The Regional Avian Influenza Economic
Assessment Workshop
Bali, Indonesia,
26 - 29 September 2005

VACCINATION PROGRAMME
IN VIETNAM

Dr. Van Dang Ky
Vice-chief, Epidemiology Division
Department of Animal Health

Contents

• I. Introduction

• II. Current Highly Pathogenic Avian Ìnluenza (HPAI) Situation

• III. Vaccination programme

  1. Reasons for embarkation of vaccination in Vietnam
  2. The pre-vaccination preparation

  + Basic principles in using HPAI vaccinne:
  + Vaccination preperation:

  3. Implementation

I. Introduction

• Livestock diseases continue to have a major impact on the livelihoods of the rural population in Vietnam.

• which makes up over 80 % of the country total population.

• Nearly 18 % of the country’s GDP is derived from agriculture, and 19 % of that is from livestock.

I. Introduction

• Apart from other agricultural sector, poultry production is an important component.

• Prior to the avian influenza epidemic,

• The total domestic poultry population in Vietnam reached 261 million, of which 192 million were chicken and 68.8 million were ducks and geese (DAH, 2004).

Table 1: Poultry population 1996 - 2005 (million)

• The end of December 2003, outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) occurred in many provinces of Vietnam. Identified as infected with subtype H5N1, millions of poultry have been destroyed in order to control the epidemic. The disease spread rapidly with outbreaks occurring at the same time in different regions.

II. Current Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) situation

From mid-April to August 2005

• HPAI outbreaks have been confirmed in 8 provinces and cities and 11.314 birds have died or been culled.

• This epidemic episode was characterized with outbreaks occurring mostly at small household farms; no large farm has been affected.

• Disease occurrence tends to associate with areas where duck populations are significant.

Avian flu epidemic in humans

• From 16/12/2005 -16/8/2005, 63 cases of human infection with avian flu were reported in 23 provinces and municipalities, of which 20 were fatal.

• Since the first case of influenza A on human reported in Vietnam.

• Totally, 90 infected cases were reported of which 40 cases were fatal.

Major HPAI control measures employed before vaccination

• Early warning by closely surveillance and monitoring at village/farm level;

• Control of animal movement and control of slaughter and disposal of carcasses/wastes;

• Public awareness and enhancing biosecurity of farms;

• Emergency response to disease outbreaks: rapid destruction of infected poultry and poultry at high risk;

• Disinfection at infected and high risk areas;

• Monitoring live bird markets and slaughterhouses;

• Reducing duck population; and

• Strengthening international co-opertions.

Factors contributing disease spread:
Production and Ecology

Wetland, Duck and Rice Production

Measures available for control of HPAII

• Range of measures are available

• Each of these measures should be considered by veterinary and public health authorities and the appropriate combination of measures adopted.

• All of these measures reduce but don’t always eliminate risks

Medium - Long Term:
Enhancement of biosecurity and
Elimination of certain industry/management practices

• Not feasible to all sectors

• Importance of education

• Investment in biosecurity pays dividends

Medium - Long Term:
Movement management

• Includes import and border controls

  When trading poultry and poultry products, it is necessary to follow the OIE international standards.

• Live bird market controls

• Control of recreational activities such as cock-fighting

Medium - Long Term:
Diagnosis and Surveillance

• Target risk-based surveillance

• Networking at the level of

  National
  Regional
  International

• Sharing information and virus isolates to early detect the infection and changes

Timely and transparent reporting

III. Vaccination programme

• 1. Reasons for embarkation on vaccination in Vietnam

Despite several strictly disease control measures have been applied in Vietnam, HPAI outbreaks have been repeatedly occurred in many parts of Vietnam.

There are field and laboratory evidence that a number of vaccines could provide excellent protection against clinical disease in chickens.

Vaccination strategy has been applied successfully in some countries for control and prevention of H5N1 influenza.

It seems that vaccination has been the only choice for the current HPAI status in Vietnam.

Vaccination

• Vaccination should be combined with other measures, such as improved biosecurity

• This can be difficult to achieve in the smallholder sector

Basic principles in using HPAI vaccine:

• Meet all the guidance from OIE

• Providing enough vaccines which meet OIE’ standard

• Applying all disease control measures comprehensively

• Vaccination is only apply for non-infected poultry population

• Carrying out ring vaccination for new outbreaks.

III. Vaccination programme

2. The pre-vaccination preparation

• Establishing the National Steering Committee for HPAI Vaccination, as well as committees at provincial level;

• Testing different types of bird flu vaccines on a limited scale in early 2004 to select proper vaccines ®
  Decision made on inactivated H5N1 and H5N2 from Harbin (China) and H5N2 Intervet (the Netherlands).

• Carrying out pilot vaccinations for the northern Nam Dinh and southern Tien Giang Provinces in August 2005.

