy needed for growth


Adults: 18-29.99 years

Weight for given height corresponding to BMI of 22.0 (body weight is held constant across adult age groups)

Pregnancy: increase of 1.168 MJ per day averaged over entire pregnancy, or 0.870 MJ per day averaged over a year

Lactation: increase of 2.100 MJ per day averaged over 6 months after birth of child, or 1.050 MJ per day averaged over a year

BMR × PAL (location-specific PAL as determined by mix of rural and urban percent and physical activity, or fixed in case of minimum requirement)


Adults: 30-59.99 years

Weight for given height corresponding to BMI of 22.0


BMR × PAL (as above)


Adults: 60+ years

Weight for given height corresponding to BMI of 22.0


BMR × PAL (as above)


a Median weight-for-age (infants and children 1-4.99 years) and median weight-for-height from NCHS/WHO international reference population growth for infants and children (WHO, 1983) (Annex 1 of user’s manual). The given heights used to calculate average age-specific body weights come from the growth curves provided in the 1985 James and Schofield manual (James, W.P.T. & Schofield, E.C. 1990. Human energy requirements. A manual for planners and nutritionists. Oxford, UK, Oxford Medical Publications under arrangement with FAO).
b Equations for TEE and BMR used in the calculations are given in Annex 3 of the user’s manual.
c For age 1.0-1.9 years, the predicted values of TEE were about 7% higher than actual TEE measurements, so in the current program the TEE for the year 1.0-1.9 is adjusted down by 7% to account for the discrepancy (see Chapter 4 of this report).The customized data option allows the user to supply data for a subnational area for which default data are not available, or for a country for which more recent information is available, using a template provided by the application. This profile can be saved with a unique name and used again at a later date.

The average daily energy requirements for populations option calculates energy requirements for healthy populations with a full range of physical activity lifestyles among adults and a mix of urban and rural residence. This option is indicated for food and nutrition planning under normal conditions. Average requirements may be calculated for both default and customized data. The user will be asked to make an educated guess of the PAL based on lifestyle patterns of urban and rural populations in order to calculate the location-specific PAL.

The daily energy requirements for special groups option calculates energy requirements for groups of people with more homogeneous activity lifestyles and residence (i.e. either urban or rural) using a fixed PAL value. Examples of special groups include settlements for refugees or internally displaced persons. This option is indicated for users who have a good knowledge of appropriate PAL values and who are concerned with food planning for special groups, such as rations for emergency use.

Annex Table 2 summarizes the protocols used by the software application to calculate age-specific average daily energy requirements.

C. PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS

The energy requirement results are presented in two forms. First, per capita requirements for specific age and sex groups and the entire population are calculated, i.e. the average daily energy requirement for an average person of that group. Per capita requirements are then converted to population daily energy needs, i.e. the total number of joules or kilocalories needed to meet the daily energy needs of everyone in that group or in the population as a whole.

Food quantities corresponding to the percentages of the national food supply accounted for by six commodities that meet the population energy needs are reported in metric tonnes (1 000 kg) on a daily, monthly, semi-annual or annual basis for the population under consideration.

Annex 5: Energy costs of activities

ACTIVITY

MALES

FEMALES


Average
PAR

PAR
Range

Average
PAR

PAR
Range

General personal activities





Sleepinga

1.0


1.0


Lyinga

1.2


1.2


Sitting quietlya

1.2


1.2


Standinga

1.4


1.5


Dressing

2.4

1.6-3.3

3.3


Washing hands/face and hair

2.3




Plaiting hair



1.8


Eating and drinking

1.4


1.6


Means of transport





Walking around/strolling

2.1

2.0-2.2

2.5

2.1-2.9

Walking slowly

2.8

2.6-3.0

3.0


Walking quickly

3.8




Walking uphill

7.1

5.5-8.6

5.4

4.8-6.1

Walking downhill

3.5

3.1-4.0

3.2


Climbing stairs

5.0




Sitting on a bus/train

1.2




Cycling

5.6

3.8-8.6

3.6


Cycling on a dirt road

7.0

5.0-9.0



Driving a motor cycle

2.7

2.4-3.0



Driving a car/truck

2.0




Paddling a canoe

3.0




Pulling a rickshaw (one person/no load)

