PART II
The decline and recovery of Thai agriculture: causes, responses, prospects and challenges (Continue)

Appendix Table 5. Net capital stock of Thailand at 1988 prices by major sector

	All sectors (m. baht)	Agriculture		Manufacturing		Growth
	All sectors (m. baht)	(m. baht)	(% share)	(m. baht)	(% share)	All sectors	Agriculture	Manufacturing
1980	1958342	282485	14.42	221262	11.30
1981	2109620	288052	13.65	239513	11.35	7.72	1.97	8.25
1982	2251264	291672	12.96	249992	11.10	6.71	1.26	4.38
1983	2425614	298429	12.30	279500	11.52	7.74	2.32	11.80
1984	2611594	300604	11.51	304000	11.64	7.67	0.73	8.77
1985	2775039	307789	11.09	317605	11.45	6.26	2.39	4.48
1986	2930305	321683	10.98	338577	11.55	5.60	4.51	6.60
1987	3134639	325415	10.38	379010	12.09	6.97	1.16	11.94
1988	3415707	333053	9.75	445113	13.03	8.97	2.35	17.44
1989	3785324	341623	9.02	527357	13.93	10.82	2.57	18.48
1990	4298800	356852	8.30	620933	14.44	13.56	4.46	17.74
1991	4877760	380197	7.79	732691	15.02	13.47	6.54	18.00
1992	5480415	404247	7.38	845710	15.43	12.36	6.33	15.43
1993	6127058	439632	7.18	963347	15.72	11.80	8.75	13.91
1994	6848472	479721	7.00	1089692	15.91	11.77	9.12	13.12
1995	7549430	510359	6.76	1209463	16.02	10.24	6.39	10.99
1996	8389886	550875	6.57	1363425	16.25	11.13	7.94	12.73
1997	8930490	603389	6.76	1469067	16.45	6.44	9.53	7.75
1998	9019444	623822	6.92	1467914	16.27	1.00	3.39	-0.08
1999	9102169	633473	6.96	1472378	16.18	0.92	1.55	0.30
2000	9213961	655315	7.11	1 471 707	15.97	1.23	3.45	-0.05
2001	9305348	671987	7.22	1489929	16.01	0.99	2.54	1.24
2002	9435260	693618	7.35	1520165	16.11	1.40	3.22	2.03
2003	9632773	717273	7.45	1566704	16.26	2.09	3.41	3.06
Average growth rate:
1980–1985	2355246	294839	12.66	268645	11.39	7.22	1.73	7.53
1985–1996	4967736	395954	8.52	736077	14.24	10.25	5.21	13.40
1996–1998	8779940	592695	6.75	1433469	16.33	6.19	6.95	6.80
1998–2003	9284826	665915	7.17	1498133	16.14	1.27	2.93	1.08
1980–2003	5650363	450482	9.03	857711	14.21	7.25	4.17	9.06

