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ANNEX 1
Loggerhead distribution maps, nesting areas, habitats and migration
Figure 1. General migratory paths for marine turtles in the Atlantic Ocean
Figure 2. Main loggerhead nesting areas (Source: Margaritoulis et al., 2003)
Figure 3. Loggerhead pelagic and demersal habitats in the
Mediterranean
(Source: Margaritoulis et al., 2003)
Figure 4. Recoveries of immature loggerheads tagged in
Italy
(Source: Margaritoulis et al., 2003)
Figure 5. Recoveries of loggerhead inside and outside the
Mediterranean
(Source: Margaritoulis et al., 2003)
Figure 6. Loggerhead migratory model in the western
Mediterranean and contiguous Atlantic waters
(Source: Camiñas and De
la Serna, 1995)
ANNEX 2
Loggerhead biological parameters in the Mediterranean
population
(from Margaritoulis et al., 2003)
Table 1. Annual nesting effort in Cyprus (derived from monitoring projects)
|
Nesting area |
Number of seasons |
Number of nests/season |
||
|
Average |
Min |
Max |
||
|
Akrotiri/Episkopi |
6 |
22.7 |
10 |
32 |
|
Chrysochou Bay |
5 |
119.8 |
109 |
152 |
|
Northern beaches |
7 |
372.0 |
245 |
519 |
|
Western beaches |
7 |
57.1 |
40 |
72 |
|
TOTAL |
|
571.6 |
404 |
775 |
Table 2. Annual nesting effort in Greece (mostly derived from monitoring projects)
|
Nesting area |
Number of seasons |
Number of nests/season |
|||
|
Average |
Min |
Max |
|||
|
“Major” areas |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Kyparissia Bay, Peloponnisos |
16 |
580.7 |
286 |
927 |
|
Bay of Chania, Crete |
6 |
114.9 |
77 |
192 |
|
| |
Lakonikos Bay, Peloponnisos |
7 |
191.9 |
107 |
239 |
| |
Rethymno, Crete |
8 |
387.3 |
315 |
516 |
| |
Zakynthos (Bay of Laganas) |
16 |
1286.0 |
857 |
2018 |
|
“Moderate nesting” areas |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Beaches adjacent to Kyparissia |
2 |
64.0 |
60 |
68 |
|
Bay of Messara, Crete |
8 |
53.5 |
15 |
80 |
|
|
Ipirus coasta |
1 |
40.0 |
40 |
40 |
|
| |
Kefallonia (Mounda beach) |
6 |
28.8 |
17 |
45 |
| |
Kerkyraa |
1 |
20.0 |
20 |
20 |
| |
Koroni |
5 |
55.0 |
35 |
66 |
| |
Kosa |
1 |
60.0 |
60 |
60 |
| |
Kotychi |
3 |
50.3 |
32 |
80 |
| |
Lefkasa |
1 |
50.0 |
50 |
50 |
| |
Rhodes |
5 |
10.6 |
4 |
21 |
| |
Romanos |
3 |
22.3 |
17 |
30 |
| |
Southeast Peloponnisos (including Kythira)a |
1 |
20.0 |
20 |
20 |
|
TOTAL |
|
3035.3 |
2012 |
4472 |
|
a Estimation after a number of surveys in one season.
Table 3. Annual nesting effort in Turkey (derived from monitoring projects)
|
Nesting area |
Number of seasons |
Number of nests/season |
||
|
Average |
Min |
Max |
||
|
Akyatan |
4 |
15.3 |
|
1 |
|
Anamur |
2 |
191.0 |
|
187 |
|
Belek |
3 |
129.7 |
|
68 |
|
Cirali (Olympos) |
1 |
34.0 |
|
34 |
|
Dalaman |
1 |
73.0 |
|
73 |
|
Dalyan |
9 |
165.0 |
|
52 |
|
Demirtas |
1 |
98.0 |
|
98 |
|
Fethiye |
7 |
124.1 |
|
88 |
|
Gazipasa |
1 |
110.0 |
|
110 |
|
Göksu delta |
5 |
64.6 |
|
36 |
|
Kale |
1 |
39.0 |
|
39 |
|
Kizilot |
4 |
107.2 |
|
50 |
|
Kumluca |
2 |
162.5 |
|
75 |
|
Patara |
6 |
52.5 |
|
33 |
|
TOTAL |
|
1365.9 |
|
944 |
Table 4. Overall nesting effort in the Mediterranean (derived from monitoring projects)
|
Country |
Number of nests/season |
Source |
||
|
Average |
Min |
Max |
||
|
Cyprus |
571.6 |
404 |
775 |
Table 1 |
|
Greece |
3035.3 |
2012 |
4472 |
Table 2 |
|
Israela |
32.7 |
10 |
52 |
c |
|
Tunisia (Kuriat islands)b |
10.2 |
5 |
15 |
d |
|
Turkey |
1365.9 |
944 |
1771 |
Table 3 |
|
TOTAL |
5015.7 |
3375 |
7085 |
|
a Data over seven seasons.
