In this chapter the harvested area, estimated average yields and estimated use of N, P2O5 and K2O are given for selected crops in Malaysia.
The average yields were estimated from the crop area equivalent (CAE), harvested area and production data. In each case, the production data in kg or tonnes was divided by the total area harvested (hectares) to obtain the average yield. The CAE represents the total area harvested in the year from crops that have more than one cropping season a year.
Fertilizer use on each crop was estimated from recommended fertilizer rates, the expected yields and actual yields per hectare. According to these calculations, the estimated fertilizer nutrient consumption for each of the groups of crops is as follows (Table 6).
According to these figures, on average in 2000 and 2001, the industrial crops accounted for 96 percent of total nutrient use, fruit crops for 3 percent, vegetable crops for 0.3 percent, cash crops and spices for the remainder. Paddy is included in the group of industrial crops. The estimated total nutrient consumption on paddy amounted to 63 500 tonnes nutrient in 2000/01, i.e. 5.6 percent of the total of industrial crops, 5.4 percent of all crops.
In some cases, data were unavailable and their unavailability is indicated by a hyphen in the tables. In the tables, 1997/99 and 2000/02 indicate the three year averages.
TABLE 6
Fertilizer nutrient consumption by crop groups
('000 tonnes)
|
N |
P2O5 |
K2O |
||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Industrial |
319 |
331 |
334 |
333 |
348 |
348 |
468 |
481 |
478 |
Fruit |
11 |
11 |
14 |
11 |
11 |
14 |
14 |
14 |
18 |
Vegetables |
1.2 |
1 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
Cash crops |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
Spices |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
1.7 |
Total |
333 |
345 |
351 |
346 |
361 |
364 |
486 |
498 |
500 |
The industrial crops of Malaysia include rubber, coconut, oil-palm, cocoa, coffee, paddy, sugar cane, tea and tobacco. In 2001, these crops occupied 5.9 million ha (93.6 percent) of the total cultivated area.
Tables 7 to 12 show the harvested area and estimated average yields for the period 1997 to 2002 for rubber, oil-palm, paddy, coconut, cocoa and tobacco respectively, for the various states in Malaysia. The national average yields of the aforementioned crops in 2001 were 963, 19 140 (FFB), 3 110, 149, 996 and 4 665 kg/ha respectively.
The years selected for the tables are 1997, 2000 and 2001 (or 2001 and 2002 if available) for each of the six crops. Tables 7 to 12 show the harvested areas and average yields, by state, for each crop. Tables 13 to 18 show the calculated use of N, P2O5 and K2O on each crop. A summary table (Table 19) for the selected industrial crops shows that oil-palm is by far the largest consumer of fertilizer and that this consumption has been increasing. Fertilizer use on rubber has been declining. This is due mostly to the expansion of the cultivated areas of oil-palm and a reduction in the areas planted to rubber. The total N, P2O5 and K2O consumption in 2001 for this group of crops was 334 000 tonnes, 348 000 tonnes and 480 000 tonnes, respectively. Paddy was the second largest fertilizer consumer among this group of crops, but with only 6 percent of the consumption of oil-palm.
TABLE 7
Rubber: harvested area and average yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average yield (kg/ha)a |
||||
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
24.8 |
14.8 |
12.9 |
1 206 |
881 |
881 |
Kedah and Perlis |
42.3 |
24.6 |
22.2 |
1 083 |
971 |
971 |
Kelantan |
15.4 |
9.7 |
8.6 |
876 |
872 |
872 |
Melaka |
10.0 |
5.6 |
3.9 |
1 114 |
693 |
693 |
Negeri Sembilan |
34.6 |
17.7 |
14.1 |
1 142 |
1 167 |
1 167 |
Pahang |
28.5 |
12.8 |
12.3 |
993 |
1 035 |
1 035 |
Perak |
26.0 |
8.7 |
7.0 |
1 182 |
1 221 |
1 221 |
Pulau Pinang |
0.3 |
- |
- |
739 |
- |
- |
Selangor |
11.6 |
6.6 |
5.0 |
960 |
723 |
723 |
Terengganu |
1.9 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
810 |
971 |
971 |
West Malaysia |
195.4 |
100.6 |
86.1 |
1 034 |
960 |
982 |
Sabah and |
5.3 |
1.9 |
1.0 |
771 |
448 |
448 |
Sarawak |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Malaysia |
200.7 |
102.5 |
87.1 |
1 076 |
963 |
976 |
a.For estates only.