5.3

4.0-6.6



Pulling a rickshaw (2 persons)

7.2

6.7-7.8



Horseback riding (slow)

3.6




Horseback riding (trotting)

5.2

4.8-5.5



Activities involving weight bearing





Walking with 15-20 kg load



3.5

3.4-3.5

Walking with 25-30 kg load



3.9

3.8-4.1

Carrying 20-30 kg load on head

3.5

2.4-4.2



Carrying 35-60 kg load on head

5.8

5.0-7.0



Carrying 27 kg load with shoulder straps - varying gradients

5.0

2.3-7.7



Carrying 27 kg load with forehead strap - varying gradients

5.32

2.4-8.0



Loading 9 kg sack on to a truck

5.78




Loading 16 kg sack on to a truck

9.65




Pulling hand cart - unloaded

4.82




Pulling hand cart with 185-370 kg load

8.3

7.0-9.6



Domestic chores





Cooking/preparing food





Collecting wood (for fuel)

3.3




Collecting water (from well)



4.5


Chopping wood (for fuel)

4.2

2.3-6.5



Kneading dough



3.4


Making tortillas



2.4


Peeling vegetables

1.9

1.3-2.4

1.5


Pounding grain



5.6

5.0-6.3

Shopping



4.6


Squeezing coconut



2.4


Washing dishes



1.7

1.6-1.9

Child care





Child care (unspecified)



2.5


Bathing child (standing)



3.5


Carrying child



1.9


House cleaning





Housework (unspecified)



2.8

2.5-3.0

Beating mats/carpets



6.2

5.1-7.4

Bed making (tropical climate)



3.4


Bed making (cold climate)



4.9

4.6-5.1

Mopping/washing floor



4.4

3.4-6.5

Polishing floor



4.4


Sweeping



2.3

2.0-2.5

Vacuuming



3.9


Window cleaning

3.0

2.8-3.3



Laundry





Washing clothes (sitting/squatting)



2.8

2.6-3.0

Hanging washing out to dry



4.4

4.3-4.6

Ironing clothes

3.5


1.7


Sewing/knitting

1.6


1.5

1.3-1.8

Care of the yard/garden





Cleaning/sweeping yard

3.7

2.9-4.5

3.6


Weeding garden

3.3

2.4-5.1

2.9

2.7-3.6

Shovelling snow from driveway

7.9




Agricultural activities





General activities





Digging

5.6


5.7


Driving a tractor

2.1

1.9-2.3



Fertilizing (spreading manure)

5.2

4.9-5.4



Gleaning



4.5


Grinding grain using a mill stone



4.6


Hoeing

4.2

3.6-4.6

5.3

4.7-6.5

Loading sacks on to a truck

6.6




Ploughing with horse

4.8




Ploughing with tractor

3.4




Ploughing with buffalo



3.6


Spraying crops

4.3




Weeding

4.0

2.6-4.7

3.7

3.7-3.8

Cocoa crop





Collecting cocoa



2.9


Pruning

2.4




Splitting cocoa



2.0


Activities for coconut crop





Collecting (climbing trees)

4.2




Husking

5.6




Bagging and splitting

3.9




Fruit crops (apple, orange)





Picking (with pole)



3.8


Picking by hand

3.4




Pruning trees

3.6




Groundnut crop





Harvesting

4.7




Planting

3.1




Shelling

1.6




Sorting

1.9




Weeding

3.2




Maize crop





Harvesting

5.1




Planting

4.1




Rice crop





Bundling rice

3.7


3.0


Fertilizing

3.1




Harvesting

3.5

2.4-4.2

3.8

3.5-4.4

Planting

3.7

3.5-4.0

3.6

2.6-4.7

Spraying

5.2




Threshing

5.4

4.6-5.0

5.1

4.8-5.4

Transplanting seedlings

3.3

3.1-3.4

3.7

3.5-4.0

Winnowing

2.9

2.3-3.6

2.7

2.5-2.9

Sugar cane crop





Cutting

7.0

6.6-7.9



Loading on to wagon

5.6




Tying cane

3.0




Tuber crops





Harvesting

4.4

3.5-5.7

3.0

2.8-3.4

Planting

5.0


3.9

3.6-5.0

Sorting (kneeling)