b Data over four seasons.
c Kuller 1999; Z. Kuller, personal communication.
d Bradai 1996.
Table 5. Carapace measurements of nesting females (in cm)a
|
Country, area |
Number of seasons |
Range of means |
Range of individual values |
Range of sample size |
|
Straight length |
|
|
|
|
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
5 |
76.8-80.1 |
63.5-87.0 |
11-15 |
|
Greece, Kyparissia Bay |
3 |
78.6-79.1 |
66.0-95.0 |
13-97 |
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
3 |
78.3-79.2 |
68.5-90.0 |
195-343 |
|
Libya |
1 |
78.7 |
62.3-83.2 |
9 |
|
Turkey, Dalyan |
1 |
73.1 |
60.2-83.9 |
49 |
|
Turkey, Fethiye |
1 |
73.2 |
66.0-87.5 |
22 |
|
Turkeyb |
1 |
72.0 |
58.0-87.0 |
58 |
|
Straight width |
|
|
|
|
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
5 |
57.1-59.2 |
45.0-77.0 |
11-15 |
|
Greece, Kyparissia Bay |
3 |
59.1-59.4 |
46.0-72.0 |
12-99 |
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
3 |
58.6-59.3 |
49.0-68.5 |
194-343 |
|
Turkey, Dalyan |
1 |
53.5 |
46.8-62.3 |
49 |
|
Turkey, Fethiye |
1 |
54.4 |
47.5-65.5 |
22 |
|
Turkeyb |
1 |
52.0 |
43.0-67.0 |
58 |
|
Curved length |
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus, Alagadi |
8 |
71.1-77.9 |
64.5-90.0 |
6-39 |
|
Cyprus, western beaches |
20 |
66.5-79.8 |
60.0-90.0 |
2-11 |
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
5 |
81.6-84.7 |
71.9-93.0 |
11-15 |
|
Greece, Kyparissia Bay |
3 |
83.1-83.8 |
70.0-99.0 |
28-101 |
|
Greece, Lakonikos Bay |
2 |
84.1-84.6 |
78.0-92.0 |
11-12 |
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
4 |
82.7-83.8 |
70.0-96.5 |
146-345 |
|
Libya |
1 |
78.0 |
71.0-86.3 |
11 |
|
Tunisia |
1 |
79.7 |
73.0-85.0 |
3 |
|
Turkey, Fethiye |
1 |
77.3 |
68.0-91.0 |
27 |
|
Turkeyb |
1 |
76.0 |
63.0-91.0 |
58 |
|
Curved width |
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus, Alagadi |
8 |
63.8-68.2 |
54.5-82.0 |
6-39 |
|
Cyprus, western beaches |
20 |
50.0-69.8 |
50.0-77.0 |
2-11 |
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
5 |
71.3-76.2 |
52.0-79.0 |
11-15 |
|
Greece, Kyparissia Bay |
3 |
73.9-75.2 |
57.0-88.0 |
27-102 |
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
4 |
73.5-74.6 |
60.0-87.0 |
35-345 |
|
Turkey, Fethiye |
1 |
69.2 |
61.0-79.0 |
27 |
|
Turkeyb |
1 |
68.0 |
50.0-79.0 |
58 |
a Lengths measured from notch to tip and widths at the widest point.
b Anamur, Fethiye, Göksu, Kale, Kizilot, Kumluca.
