Reference values for NH3 emission
Reference |
Location |
Crop |
N fertilizer |
NH3 emission |
NH3 loss |
(kg N/ha) |
(kg N/ha) |
(% of N fert.) |
|||
McKenzie and Tainton, 1993 |
South Africa |
grass |
50 |
1.4 |
0.027 |
McKenzie and Tainton, 1993 |
South Africa |
grass |
100 |
3.7 |
0.037 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
5.8 |
0.145 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
5.2 |
0.130 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
3.2 |
0.080 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
4.4 |
0.110 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
4.4 |
0.110 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
2.4 |
0.060 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
3.2 |
0.080 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
pearl millet |
40 |
5.5 |
0.137 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
pearl millet |
40 |
2.3 |
0.057 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
pearl millet |
40 |
3.6 |
0.090 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
pearl millet |
40 |
4.1 |
0.104 |
Praveen-Kumar and Aggarwal, 1988 |
Jodhpur, India |
pearl millet |
40 |
4.4 |
0.110 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
18.7 |
0.187 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
17.9 |
0.179 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
16.8 |
0.168 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
15.9 |
0.159 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
13.4 |
0.134 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
10.9 |
0.109 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Dehradun, India |
bare |
100 |
8.7 |
0.087 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
24.8 |
0.248 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
20.3 |
0.203 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
15.8 |
0.158 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
11.4 |
0.114 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
18.9 |
0.189 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
17.5 |
0.175 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
13.5 |
0.135 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
13.2 |
0.132 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
15.6 |
0.156 |
Fan et al., 1996 |
Delhi, India |
bare |
100 |
9.8 |
0.098 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
30 |
0.5 |
0.016 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.2 |
0.014 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.2 |
0.014 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.3 |
0.019 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.3 |
0.020 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.1 |
0.008 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
15 |
0.2 |
0.012 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
60 |
1.6 |
0.026 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
60 |
1.2 |
0.021 |
Patel and Mohanty, 1989 |
Cuttack, India |
rice |
60 |
1.8 |
0.031 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
0 |
5.6 |
|
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
14.4 |
0.240 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
9.9 |
0.164 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
8.3 |
0.139 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
9.7 |
0.161 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
12.3 |
0.204 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
10.0 |
0.167 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
60 |
11.3 |
0.189 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
120 |
21.5 |
0.180 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
120 |
17.4 |
0.145 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
120 |
12.5 |
0.104 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
120 |
17.2 |
0.144 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
120 |
18.9 |
0.158 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
180 |
28.4 |
0.158 |
Dhyani and Mishra, 1992 |
Pantnagar, India |
bare |
240 |
31.2 |
0.130 |
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
|
0.5 |
|
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
60 |
7.4 |
0.123 |
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
60 |
5.3 |
0.088 |
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
|
0.5 |
|
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
60 |
5.66 |
0.094 |
Palma et al., 1997 |
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
maize |
60 |
3.74 |
0.062 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
40 |
3.6 |
0.090 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
80 |
12.0 |
0.150 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
bare |
120 |
27.6 |
0.230 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
40 |
2.6 |
0.065 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
7.6 |
0.095 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
120 |
18.0 |
0.150 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
12.1 |
0.151 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
9.3 |
0.116 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
6.7 |
0.084 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
2.8 |
0.035 |
Aggarwal et al., 1987 |
Jodhpur, India |
prosopis trees |
80 |
0.8 |
0.010 |
Reference values for N2O emission
Reference |
Crop |
Org. C |
Precipitation |
N fertilizer |
N2O emission |
|
|
(%) |
(mm) |
(kg N/ha) |
(kg N/ha) |
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996 |
Wheat, irrigated |
|
|
250 |
3.2 |
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996 |
Wheat, irrigated |
|
|
250 |
1.5 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
2.8 |
1 120 |
0 |
1.43 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
2.8 |
1 120 |
300 |
11.4 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
3.7 |
1 930 |
0 |
1.38 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
3.7 |
1 930 |
300 |
3.84 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
1.647 |
Mosier and Delgado, 1997 |
Grass |
2.1 |
1 650 |
300 |
4.012 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
1.37 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.44 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.309 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
150 |
0.938 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.84 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.336 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.497 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
100 |
1.57 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.903 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
300 |
5.998 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
0.762 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
300 |