Source: National Economic and Social Development Board (N

Appendix Table 6. Number of agricultural equipment

	2-wheel tractors		Big tractors		Water pumps		Threshing equipment
	Unit	Growth	Unit	Growth	Unit	Growth	Unit	Growth
1980	280 591		37177		517 975		18 394
1981	284 351	1.34	50 044	34.61	603 548	16.52	20601	12.00
1982	323 846	13.89	61840	23.57	780610	29.34	30 091	46.07
1983	364 948	12.69	68 024	10.00	858671	10.00	33100	10.00
1984	360243	-1.29	28 340	-58.34	564 915	-34.21	28243	-14.67
1985	402 082	11.61	31415	10.85	614 791	8.83	30762	8.92
1986	450 033	11.93	34 823	10.85	669 095	8.83	33 352	8.42
1987	515 075	14.45	40 450	16.16	768 328	14.83	34 884	4.59
1988	582753	13.14	45 544	12.59	851 349	10.81	37 028	6.15
1989	660685	13.37	51279	12.59	943 387	10.81	39 352	6.28
1990	750 542	13.60	57739	12.60	1 101 850	16.80	41876	6.41
1991	854279	13.82	65101	12.75	1220726	10.79	44626	6.57
1992	984 530	15.25	79 801	22.58	1 387 529	13.66	49637	11.23
1993	1 135742	15.36	98 096	22.93	1577220	13.67	55240	11.29
1994	1 311 426	15.47	120 751	23.09	1 792 953	13.68	61510	11.35
1995	1515693	15.58	148 841	23.26	2 038 314	13.68	68 527	11.41
1996	1 753 368	15.68	183704	23.42	2 317 392	13.69	76 386	11.47
1997	2 022467	15.35	218237	18.80	2624 304	13.24	83 575	9.41
1998	2 378 815	17.62	282 057	29.24	3 012 948	14.81	95 829	14.66
1999	2 786704	17.15	351 171	24.50	3448 297	14.45	107 645	12.33
2000	3 279 303	17.68	439139	25.05	3 954160	14.67	122 088	13.42
2001	3 851 541	17.45	553623	26.07	4 532 258	14.62	138 387	13.35
2002	4 523635	17.45	697 956	26.07	5194 774	14.62	156 862	13.35
2003	5109 060	12.94	821 014	17.63	5 821 329	12.06	169455	8.03
Average growth rate:
1980–1985	336 010	7.65	46140	4.14	656752	6.10	26 865	12.46
1985–1996	909 684	14.10	79795	16.97	1 273 578	12.51	47765	8.67
1996–1998	2 051 550	16.22	227 999	23.82	2651548	13.91	85263	11.85
1998–2003	3654 843	16.71	524 160	24.76	4 327 294	14.20	131711	12.52
1980–2003	1 520 071	13.54	190257	16.56	1 966 530	11.75	65 727	10.52

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics.

Appendix Table 7. Number of fishing units

	No. of registered fishing units	No. of unregistered vessels*	No. of all fishing units
1980	19511	45 371	64 882
1981	14 723	34 237	48 960
1982	19 756	45 941	65 697
1983	17 386	40 430	57 816
1984	16 806	39 081	55 887
1985	15 977	36 973	52 950
1986	15916	37191	53107
1987	16 054	37 210	53 264
1988	15 550	37 871	53 421
1989	20 979	32 601	53 580
1990	21547	32191	53 738
1991	18 260	35 637	53 897
1992	16 820	37 237	54 057
1993	18146	36 071	54 217
1994	17 657	36 720	54 377
1995	17 281	37 257	54 538
1996	17 950	38 014	55 964
1997	18182	38 506	56 688
1998	18 439	39 050	57 489
1999	16 921	35 835	52 756
2000	17 295	36 627	53 922
2001	15 945	33 768	49 713
2002	15 924	33 724	49 648
2003	15 983	33 849	49 832
Average growth rate:
1980–1985	17 360	40 339	57 699
1985–1996	17 678	36 248	53 926
1996–1998	18190	38 523	56 714
1998–2003	16 751	35 475	52 227
1980–2003	17 459	37141	54 600

* Estimated and adjusted for unregistered vessels based on the Marine Fisheries Census in 1985 and 1995.

Sources: Office of Agricultural Economics.
Department of Fisheries.