Source: Various Rubber Statistics Handbooks, Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2002 and 2003.
TABLE 8
Oil-palm: harvested area and average FFB
yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average FFB yield (t/ha)a |
||||
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
587.0 |
636.8 |
664.1 |
19.72 |
19.17 |
17.88 |
Kedah |
41.6 |
63.8 |
66.1 |
18.25 |
18.53 |
15.1 |
Kelantan |
72.8 |
77.2 |
75.8 |
13.58 |
15.22 |
14.87 |
Melaka |
35.6 |
41.9 |
45.3 |
22.62 |
24.89 |
20.54 |
Negeri Sembilan |
105.3 |
134.4 |
130.5 |
20.59 |
20.89 |
17.38 |
Pahang |
540.1 |
532.5 |
584.5 |
18.28 |
19.09 |
16.87 |
Perak |
276.0 |
309.1 |
313.1 |
22.15 |
21.55 |
20.79 |
Pulau Pinang |
14.9 |
14.8 |
13.7 |
19.08 |
19.85 |
15.93 |
Selangor |
139.7 |
130.4 |
137.8 |
19.85 |
19.79 |
18.65 |
Terengganu |
143.6 |
155.9 |
156.2 |
14.53 |
13.86 |
13.27 |
West Malaysia |
1 956.6 |
2 096.8 |
2 187.1 |
19.07 |
19.17 |
17.45 |
Sabah |
758.6 |
1 027.3 |
1 069.0 |
20.09 |
21.04 |
20.57 |
Sarawak |
175.1 |
374.8 |
414.3 |
15.05 |
12.37 |
12.65 |
Total Malaysia |
2 890.3 |
3 498.9 |
3 670.4 |
19.10 |
19.14 |
17.97 |
a. For estates only.
FFB = Fresh Fruit Bunch
Source: Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 1998-2003.
TABLE 9
Coconut: harvested area and average
yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average yield (kg/ha)c |
||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia a |
120.3 |
109.6 |
131.6 |
198.73 |
149.66 |
240.2 |
Sabah b |
49.3 |
23.4 |
21.8 |
- |
15.43 |
- |
Sarawak a |
25.6 |
25.6 |
25.5 |
392.45 |
340.14 |
198.9 |
Total Malaysia |
195.2 |
158.6 |
178.6 |
173.95 |
160.58 |
149.23 |
a Estates yield;
b Smallholdings yield;
c Copra (dried).
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Sarawak, 2001; Various Yearbooks of Statistics, Malaysia and Sabah; Department of Agriculture Malaysia, 2003.
TABLE 10
Paddy: harvested area and average
yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average yield (kg/ha) |
||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
1.4 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2 970 |
3 013 |
3 347 |
Kedah |
211.9 |
208.0 |
209.9 |
3 636 |
3 647 |
3 765 |
Kelantan |
80.7 |
75.0 |
67.2 |
3 207 |
3 358 |
2 598 |
Melaka |
1.1 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2 112 |
3 113 |
2 810 |
Negeri Sembilan |
0.6 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
3 050 |
3 180 |
4 370 |
Pahang |
3.6 |
6.8 |
7.2 |
2 234 |
3 047 |
3 317 |
Perak |
82.1 |
82.4 |
82.9 |
3 374 |
3 036 |
3 425 |
Perlis |
46.9 |
51.4 |
51.3 |
3 646 |
3 631 |
3 965 |
Pulau Pinang |
28.4 |
28.6 |
25.3 |
3 769 |
3 641 |
4 308 |
Selangor |
36.9 |
37.9 |
38.0 |
4 615 |
4 667 |
4 760 |
Terengganu |
20.9 |
22.4 |
20.4 |
3 145 |
3 591 |
3 079 |
West Malaysia |
514.5 |
518.9 |
509.0 |
3 569 |
3 564 |
3 613 |
Sabah |
49.8 |
48.9 |
42.7 |
2 898 |
3 171 |
3 213 |
Sarawak |
126.5 |
130.9 |
127.1 |
1 145 |
1 043 |
1 640 |
Total Malaysia |
690.8 |
698.7 |
678.8 |
3 068 |
3 064 |
2 822 |
Source: Department of Agriculture, Malaysia, 1998-2002.