• Carrying out laboratory surveys to assess pre-vaccination status.

• Developing the Vaccination Strategy Plan and decision on targeted vaccination nationwide made in late August 2005 (vacc. are compulsory in 47 provinces/cities).

Vaccine use

III. Vaccination programme

2. The pre-vaccination preparation (Cont.)

• Developing and approving the National HPAI Vaccination Plan 2005-2006 where targeted poultry populations identified (Red River and Mekong River Deltas), and costs estimated (VND480 billion ~USD 30,2 million, of which ~94% will be borne by the Government).

• Vaccine volume estimated: 2005 ® 240 million doses; 2006 ® 370 million doses of both H5N2 and H5N1.

• Cost of vaccines: VND300/dose (~USD0.019) for H5N2/H5N1 Harbin and 700VND/dose (~USD0.044) for H5N2 Intervet

• Approving the Budgeting and Logistics Plan, ensuring that funds be released and vaccines be imported and delivered promptly

Estimated budget for vaccination campaign in Vietnam (2005 - 2006)

Unit: billion VND

III. Vaccination programme

2. The pre-vaccination preparation (Cont.)

• Agreement on specific roles of stakeholders involved in the work of HPAI vaccination.

• The Ministry of Financial directed provinces on financing mechanism to release funds for activities involved in HPAI vaccination where it states that vaccinators will be paid VND100 (~USD0.006) per bird vaccinated.

• Carrying out public awareness campaigns.

• Maintaining open and transparent HPAI reporting system.

• Inviting several international experts from FAO, China to provide consultancy on HPAI vaccines and vaccination as well as on vaccination surveillance.

III. Vaccination programme

3. Implementation

• Appointing a company to import vaccines from two sources: Harbin (China) and Intervet (the Netherlands).

• Issuing regulations on HPAI vaccination to guide provinces on setting up Vaccination Teams, recruiting vaccinators. Members of the Teams include District Vet staff, Representatives of Communal People’s Committee, Commune Animal Health Workers (AHW) and private vets.

• Training vaccinators on HPAI vaccination, usage of equipment with field demonstration and exercises.

• Requesting provinces to carry out pilot vaccinations at village level before commencing the mass campaigns within their perspective provinces.

III. Vaccination programme

3. Implementation (cont.)

• As of 22 Sept. 2005, HPAI vaccinations are undertaking in 20 provinces.

• Almost 100 million doses of vaccines has been imported and distributed to provinces.

• Order for other 260 million doses was placed, to be arrived in middle of October 2005.

• A national conference to regularly monitoring HPAI vaccination progress to be held the end of September 05.

III. Vaccination programme

Thank you for your attention

CPF COMPARTMENTALIZATION
(Broiler Integration)

Boonpeng Santiwattanatam

2

Avian Influenza Free Compartmentalization

28/09/48

3

Application of Quality Assurance Management

• Biosecurity management (Follow OIE Requirement on disease prevention and controlling system)

• Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) According to CODEX standard and EU directives on Hygiene and sanitation.

• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) According to CODEX standard in food safety.

• Quality assurance system (ISO 9000) to assure product quality and safety for consumer.

• Documentation, recording and auditing system are supervised and control by CPF compartment committee

• Farm standard by DLD.

• Consultation and supervision by Thai Competent Authority (Department of Livestock Development (DLD), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives)

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Control Measures

Using biosecurity system.

Epidemiology of the disease

• Controlling the diseases by considering relevant factors such as feedmill, live birds, humans, slaughterhouse, further processing plant, equipments and transportation.

Environmental factors

• Controlling the production environment starting from raw materials to finished products.

Surveillance

• Scheduling surveillance programs, periodic monitoring of AI virus.

Setting up identification and traceability procedures including product recall.

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Feedmill

Control of Raw Material

• Raw material inspection

• Control of raw material transportation and storage

Process Control

• Heat Treatment process (80 0C/1 min)
• Closed processing system

• Effective pest control program

Control of feed transportation

• Silo trucks are clean and disinfection inside, outside and sealed

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Breeder Farm

Farm management and day old chick control

• Evaporative cooling system housing

• Separate poultry area from personnel quarters

• Disinfection truck and personnel before entering the farm

• Lab testing by DLD.

• Movement Control by DLD.

• Farm standard by DLD.