Appendix Table 8. Contribution of inputs and TFP to growth by major sector

	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land	Capital	TFP(1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land	Capital	TFP(1)	TFP (2)
a) All sectors
1981–1985	5.45	2.45	1.51	0.07	2.35	0.58	1.52
1985–1996	8.78	1.84	1.61	0.02	4.88	2.04	2.27
1996–1998	-1.99	0.96	0.63	0.01	3.30	-6.27	-5.94
1998–2003	2.18	1.24	0.69	0.01	0.66	0.26	0.81
1981–2003	6.07	1.93	1.47	0.03	3.28	0.84	1.29
	(100.00)	(31.77)	(24.24)	(0.46)	(54.00)	(13.77)	(21.30)
b) Agriculture
1981–1985	4.26	1.03	0.40	0.36	0.84	2.03	2.65
1985–1996	3.54	-0.17	-0.43	0.12	2.62	0.97	1.24
1996–1998	0.57	0.03	-0.32	0.07	3.04	-2.57	-2.22
1998–2003	3.43	-0.11	-1.33	0.12	1.45	1.98	3.20
1981–2003	3.43	0.23	-0.28	0.16	2.06	0.98	1.50
	(100.00)	(6.81)	(-8.09)	(4.64)	(59.90)	(28.65)	(43.55)
c) Crop
1981–1985	5.26	0.92	0.22	0.47	2.46	1.41	2.11
1985–1996	2.96	-0.46	-0.79	0.18	0.91	2.33	2.66
1996–1998	2.30	-0.32	-0.75	0.18	1.97	0.47	0.90
1998–2003	4.20	-1.01	-2.43	0.17	0.99	4.04	5.47
1981–2003	3.57	-0.11	-0.70	0.23	1.35	2.09	2.68
	(100.00)	(-3.03)	(-19.64)	(6.52)	(37.86)	(58.66)	(75.27)
d) Livestock
1981–1985	1.82	2.53	3.06	0.16	3.55	-4.42	-4.95
1985–1996	4.14	1.19	2.45	0.00	0.33	2.62	2.45
1996–1998	-0.89	0.27	-0.02	-0.46	-6.75	6.06	6.34
1998–2003	4.10	6.65	5.85	0.00	-2.28	-0.26	0.53
1981–2003	3.59	2.73	2.65	-0.02	-0.28	1.16	1.24
	(100.00)	(76.12)	(73.73)	(-0.42)	(-7.89)	(32.20)	(34.59)
e) Fishery
1981–1985	4.74	8.63	6.17	0.03	2.36	-6.28	-3.82
1985–1996	7.97	2.53	2.44	0.02	4.22	1.20	1.30
1996–1998	-1.43	1.90	1.64	0.02	6.16	-9.50	-9.25
1998–2003	1.24	1.02	0.78	0.03	4.82	-4.62	-4.38
1981–2003	5.36	2.54	1.99	0.02	3.96	-1.16	-0.61
	(100.00)	(47.36)	(37.03)	(0.42)	(73.90)	(-21.68)	(-11.35)
f) Freshwater fishery
1981–1985	1.73	3.54	3.01	0.11	9.17	-11.10	-10.56
1985–1996	6.71	3.20	3.31	0.11	6.48	-3.08	-3.19
1996–1998	3.55	2.42	2.19	0.18	5.45	-4.49	-4.27
1998–2003	6.61	3.24	2.99	0.27	6.62	-3.53	-3.28
1981–2003	5.20	2.91	2.83	0.13	6.66	-4.50	-4.41
	(100.00)	(56.00)	(54.36)	(2.46)	(128.00)	(-86.46)	(-84.82)
g) Marine fishery
1981–1985	5.58	12.89	9.38		0.64	-7.95	4.44
1985–1996	8.20	3.57	3.31		3.73	0.90	1.16
1996–1998	-2.04	2.01	1.18		5.89	-9.94	-9.11
1998–2003	1.42	-0.45	-0.70		4.05	-2.17	-1.93
1981–2003	6.37	3.48	2.69		3.14	-0.26	0.54
	(100.00)	(54.73)	(42.17)		(49.36)	(-4.09)	(8.47)

Appendix Table 9. Comparison of TFP growth in Thailand, 1981–1995

	Tinakorn & Sussangkarn (1998)				Shintani (2003)*
	With quality adjusted employment				Agriculture
	All sectors		Agriculture		Stock		Flow
	TFP	Contribution	TFP	Contribution	TFP	Contribution	TFP	Contribution
1981–1985	0.07	1.28	1.81	42.49	0.43	13.87	0.55	17.82
1986–1990	2.81	27.18	0.19	5.99	1.33	27.73	1.73	36.08
1991–1995	-0.09	-1.05	0.81	21.83	1.30	34.84	1.67	44.98
1981–1995	0.93	11.45	0.93	25.07	0.37	35.14	0.48	12.78

* reestimated, base year = 1950.