Table 6. Mass and diameter of eggs
|
Country, area |
Number of seasons |
Range of means |
Range of individual values |
Range of sample size |
|
|
Mass (g) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus, western beaches |
2 |
26.9-31.9 |
22.8-36.5 |
13-30 |
|
Cyprus, Alagadi |
1 |
32.4 |
26.4-38.6 |
12 |
|
|
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
1 |
29.8 |
23.0-35.4 |
45 |
|
|
Turkey, Dalyan |
1 |
27.5 |
15.9-36.5 |
173 |
|
Diameter (mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus, western beaches |
2 |
38.0-38.6 |
34.9-40.2 |
13-26 |
|
Cyprus, Alagadi |
1 |
37.4 |
32.9-39.6 |
12 |
|
|
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
5 |
36.1-38.9 |
27.0-42.6 |
12-30 |
|
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
1 |
36.7 |
33.0-41.9 |
45 |
|
|
Turkey, Akyatan |
1 |
34.5 |
31-37 |
15 |
|
|
Turkey, Dalyan |
1 |
37.0 |
33.0-41.0 |
65 |
|
|
Turkeya |
1 |
40.4-42.1b |
37.0-45.0 |
20 |
a Cirali, Gazipasa, Kumluca.
b Range of means per beach.
Table 7. Renesting interval (in days) calculated from subsequently observed nestings of same individuals
|
Country, area |
Number of seasons |
Range of means |
Range of individual values |
Range of sample size |
|
Cyprus, Alagadi |
7 |
12.7-13.7 |
10-18 |
7-34 |
|
Greece, Kefallonia |
4 |
15.8-17.0 |
13-20 |
9-20 |
|
Greece, Kyparissia Bay |
2 |
15.2-19.3 |
12-24 |
6-14 |
|
Greece, Rethymno |
1 |
13.6 |
12-18 |
17 |
|
Greece, Zakynthos |
9 |
14.6-19.9 |
11-28 |
14-181 |
|
Turkey, Fethiye |
1 |
16.2 |
12-34 |
6 |
ANNEX 3
Green turtle distribution maps, nesting areas, habitats and migration
Figure 1. Major green turtle nesting areas in Turkey (Source: Kasparek, 2003)
Figure 2. The tracks of green turtles migrating away from Cyprus at the end of the nesting season in a) 1998 (n = 3; turtles A-C) and b) 1999 (n = 3; turtles D-F). For the tracks of individual F, the end of the initial route is denoted by x with the subsequent part of the line being that necessary to complete the route based upon fixes obtained after 21 days with no fixes (Source: Godley et al., 2002)
Table 1. Mediterranean green turtle movements to foraging areas
|
Location |
Individual |
||||||||||||
| |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
|||||||
|
Cyprus |
Duration (h) |
37.0 |
(18.8) |
95.0 |
(16.1) |
82.9 |
(14.0) |
59.1 |
(5.9) |
91.0 |
(16.8) |
95.7 |
(9.1) |
|
Distance (km) |
21.8 |
(6.8) |
141.1 |
(11.2) |
154.0 |
(12.2) |
149.5 |
(6.8) |
120.8 |
(11.9) |
181.9 |
(8.6) |
|
|
Spend (km h-1) |
0.6 |
|
1.5 |
|
1.8 |
|
2.5 |
|
1.3 |
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
Open sea |
Duration (h) |
60.1 |
(30.6) |
203.5 |
(34.4) |
173.0 |
(29.3) |
244.8 |
(24.5) |
212.1 |
(39.1) |
179.7 |
(17.1) |
|
Distance (km) |
162.9 |
(50.5) |
651.3 |
(51.5) |
530.6 |
(42.2) |
802.5 |
(36.5) |
464.1 |
(45.8) |
448.9 |
(21.1) |
|
|
Speed (km h-1) |
2.7 |
|
3.2 |
|
3.1 |
|
3.3 |
|
2.2 |
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
Straightness index |
0.99 |
|
0.94 |
|
0.977384 |
|
0.75 |
|
0.89 |
|
0.97 |
|
|
|
Coastal |
Duration (h) |
99.5 |
(50.6) |
292.6 |
(49.5) |
334.3 |
(56.6) |
694.0 |
(69.5) |
239.7 |
(44.2) |
776.2 |
(73.8) |
|
Distance (km) |
137.9 |