TABLE 11
Cocoa: harvested area and average
yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average yield (kg/ha) |
||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia |
39.9 |
15.1 |
10.3 |
700.0 |
1 488.3 |
1 436.1 |
Sabah |
72.7 |
51.8 |
32.0 |
1,018.9 |
859.8 |
950.7 |
Sarawak |
28.4 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
143.4 |
360.8 |
276.0 |
Total Malaysia |
140.9 |
75.8 |
51.1 |
752.5 |
927.4 |
613.4 |
Source: Malaysian Cocoa Board, 2003.
TABLE 12
Tobacco: harvested area and average
yield
State |
Harvested area ('000 ha) |
Average yield (kg/ha) |
||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia a |
19.8 |
15.8 |
14.4 |
5 036 |
4 113 |
7 056 |
Sabah b |
0.2 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
1 084 |
1 143 |
1 436 |
Total Malaysia |
20.0 |
16.5 |
15.6 |
4 990 |
3 994 |
6 627 |
a Flue Cured Virginia Tobacco;
b Burley Tobacco.
Source: Ministry of Primary Industries, 2003.
TABLE 13
Rubber: estimated a fertilizer
use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
2 186 |
952 |
829 |
3 263 |
1 421 |
1 238 |
5 598 |
2 438 |
2 123 |
Kedah and Perlis |
3 354 |
1 751 |
1 578 |
5 007 |
2 614 |
2 356 |
8 591 |
4 484 |
4 042 |
Kelantan |
985 |
619 |
546 |
1 471 |
925 |
815 |
2 523 |
1 586 |
1 399 |
Melaka |
818 |
284 |
200 |
1 221 |
424 |
299 |
2 095 |
728 |
513 |
Negeri Sembilan |
2 891 |
1 516 |
1 205 |
4 317 |
2 263 |
1 799 |
7 406 |
3 882 |
3 087 |
Pahang |
2 075 |
970 |
931 |
3 098 |
1 448 |
1 390 |
5 316 |
2 484 |
2 384 |
Perak |
2 249 |
778 |
622 |
3 358 |
1 161 |
928 |
5 761 |
1 992 |
1 592 |
Pulau Pinang |
18 |
- |
- |
17 |
- |
- |
45 |
- |
- |
Selangor |
818 |
350 |
266 |
797 |
341 |
259 |
2 096 |
896 |
682 |
Terengganu |
111 |
5 |
4 |
109 |
5 |
4 |
285 |
13 |
10 |
West Malaysia |
15 506 |
7 071 |
6 181 |
15 100 |
6 886 |
6 020 |
39 717 |
18 113 |
15 833 |
Sabah + Sarawak |
298 |
62 |
32 |
290 |
61 |
31 |
762 |
160 |
82 |
Total Malaysia |
15 803 |
7 228 |
6 213 |
15 390 |
7 039 |
6 051 |
40 479 |
18 514 |
15 915 |
a For estates only.