Appendix Table 10. Growth accounting (whole economy)

	All sectors
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Net capital stock	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Net capital stock	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	5.91	5.51	5.79	0.09	2.43	-2.12	-2.40
1982	5.35	2.27	-2.04	0.08	2.09	0.91	5.23
1983	5.58	1.95	2.51	0.07	2.45	1.12	0.55
1984	5.75	2.22	1.91	0.08	2.52	0.93	1.24
1985	4.65	0.30	-0.63	0.06	2.24	2.05	2.98
1986	5.53	3.25	3.52	0.03	2.24	0.01	-0.26
1987	9.52	2.59	1.42	0.02	2.98	3.93	5.10
1988	13.29	3.88	4.24	0.03	4.09	5.29	4.93
1989	12.19	2.47	3.75	0.01	5.12	4.59	3.31
1990	11.17	1.14	-1.35	0.01	6.61	3.40	5.89
1991	8.56	1.38	2.97	0.01	6.38	0.78	-0.81
1992	8.08	3.51	3.40	0.01	5.63	-1.07	-0.96
1993	8.25	1.21	-0.20	0.01	5.65	1.38	2.79
1994	8.99	0.45	1.30	0.01	6.02	2.51	1.66
1995	9.24	1.83	1.74	0.01	5.63	1.77	1.86
1996	5.90	0.06	-0.80	0.01	5.98	-0.15	0.72
1997	-1.37	2.88	2.17	0.01	3.42	-7.67	-6.96
1998	-10.51	-0.04	0.54	0.01	0.52	-10.99	-11.57
1999	4.45	1.22	0.41	0.03	0.48	2.71	3.53
2000	4.65	1.62	1.93	0.01	0.64	2.38	2.07
2001	1.94	1.76	-1.08	0.01	0.51	-0.34	2.50
2002	5.67	1.38	1.09	0.01	0.71	3.57	3.86
2003	6.87	1.52	1.28	0.02	1.08	4.25	4.49
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	5.45	2.45	1.51	0.07	2.35	0.58	1.52
1985–1990	9.39	2.27	1.83	0.03	3.88	3.21	3.66
1990–1996	8.60	1.37	10.01	0.01	5.98	1.23	1.59
1996–1998	-1.99	0.96	0.63	0.01	3.30	-6.27	-5.94
1998–2003	2.18	1.24	0.69	0.01	0.66	0.26	0.81
1981–2003	6.07	1.93	1.47	0.03	3.28	0.84	1.29

Appendix Table 11. Growth accounting (agriculture)