(42.7) |
471.5 |
(37.3) |
572.9 |
(45.6) |
1247.6 |
(56.7) |
428.1 |
(42.3) |
1494.7 |
(70.3) |
|
|
Speed (km h-1) |
1.4 |
|
1.6 |
|
1.7 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.8 |
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
Overall |
Duration (h) |
196.6 |
|
591.1 |
|
590.2 |
|
997.9 |
|
542.8 |
|
1051.6 |
|
|
Distance (km) |
322.6 |
|
1263.9 |
|
1257.5 |
|
2199.6 |
|
1013.0 |
|
2125.5 |
|
|
|
Speed (km h-1) |
1.6 |
|
2.1 |
|
2.1 |
|
2.2 |
|
1.9 |
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
Minimum distance km |
|
274.0 |
|
1035.6 |
|
1019.7 |
|
1704.0 |
|
692.0 |
|
1730.9 |
|
|
Distance (% increase) |
|
17.7 |
|
22.0 |
|
23.3 |
|
29.1 |
|
46.4 |
|
22.8 |
|
Source: Godley et al., 2002
NOTE: Summary statistics of movements to foraging areas. For each individual (A-F) summary statistics - duration (h), minimum distance (km) and resultant average speed (km/h-1) - are given for each of the three stages of movement: through Cyprus coastal waters, across the open sea and during subsequent coastal travelling. Numbers in parentheses are the proportion of time and distance constituted by each stage. In addition, the total duration, distance and overall speed for travel is given, as well as the minimum distance that the journey would have been should the open-ocean crossing have been direct from Cyprus to the endpoint. The resultant increase in distance (percent) over the minimum feasible bee-line route as a result of the coastal phase is given.
ANNEX 4
Nesting parameters of the Mediterranean green turtle population
Table 1. Mean number of green turtle nests per season
|
Nesting site |
Mean no. of nests/season (range) |
No. of years surveyed |
Mean no. of nesting females/year (range) |
|
|
Cyprus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
North |
297 (135-461) |
8 |
96-102 (44-159) |
|
|
South |
75* (73-78) |
|
25 (25-25) |
|
Israel |
5 (0-13) |
8 |
1-2 (0-5) |
|
|
Turkey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Akyatan |
429 (179-735) |
5 |
138-148 (58-253) |
|
|
Göksu |
12 (3-20) |
4 |
3-4 (0-7) |
|
|
Kazanli |
265 (128-216) |
3 |
53-57 (41-74) |
|
|
Samandag |
64 (21-126) |
3 |
20-22 (7-43) |
|
Total |
1047 (539-1622) |
|
339-360 (175-567) |
|
* Nesting data is not available for southern Cyprus; this figure is based on an estimate of 25 nesting females (Demetropoulos and Hadjichristophorou, 1989)
Source: Broderick et al., 2002
Table 2. Mediterranean green turtle nesting population in Turkey and Cyprus
|
Country |
Beach region |
Mean nests p.a. |
Nesting females p.a |
Recent hatchings success |
Protective status |
|
Turkey |
Kazanli |
109 |
30 |
Low |
None |
|
Akyatan |
297 |
85 |
Very low |
Good but... |
|
|
Samandag |
64 |
18 |
Low |
None |
|
|
Cyprus |
S. Karpas |
64 |
18 |
High |
None |
|
N. Karpas |
104 |
30 |
High |
None |
|
|
Alagadi |
68 |
15 |
High |
(SPA) |
|
|
W. Coast |
55 |
16 |
High |
None |
|
|
Akamas |
75 |
21 |
(High) |
Threatened |
All other remaining “populations”are extremely small, i.e., Turkey: Belek, Göksu Delta; Lebanon: Palm Island, Tyre, Mansouri (further quantitative field survey is required); Israel: Hadera/Netanya, Ashgelon
Source: Corbett and Kasparek, 2003