TABLE 14
Oil-palm: estimated a fertilizer
use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
1997 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
49 389 |
52 084 |
50 660 |
55 562 |
58 594 |
56 992 |
77 170 |
81 381 |
79 156 |
Kedah |
3 242 |
5 043 |
4 260 |
3 647 |
5 674 |
4 793 |
5 065 |
7 880 |
6 656 |
Kelantan |
4 220 |
5 015 |
4 808 |
4 747 |
5 641 |
5 409 |
6 593 |
7 835 |
7 513 |
Melaka |
3 435 |
4 449 |
3 968 |
3 864 |
5 005 |
4 464 |
5 367 |
6 952 |
6 200 |
Negeri Sembilan |
9 249 |
11 982 |
9 678 |
10 405 |
13 479 |
10 887 |
14 451 |
18 721 |
15 121 |
Pahang |
42 125 |
43 372 |
42 070 |
47 391 |
48 794 |
47 329 |
65 820 |
67 770 |
65 735 |
Perak |
26 079 |
28 417 |
27 771 |
29 339 |
31 969 |
31 243 |
40 748 |
44 401 |
43 393 |
Pulau Pinang |
1 211 |
1 255 |
933 |
1 362 |
1 412 |
1 049 |
1 892 |
1 961 |
1 458 |
Selangor |
11 830 |
11 013 |
10 963 |
13 309 |
12 390 |
12 333 |
18 485 |
17 208 |
17 129 |
Terengganu |
8 905 |
9 222 |
8 844 |
10 019 |
10. 374 |
9 949 |
13 915 |
14 409 |
13 818 |
West Malaysia |
159 685 |
171 852 |
163 955 |
179 645 |
193 332 |
184 448 |
249 506 |
268 518 |
256 179 |
Sabah |
65 024 |
92 224 |
93 819 |
73 152 |
103 752 |
105 546 |
101 600 |
144 100 |
146 592 |
Sarawak |
11 245 |
19 783 |
22 359 |
12 651 |
22 256 |
25 154 |
17 571 |
30 911 |
34 936 |
Total Malaysia |
235 954 |
283 859 |
280 133 |
265 448 |
319 340 |
315 148 |
368 677 |
443 529 |
437 707 |
a For estates only.
TABLE 15
Coconut: estimated fertilizer use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia |
553 |
379 |
731 |
719 |
493 |
951 |
553 |
379 |
731 |
Sabah |
- |
8 |
- |
- |
11 |
- |
- |
8 |
- |
Sarawak |
232 |
201 |
117 |
302 |
262 |
153 |
232 |
201 |
117 |
Total MalaysiaL |
785 |
588 |
848 |
1 021 |
766 |
1 004 |
785 |
588 |
848 |
TABLE 16
Paddy: estimated fertilizer use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
Johor |
75 |
141 |
139 |
29 |
55 |
45 |
21 |
39 |
32 |
Kedah |
13 871 |
13 656 |
14 228 |
5 394 |
5 311 |
5 396 |
3 853 |
3 793 |
3 854 |
Perlis |
4 658 |
4 535 |
3 140 |
1 811 |
1 764 |
1 557 |
1 294 |
1 260 |
1 112 |
Kelantan |
42 |
112 |
109 |
16 |
44 |
50 |
12 |
31 |
35 |
Melaka |
35 |
101 |
182 |
14 |
39 |
31 |
10 |
28 |
22 |
Negeri Sembilan |
147 |
373 |
427 |
57 |
145 |
127 |
41 |
104 |
90 |
Pahang |
4 987 |
4 504 |
5 107 |
1 940 |
1 752 |
1 651 |
1 385 |
1 251 |
1 179 |
Perak |
3 078 |
3 360 |
3 277 |
1 197 |
1 307 |
1 275 |
855 |
933 |
910 |
Pulau Pinang |
1 926 |
1 874 |
1 748 |
749 |
729 |
680 |
535 |
521 |
486 |
Selangor |
3 065 |
3 183 |
3 468 |
1 192 |
1 238 |
1 349 |
851 |
884 |
963 |
Terengganu |
1 184 |
1 447 |
963 |
461 |