	Agricultural sectors
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Net capital stock	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Net capital stock	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	5.12	4.09	4.75	0.40	1.04	-0.41	-1.07
1982	2.47	-1.12	-4.14	0.34	0.65	2.60	5.62
1983	4.77	0.76	1.41	0.31	1.13	2.56	1.92
1984	4.42	2.43	1.98	0.40	0.33	1.25	1.71
1985	4.51	-1.03	-1.97	0.33	1.06	4.14	5.09
1986	0.38	0.33	0.54	0.16	2.22	-2.33	-2.54
1987	0.07	0.19	-0.84	0.14	0.61	-0.88	0.15
1988	10.51	3.90	3.99	0.17	1.27	5.17	5.08
1989	9.60	2.52	3.80	0.04	1.37	5.67	4.39
1990	-4.69	-1.22	-3.87	0.08	2.42	-5.95	-3.31
1991	7.26	-1.93	-0.05	0.09	3.54	5.55	3.67
1992	4.79	2.65	2.44	0.08	3.33	-1.28	-1.06
1993	-2.43	-2.93	-4.62	0.12	4.36	-3.99	-2.29
1994	4.95	-0.30	1.35	0.07	4.56	0.62	-1.03
1995	3.45	-2.36	-2.46	0.08	3.09	2.65	2.74
1996	4.14	-1.83	-3.54	0.11	3.56	2.30	4.01
1997	-0.90	1.86	2.82	0.05	4.10	-6.91	-7.87
1998	-1.52	0.07	-0.24	0.06	1.45	-3.11	-2.80
1999	2.17	-2.30	-3.81	0.24	0.68	3.55	5.06
2000	6.44	1.74	2.12	0.08	1.58	3.04	2.66
2001	2.68	-1.09	-5.94	0.08	1.25	2.44	7.29
2002	2.12	1.11	0.85	0.10	1.75	-0.85	-0.59
2003	8.71	-0.18	-0.97	0.15	1.96	6.78	7.57
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	4.26	1.03	0.40	0.36	0.84	2.03	2.65
1985–1990	3.40	0.78	0.28	0.15	1.49	0.97	1.48
1990–1996	2.50	-1.13	-1.54	0.09	3.55	-0.01	0.39
1996–1998	0.57	0.03	-0.32	0.07	3.04	-2.57	-2.22
1998–2003	3.43	-0.11	-1.33	0.12	1.45	1.98	3.20
1981–2003	3.43	0.23	-0.28	0.16	2.06	0.98	1.50

Appendix Table 12. Growth accounting (crops)

	Crops
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	6.32	4.31	5.11	0.47	-1.02	2.56	1.75
1982	1.85	-1.80	4.99	0.44	1.83	1.38	4.57
1983	6.44	1.33	1.83	0.43	0.57	4.10	3.61
1984	6.14	2.65	2.16	0.57	10.82	-7.90	-7.41
1985	5.58	-1.92	-3.03	0.46	0.12	6.91	8.03
1986	-3.51	0.83	1.01	0.21	-0.43	4.12	4.29
1987	-3.58	-0.66	-1.90	0.19	-0.60	-2.50	-1.27
1988	15.43	5.48	5.53	0.28	-0.64	10.30	10.25
1989	10.93	2.96	4.52	0.06	-10.35	18.26	16.71
1990	-8.48	-2.09	-5.27	0.11	5.51	-12.00	-8.83
1991	6.29	-2.86	-0.53	0.13	5.72	3.31	0.98
1992	3.96	3.73	3.31	0.12	4.74	-4.63	4.21
1993	-7.30	-5.02	-6.97	0.16	3.95	-6.39	4.45
1994	4.31	-0.31	1.79	0.10	-1.22	5.74	3.64
1995	5.10	-3.03	-3.26	0.15	2.14	5.85	6.08
1996	6.79	-2.61	4.68	0.16	1.98	7.26	9.33
1997	0.56	2.60	3.86	0.27	1.97	-4.28	-5.54
1998	-0.45	-0.95	-1.43	0.12	1.96	-1.57	-1.09
1999	3.16	-3.96	-5.74	0.32	1.28	5.53	7.31
2000	8.08	2.61	3.03	0.21	0.46	4.80	4.38
2001	3.20	-3.81	-9.57	0.10	0.55	6.36	12.11
2002	0.94	1.13	0.87	0.14	0.43	-0.76	-0.50
2003	10.26	-1.08	-1.76	0.15	1.27	9.91	10.59
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	5.26	0.92	0.22	0.47	2.46	1.41	2.11
1985–1990	2.73	0.77	0.14	0.22	-1.06	2.81	3.43
1990–1996	1.53	-1.74	-2.23	0.13	3.26	-0.12	0.36
1996–1998	2.30	-0.32	-0.75	0.18	1.97	0.47	0.90
1998–2003	4.20	-1.01	-2.43	0.17	0.99	4.04	5.47
1981–2003	3.57	-0.11	-0.70	0.23	1.35	2.09	2.68