2.2

1.6-2.7



Animal husbandry





Carrying straw

3.1




Cleaning equipment

4.0




Cutting straw

5.0




Feeding animals

3.6




Grooming horses

5.5

3.8-7.1



Milking by hand

3.6

3.1-4.1



Milking by machine

3.2




Tending animals (feeding, watering, cleaning stable)

4.6




Hunting/fishing





Crabbing



4.51


Fishing with a lineb

1.9




Fishing with a spear

2.3




Fishing with hands



3.94


Hunting (bats, birds, pigs) b

3.2




Occupational categories





Bakery work



2.5


Brewery work



2.9


Brickmaker





Earth cutting

5.6

5.5-5.7



Making mud bricks (squatting)

3.0




Builder





Carrying wood

6.6




Cement mixing with shovel

5.3




Chipping cement walls

3.3




Chiselling

5.0




Nailing

3.0




Planing softwood

5.7

4.4-7.1



Planing hardwood

8.0




Roofing

2.9




Sandpapering

2.9




Sawing softwood

5.3

5.0-5.6



Sawing hardwood

6.6




Painting

3.6




Firefighter





Dragging fire hose

9.8




Climbing steps with full gear

12.2




Flight attendant (serving food, beverages and galley work) b

3.0


3.1


Forester





Tree cutting

6.9

5.4-8.0



Sawing

5.7




Planting trees

4.1




Nursery work

3.6




Military training





Digging trenches

6.4

4.6-7.9



Drill

4.5

4.1-4.8



March (slow)

3.18




March 2-4 m/h (3.2-6.4 km/h) with 27 kg loadb

4.9




Obstacle course

5.7

5.0-6.3



Miner





Drilling with jackhammer

3.9




Loading operations

3.2




Shovelling

4.6




Office worker





Filing

1.3


1.5


Reading

1.3


1.5


Sitting at deska

1.3




Standing/moving arounda

1.6




Typing

1.8


1.8


Writing

1.4


1.4


Postal worker





Climbing stairs

8.9

7.7-10.7



Sorting parcels (habitual)

5.4




Shoemaker

2.6


2.2


Tailorb

2.5




Textile factory worker (average of spinning, weaving, dyeing) b

3.1


2.2


Sports activities





Aerobic dancing - low-intensity

3.51


4.24


Aerobic dancing - high-intensity

7.93


8.31


Basketball

6.95


7.74


Batting

4.85




Bowling

4.21




Callisthenics

5.44




Circuit training

6.96


6.29


Football

8.0

7.5-8.5



Golf

4.38




Rowing

6.7


5.34


Running - long distanceb

6.34


6.55


Running - sprinting

8.21


8.28


Sailing

1.42


1.54


Swimming

9

8.5-9.4



Tennis

5.8


5.92


Volleyball

6.06


6.06


Miscellaneous recreational activities





Dancing

5.0


5.09


Listening to radio/musicb

1.57

1.45-1.9

1.43


Painting

1.25


1.27


Playing cards/board gamesb

1.5

1.4-1.8

1.75


Playing the drums

3.71




Playing the piano

2.25




Playing the trumpet

1.77




Reading

1.22


1.25


Watching TV

1.64


1.72


Notes: This annex has been compiled from the background document provided to the expert consultation by M. Vaz et al. and also from the values referred in WHO. 1985. Energy and protein requirements: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva.
The average PAR is the average PAR reported from multiple studies, when such data exist. PAR range refers to the minimum and maximum PAR reported across studies for a particular activity.
a These entries come from the WHO, 1985 report.
b These activities are averages of two or more categories.


[6] Created in 1986, IDECG studies the effects of varying levels of dietary energy intake on the health and welfare of individuals and societies. Its objectives include the compilation and interpretation of relevant research data on functional and other consequences of deficiency, change or excess of dietary energy; the identification and promotion of related research needs and priorities; the publication of scientific and policy statements and other information on the significance of chronic deficiencies and excesses of dietary energy; and the identification and promotion of appropriate and practical means of corrective action.

Previous Page Top of Page Next Page