563 |
375 |
329 |
402 |
268 |
West Malaysia |
33 068 |
33 286 |
32 228 |
12 860 |
12 947 |
12 536 |
9 186 |
9 246 |
8 951 |
Sabah |
2 599 |
2 791 |
2 964 |
1 011 |
1 085 |
1 153 |
722 |
775 |
823 |
Sarawak |
2 608 |
2 457 |
2 517 |
1 014 |
956 |
979 |
724 |
683 |
699 |
Total Malaysia |
38 275 |
38 534 |
37 709 |
14 885 |
14 988 |
14 668 |
10 632 |
10 704 |
10 473 |
TABLE 17
Cocoa: estimated fertilizer use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia |
1 364 |
1 101 |
724 |
636 |
514 |
338 |
1 636 |
1 321 |
868 |
Sabah |
3 619 |
2 177 |
1 487 |
1 688 |
1 015 |
693 |
4 341 |
2 612 |
1 784 |
Sarawak |
199 |
155 |
119 |
93 |
72 |
56 |
238 |
186 |
143 |
Total Malaysia |
5 182 |
3 433 |
2 330 |
2 417 |
1 601 |
1 087 |
6 215 |
4 119 |
2 795 |
TABLE 18
Tobacco: estimated fertilizer use
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
West Malaysia |
2 658 |
1 729 |
2 708 |
6 810 |
4 430 |
6 938 |
4 319 |
2 809 |
4 400 |
Sabah |
7 |
20 |
46 |
17 |
52 |
117 |
11 |
33 |
74 |
Sarawak |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Total Malaysia |
2 665 |
1 749 |
2 754 |
6 827 |
4 482 |
7 055 |
4 330 |
2 842 |
4 474 |
TABLE 19
Summary of fertilizer use: Industrial
crops
Tonnes |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
1997 |
2000 |
2002 |
|
Rubber |
15.8 |
9.3 |
6.2 |
15.4 |
9.0 |
6.1 |
40.5 |
23.8 |
15.9 |
Oil-palm |
236.0 |
269.6 |
280.1 |
265.4 |
303.3 |
315.2 |
368.7 |
421.3 |
437.7 |
Paddy |
38.3 |
38.5 |
37.7 |
14.9 |
15.0 |
14.7 |
10.6 |
10.7 |
10.5 |
Coconut |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
Cocoa |
5.2 |
3.4 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
6.2 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
Tobacco |
2.7 |
1.7 |
2.8 |
6.8 |
4.5 |
7.1 |
4.3 |
2.8 |
4.5 |
In 2001, all fruit crops occupied 305 thousand ha (4.8 percent) of the total cultivated area. The areas, yields and estimated fertilizer use, by state, for each of the twelve most important fruit crops are given in Annex 3 (Tables A3.1 to A3.12).
A summary is given in Table 20.
Banana was the largest consumer of fertilizer and starfruit the smallest.
In 2001, the vegetable crops in total occupied 12 682 ha (0.002 percent) of the total cultivated area in Malaysia.
This report focuses on six vegetable crops, Chinese spinach, lady's fingers, chili, long bean, cucumber and tomato. The areas, yields and estimated fertilizer use, by state, for each of the six most important vegetable crops are given in Annex 4 (Tables A4.1 to A4.6).
A summary is given in Table 21. It shows that chili was the largest consumer of fertilizer and Chinese spinach the smallest.