Appendix Table 13. Growth accounting (livestock)

	Livestock
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	-2.78	2.98	8.26	0.56	8.77	-15.09	-20.36
1982	2.99	9.60	2.57	0.16	5.98	-12.75	-5.72
1983	5.23	-5.07	-1.21	0.07	-1.17	11.39	7.53
1984	0.70	2.45	1.60	-0.04	1.26	-2.96	-2.11
1985	2.96	2.69	4.08	0.05	2.92	-2.69	4.08
1986	11.70	-3.14	-2.88	0.05	-0.98	15.78	15.52
1987	8.26	9.38	9.45	-0.08	-1.90	0.86	0.79
1988	4.46	-3.39	-3.67	-0.07	-0.29	8.20	8.49
1989	9.26	2.18	3.14	-0.02	0.96	6.14	5.18
1990	2.32	7.32	5.38	-0.03	4.67	-9.63	-7.69
1991	0.95	2.72	5.76	0.02	-3.03	1.24	-1.80
1992	3.18	0.63	0.96	0.03	1.87	0.65	0.33
1993	3.88	6.28	2.91	0.07	-1.94	-0.54	2.83
1994	-0.12	-7.66	-6.88	0.13	2.31	5.11	4.33
1995	0.72	0.41	2.21	-0.13	-1.94	2.38	0.58
1996	2.10	-3.20	-4.14	0.03	1.28	4.00	4.93
1997	2.12	-1.22	-1.76	-1.15	-11.61	16.10	16.64
1998	-6.89	5.22	5.85	-0.27	-9.92	-1.92	-2.55
1999	1.21	2.43	1.97	0.39	0.69	-2.31	-1.84
2000	6.81	0.77	1.34	-0.45	-2.34	8.83	8.25
2001	8.81	15.43	13.81	0.12	-5.39	-1.35	0.27
2002	6.67	3.12	1.98	0.07	1.53	1.95	3.10
2003	8.01	12.91	10.17	0.14	1.75	-6.78	4.05
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	1.82	2.53	3.06	0.16	3.55	-4.42	-4.95
1985–1990	6.49	2.51	2.58	-0.02	0.89	3.11	3.03
1990–1996	1.86	0.93	0.89	0.02	0.46	0.46	0.50
1996–1998	-0.89	0.27	-0.02	-0.46	-6.75	6.06	6.34
1998–2003	4.10	6.65	5.85	0.00	-2.28	-0.26	0.53
1981–2003	3.59	2.73	2.65	-0.02	-0.28	1.16	1.24

Appendix Table 14. Growth accounting (fishery)