2.54 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
0 |
1.03 |
Mosier et al., 1998 |
Sorghum |
2.1 |
1 650 |
100 |
7.19 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.6 |
1 250 |
84 |
0.011 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
1 125 |
34 |
0.11 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
1 125 |
22 |
0.013 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
275 |
45 |
0.052 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
275 |
35 |
0.17 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
275 |
39 |
0.092 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
275 |
20 |
0.006 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
8 |
1 100 |
95 |
0.38 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
5.6 |
3 810 |
124 |
1.25 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
5.5 |
3 800 |
94 |
0.33 |
Mahmood et al., 1998 |
Maize, irrigated |
1.1 |
340 |
100 |
0.16 |
Mahmood et al., 1998 |
Wheat, irrigated |
1.1 |
340 |
100 |
0.49 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
0 |
2.3 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
0 |
4.3 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
22.6 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
|
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
|
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
|
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
|
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997 |
Banana |
|
3 962 |
360 |
|
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997 |
Banana |
|
3 962 |
360 |
|
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997 |
Banana |
|
3 962 |
360 |
6.1 |
Freney et al., 1981 |
Rice, flooded |
|
40 |
20 |
0.0 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
0 |
0.119 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
62.5 |
0.196 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
0 |
0.109 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
62.4 |
0.289 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
0 |
0.122 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
75 |
0.351 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
0 |
0.1 |
Watanabe et al., 2000 |
Maize |
|
1 150 |
46.9 |
0.403 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
0 |
0.315 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
0 |
0.425 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.649 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.629 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.905 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.712 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
0 |
0.306 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
0 |
0.484 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.749 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
1.092 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
0.859 |
Suratno et al., 1998 |
Rice, flooded |
2.4 |
|
86 |
1.012 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
1.802 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
200 |
1.427 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
1.948 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
1.773 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
0.741 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
200 |
1.04 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
0.835 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
1.097 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
0.452 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
200 |
0.16 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
0.181 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
120 |
0.639 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
112 |
0.831 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
192 |
0.16 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
112 |
0.181 |
Bronson et al., 1997a; b |
Rice, flooded |
1.7 |
|
112 |
0.526 |
Weitz et al., 1999 |
Balsa tree plantation |
5.2 |
|
65 |
2.84 |
Crill et al., 2000 |
Corn |
7.5 |
3 962 |
0 |
0.51 |
Crill et al., 2000 |
Corn |
7.5 |
3 962 |
122 |
1.83 |
Crill et al., 2000 |
Papaya |
7.5 |
3 962 |
0 |
0.19 |
Crill et al., 2000 |
Papaya |
7.5 |
3 962 |
133 |
1.37 |
Reference values for NOx emissions
Reference |
Crop |
Org. C |
Precipitation |
N fertilizer |
NOx emission |
(%) |
(mm) |
(kg N/ha) |
(kg N/ha) |
||
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.6 |
1 250 |
84 |
0.01 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
1 125 |
34 |
0.00 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
1 125 |
22 |
0.01 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
275 |
45 |
0.01 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
1.5 |
275 |
35 |
0.00 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
275 |
39 |
0.01 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
|
275 |
20 |
0.00 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
8.0 |
1 100 |
95 |
1.95 |
Matson et al., 1996 |
Sugar cane |
5.5 |
3 800 |
94 |
0.71 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
0 |
0.82 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
0 |
1.13 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
4.64 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
8.38 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
7.48 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
5.41 |
Veldkamp et al., 1998 |
Grass |
|
3 962 |
300 |
6.97 |
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996 |
Wheat, irrigated |
|
|
250 |
6.29 |
Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1996 |
Wheat, irrigated |
|
|
250 |
2.71 |
Weitz et al., 1999 |
Tree plantation |
|
|
65 |
0.41 |
Cardenas et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
1.0 |
|
80 |
0.14 |
Cardenas et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
1.0 |
|
80 |
0.05 |
Cardenas et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
1.0 |
|
0 |
0.02 |
Rondon et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
0.9 |
1 300 |
0 |
0.01 |
Rondon et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
0.9 |
1 300 |
200 |
0.65 |
Rondon et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
0.9 |
1 300 |
200 |
0.06 |
Rondon et al., 1993 |
Savannah |
2.0 |
1 300 |
200 |
0.29 |
Veldkamp and Keller, 1997 |
Banana |
|
3 962 |
360 |
10.70 |
Meixner et al., 1997 |
Maize |
|
846 |
0 |
0.34 |
Meixner et al., 1997 |
Maize |
|
846 |
16 |
1.10 |
Sanhueza et al., 1994 |
Savannah |
4.0 |
|
200 |
0.01 |
Sanhueza et al., 1994 |
Savannah |
4.0 |
|
200 |
0.20 |
Sanhueza et al., 1994 |
Savannah |
4.0 |
|
0 |
0.00 |
Skiba et al., 1997 |
Grass |
1.4 |
|
100 |
0.03 |
Skiba et al., 1997 |
Grass |
1.4 |
|
100 |
0.17 |
Skiba et al., 1997 |
Grass |
1.4 |
|
100 |
0.14 |
Skiba et al., 1997 |
Grass |
1.4 |
|
100 |
0.14 |