TABLE 20
Fruit crops: summary of total fertilizer use
(excluding Sabah)
CROP |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Starfruit |
31 |
35 |
24 |
31 |
35 |
24 |
44 |
49 |
34 |
Papaya |
57 |
64 |
81 |
57 |
64 |
81 |
80 |
91 |
114 |
Cempedak |
428 |
504 |
480 |
419 |
494 |
470 |
460 |
541 |
515 |
Durian |
1 472 |
1 567 |
1 928 |
1 472 |
1 567 |
1 928 |
2 265 |
2 410 |
2 966 |
Sweet orange |
108 |
98 |
125 |
108 |
98 |
125 |
154 |
141 |
179 |
Mango |
84 |
82 |
108 |
84 |
82 |
108 |
129 |
126 |
166 |
Mangosteen |
146 |
252 |
176 |
146 |
252 |
176 |
207 |
357 |
249 |
Pineapple |
2 164 |
2 272 |
2 340 |
2 164 |
2 272 |
2 340 |
2 564 |
2 692 |
2 773 |
Jackfruit |
54 |
68 |
86 |
54 |
68 |
86 |
77 |
96 |
122 |
Banana |
5 729 |
5 369 |
7 670 |
5 729 |
5 369 |
7 670 |
7 031 |
6 589 |
9 413 |
Rambutan |
636 |
717 |
911 |
636 |
717 |
911 |
901 |
1 016 |
1 291 |
Watermelon |
373 |
370 |
424 |
373 |
370 |
424 |
262 |
260 |
298 |
a = Values do not include those for Sabah
TABLE 21
Vegetable crops: summary of total fertilizer
use (excluding Sabah and Sarawak)
CROP |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Chinese spinach |
81 |
93 |
107 |
81 |
93 |
107 |
115 |
132 |
152 |
Lady's fingers |
150 |
124 |
124 |
150 |
124 |
124 |
212 |
175 |
176 |
Chili |
361 |
351 |
302 |
361 |
351 |
302 |
511 |
497 |
428 |
Long bean |
188 |
180 |
181 |
188 |
180 |
181 |
266 |
255 |
256 |
Cucumber |
147 |
134 |
131 |
147 |
134 |
131 |
208 |
190 |
186 |
Tomato |
282 |
192 |
275 |
282 |
192 |
275 |
400 |
271 |
389 |
a = Values do not include those for Sabah and Sarawak.
Large quantities of organic fertilizers (chicken manure and prawn dust) are used in vegetable production (Tee, 1979) but quantitative data are not available.
The cash crops in Malaysia include maize, groundnut, tapioca, taro and sweet potato. In 2001, cash crops in total occupied 16 045 ha (0.25 percent) of the total cultivated area.
TABLE 22
Cash crops: summary of total fertilizer use
(excluding Sabah and Sarawak)
CROP |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Maize |
529 |
586 |
687 |
232 |
257 |
301 |
529 |
586 |
687 |
Groundnut |
10 |
7 |
11 |
20 |
15 |
22 |
17 |
12 |
18 |
Cassava |
41 |
24 |
24 |
20 |
12 |
12 |
75 |
44 |
43 |
Sweet potato |
99 |
109 |
125 |
99 |
109 |
125 |
141 |
155 |
177 |
The areas, yields and estimated fertilizer use, by state, for each of these crops are given in Annex 5 (Tables A5.1 to A5.4). Table 22 shows that maize is the largest consumer of fertilizer and groundnut the smallest in this group.
The major spices of Malaysia include hot chili, ginger, turmeric, pepper, greater galangal, musklime, lime, nutmeg and lemon grass. Other spices include, Asam Gelugur, tamarind, clove and mint. In 2001, spices occupied 18 059 ha (0.28 percent) of the total cultivated area. This report focuses on hot chili, ginger, pepper, lime and lemon grass.
The areas, yields and estimated fertilizer use, by state, for each of these crops are given in Annex 5 (Tables A5.5 - A5.8). Table 23 shows that pepper is the largest consumer of fertilizers in this group. Pepper is extensively grown and commands a good market price. Estimates of fertilizer use on lime and lemon grass are not yet available.
TABLE 23
Spices: summary of total fertilizer
use
CROP |
N (tonnes) |
P2O5 (tonnes) |
K2O (tonnes) |
||||||
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
|
Hot chili |
17 |
21 |
17 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
9 |
12 |
9 |
Ginger |
17 |
39 |
31 |
17 |
39 |
31 |
24 |
55 |
43 |
Pepper |
429 |
429 |
1 193 |
193 |
193 |
537 |
590 |
590 |
1 640 |
Total |
463 |
489 |
1 240 |
214 |
237 |
572 |
623 |
657 |
1 692 |