	Fishery
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	18.70	30.43	23.78	0.01	-4.59	-7.14	-0.49
1982	8.16	-13.59	-12.57	0.03	11.98	9.73	8.71
1983	0.91	5.60	2.95	0.09	0.81	-5.60	-2.95
1984	-2.89	2.18	0.18	-0.02	1.53	-6.58	-4.58
1985	-1.16	18.54	16.50	0.05	2.07	-21.80	-19.77
1986	8.04	0.76	2.18	0.03	2.10	5.16	3.74
1987	12.57	-0.71	1.43	0.05	6.90	6.32	4.19
1988	2.83	-4.12	-5.10	0.04	7.24	-0.33	0.65
1989	10.62	3.38	4.98	0.01	11.09	-3.86	-5.46
1990	7.50	4.55	2.23	-0.02	-0.46	3.42	5.75
1991	24.23	-5.32	-3.39	0.02	3.01	26.52	24.59
1992	7.89	2.86	3.93	0.00	1.34	3.69	2.62
1993	13.16	2.51	-2.06	0.00	2.07	8.58	13.15
1994	9.13	2.95	6.38	0.01	3.47	2.70	-0.73
1995	1.93	-3.63	-3.92	0.00	3.60	1.97	2.25
1996	-1.11	8.63	6.08	0.00	8.21	-17.95	-15.40
1997	-4.64	-2.71	-2.59	0.01	1.88	-3.83	-3.95
1998	1.46	-0.24	1.42	0.04	8.39	-6.73	-8.40
1999	-0.13	5.74	3.91	0.02	0.78	-6.66	-4.83
2000	0.23	-4.85	-4.36	0.02	7.61	-2.55	-3.04
2001	0.49	7.09	4.68	0.01	-3.50	-3.10	-0.70
2002	2.09	2.05	2.28	-0.01	0.03	0.03	-0.20
2003	3.33	-3.69	-3.26	0.13	15.60	-8.71	-9.14
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	4.74	8.63	6.17	0.03	2.36	-6.28	-3.82
1985–1990	6.73	3.73	3.70	0.03	4.82	-1.85	-1.82
1990–1996	8.96	1.79	1.32	0.00	3.03	4.13	4.60
1996–1998	-1.43	1.90	1.64	0.02	6.16	-9.50	-9.25
1998–2003	1.24	1.02	0.78	0.03	4.82	-4.62	-4.38
1981–2003	5.36	2.54	1.99	0.02	3.96	-1.16	-0.61

Appendix Table 15. Growth accounting (freshwater fishery)

	Freshwater fishery
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Land adjusted for irrigation	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	11.57	9.15	7.56	0.03	4.97	-2.58	-1.00
1982	-21.79	-8.13	-8.41	0.10	10.11	-23.88	-23.59
1983	14.36	7.81	9.87	0.30	15.59	-9.34	-11.39
1984	3.89	8.52	5.57	-0.08	4.24	-8.78	-5.84
1985	0.62	0.37	0.46	0.20	10.93	-10.89	-10.98
1986	4.64	1.09	1.76	0.13	8.35	-4.92	-5.59
1987	10.47	-6.20	-6.65	0.33	18.41	-2.08	-1.63
1988	-8.27	3.67	3.39	0.27	14.93	-27.14	-26.85
1989	0.71	5.23	7.38	0.08	4.81	-9.42	-11.56
1990	10.04	10.69	11.85	-0.14	-7.50	6.98	5.82
1991	13.53	-10.04	-9.46	0.14	9.23	14.21	13.62
1992	3.63	5.50	5.57	0.05	1.26	-3.18	-3.25
1993	21.65	12.72	7.33	0.05	1.37	7.50	12.89
1994	11.32	3.58	8.94	0.12	2.18	5.44	0.09
1995	-0.42	1.04	2.64	0.04	5.48	-6.98	-8.58
1996	12.58	10.72	6.50	0.05	8.34	-6.53	-2.31
1997	-4.34	-7.22	-6.72	0.07	0.56	2.25	1.75
1998	2.41	3.76	6.80	0.41	7.44	-9.20	-12.24
1999	15.44	10.17	4.23	0.17	1.94	3.16	9.09
2000	1.97	-4.20	-2.05	0.21	10.50	-4.54	-6.69
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	1.73	3.54	3.01	0.11	9.17	-11.10	-10.56
1985–1990	3.03	2.48	3.03	0.15	8.32	-7.91	-8.47
1990–1996	10.33	4.89	4.77	0.04	2.91	2.49	2.61
1996–1998	3.55	2.42	2.19	0.18	5.45	-4.49	-4.27
1998–2000	6.61	3.24	2.99	0.27	6.62	-3.53	-3.28

Appendix Table 16. Growth accounting (marine fishery)

	Marine fishery
	GDP growth	Labour adjusted for quality		Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
	GDP growth	Employment (1)	Working hours (2)	Capital	TFP (1)	TFP (2)
1981	20.20	40.75	32.15	-4.35	-16.20	-7.61
1982	13.97	1.00	1.89	7.98	5.00	4.10
1983	-0.89	-4.22	-9.81	-1.47	4.80	10.39
1984	-3.93	-9.02	-7.56	0.87	4.22	2.76
1985	-1.45	35.92	30.22	0.18	-37.55	-31.85
1986	8.61	-0.55	0.78	0.53	8.63	7.30
1987	12.91	11.06	15.19	2.74	-0.89	-5.02
1988	4.61	-9.54	-10.19	3.64	10.51	11.16
1989	12.01	0.74	2.16	17.29	-6.02	-7.44
1990	7.18	-0.43	-4.16	4.26	3.34	7.07
1991	25.61	0.48	3.51	-0.47	25.60	22.57
1992	8.39	1.89	3.44	1.39	5.11	3.56
1993	12.21	-2.24	-5.92	2.58	11.87	15.55
1994	8.86	3.05	5.52	4.39	1.43	-1.05
1995	2.23	-5.89	-6.71	1.59	6.52	7.34
1996	-2.77	8.40	5.91	6.64	-17.80	-15.32
1997	-4.68	-0.35	-0.65	2.92	-7.26	-6.95
1998	1.32	-2.01	-1.71	8.11	-4.77	-5.07
1999	-2.34	3.67	3.39	-0.51	-5.51	-5.22
2000	5.29	-3.02	-3.76	4.55	3.75	4.50
Average growth rate:
1981–1985	5.58	12.89	9.38	0.64	-7.95	4.44
1985–1990	7.31	6.20	5.67	4.77	-3.66	-3.13
1990–1996	8.82	0.75	0.23	2.91	5.15	5.67
1996–1998	-2.04	2.01	1.18	5.89	-9.94	-9.11
1998–2000	1.42	-0.45	-0.70	4.05	-2.17	-1.93

Appendix 2

Growth-accounting framework

With the assumption of profit maximization, the growth-accounting approach solves the problem relating to the measurement of the unobservable output elasticity with respect to each input by using the share of factor incomes. Then we can straightforwardly compute the technical change as described below. We first write the production function in a general form with inputs i.

	y(t) = f (x₁(t), x₂(t),…, x_n (t), t)		(1)
where	y(t) = output at time t
	x_i(t) = input i at time t	; i = 1,…,n

Then equation 1 is differentiated with respect to time, we derive


or		(2)

where the dot over a variable indicates differentiation with respect to time. Divide equation (2) by (1) and we get




or			(3)

where

From equation 3, technical change is the difference between output growth and the sum of all input growth weighted by output elasticity with respect to each input. In order to compute the growth of TFP, we need to know the output elasticity with respect to input i. Following the assumptions of profit maximization and producer's equilibrium whereby each input is employed up to the point where its marginal product equals its marginal cost, we can replace output elasticity with respect to input i with factor income shares going to input i. In principle, we can obtain the values of factor income shares from the national income accounts. There are problems involved in measuring TFP as residual. We must also note that factors other than technical change like economies of scale, cyclical effects and the contribution of omitted inputs may also be captured by the TFP residual. This is a serious issue. When we mismeasure the growth of inputs, we wrongly attribute a part of output growth to TFP growth when it was in fact due to the growth in inputs. Therefore, when measuring TFP growth by the residual, we have to be certain that our measurement of inputs is correct, because otherwise part of output growth will be wrongly attributed to TFP growth. By the same token, if we overestimate growth in inputs, too little output growth will be attributed to TFP growth.

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PART II The decline and recovery of Thai agriculture: causes, responses, prospects and challenges (Continue)

Appendix 2 Growth-accounting framework

Bibliography

PART II
The decline and recovery of Thai agriculture: causes, responses, prospects and challenges (Continue)

Appendix 2

Growth-accounting framework