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Hatchery (1/2)

One way system and segregate areas

• High risk area

• Low risk area

Hatching eggs receiving

• Hatching eggs come from AI free breeder farms
• Disinfection all eggs before hatching.
• Truck disinfecting before entering hatchery
• Cleaning and disinfecting equipment/packaging

• Hygiene and sanitation (GMP)

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Hatchery (2/2)

Control of day old chick and transportation to broiler farms

• Inspection of chick health status and traceability

• AI free lab. result

• Movement document and transportation control by Government (DLD)

• Trucks are cleaned and disinfection inside and outside before unloading day old chick

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Broiler Farm (1/3)

Type of poultry house

• Closed house and environmental control with evaporative cooling system

• Separate poultry area from personnel quarters

Day old chick and feed receiving

• AI. Lab result from breeder farms

• DLD. movement document

• Chick health status inspection

• Personal hygiene

• Trucks are inspect and disinfection before entering farm

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Broiler Farm (2/3)

Restrict to visit farms

Disinfecting before entering to farm area (living area)

All personnel and visitors must shower and disinfection before entering the poultry growing area

All vehicles must be disinfected before entering the poultry area (growing area)

All equipments and personal belonging must equipments and personal belonging must be disinfected before entering poultry area

Pest and rodent control program

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Broiler Farm (3/3)

Control of broiler transportation to slaughterhouse

• Truck inspection and disinfection

• Hygiene and sanitation of live bird catching team (shower and disinfection before entering poultry areas)

• Poultry inspection report at farm under control by DLD

• DLD. movement document

• AI lab result by DLD (For catching live bird)

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Slaughterhouse

Live Birds receiving

• Ante mortem inspection report

• AI-lab result, Poultry inspection report at farm, Movement document.

• Trucks and plastic creates cleaning and disinfection before leaving factory

Slaughtering control

• Post mortem inspection

• Sampling for AI testing

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Further Processing

Chicken meat receiving

• Meat transfer procedure

• Raw meat inspection

Cooked Meat Product (Finish Product)

• Core temperature control profile at least 70 °c, 1 min

• Processing control (Core Temp. ³ 80 °c) (CCP)

• Product release procedure

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Economic Impact (1/3)

Overall Economic Impact (Before & After AI Outbreak)

SOURCE: THAI BROILER PROCESSING EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION

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Economic Impact (2/3)

Impact to Thai Chicken Industry 2004

SOURCE: THAI BROILER PROCESSING EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION

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Economic Impact (3/3)

Economic Impact to Chicken Market (2004)

Domestic Market

• Consumer Panic
• No chicken menu in restaurant
• No chicken menu in school
• Many chicken restaurants were closed

• Per capita consumption reduce from 14 kg to 8 kg

Export Market

• Thai fresh meat was banned, but cooked product still excepted

• Export volume decrease 60% (540,000 tons to 210,000 tons)

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Compartmentalization & Economic Impact (1/3)

SOURCE: THAI BROILER PROCESSING EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION

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Compartmentalization & Economic Impact (2/3)

Additional Cost for Compartment

SOURCE: THAI BROILER PROCESSING EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION

*Average 12-15 Houses per farm, No. of Bird 12/M²

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Compartmentalization & Economic Impact (3/3)

Thailand can export fresh chicken meat

Fresh Meat > 300,000 tons > 20,000 Mil.Baht

Domestic Market: Consumption Increase

Per capita Consumption increase from 12 kg. to 14 kg.

Productivity: Increase

Live chicken weight increase from 2.2 kg. to 2.5 kg.

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Thank You

28/09/48

Estimating Economic Impact of
Zoning in Malaysia

Dato’ Dr. Haji Abdul Kadir Osman
Department Of Veterinary Services of Malaysia

MALAYSIA

1. PRE-OUTBREAK
CONTROL MEASURES

Spread of HPAI Virus - H5N1 in Thailand

BACKGROUND

• Kelantan was at risk of HPAI when Thailand was still infected.

• In Mid-July 2004: HPAI occurred in Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Narathiwat and Songkhla in Southern Thailand.

• State was put on alert with increased surveillance activities covering the entire state.

• Early detection of disease is vital for control and eradication of disease.

HPAI CONTROL MEASURES IN KELANTAN

• Establishment of State HPAI Control Operation Committee

• Setting up of Rapid Action Team

• Activate surveillance activities

• Strengthen border entry point checks

• Prevention of smuggling

• Monitoring of migratory birds

CLINICAL SURVEILLANCE OF HPAI

Surveillance of Farms in Kelantan

Surveillance of Premises in Kelantan

Prevention of Smuggling

• 11 teams - 33 staffs

• 24-hour operation

• Interdepartmental and Interagency Cooperation

  - Custom Department (Prevention)
  - Smuggling Prevention Unit
  - Police
  - Dept. of Agriculture
  - Dept. of Health
  - Army

Control of Entry Points

• Stringent checking at entry points

  - Rantau Panjang
  - Pengkalan Kubor
  - Bukit Bunga

Confiscation & Destruction
(January - September 2004)

2. Outbreak of HPAI in Kelantan, Malaysia

Chronology of HPAI in Malaysia

HPAI Outbreaks in Kelantan

Outbreaks and HPAI viruses were detected only in the state of Kelantan
* Detection of virus HPAI Sub-type H5N1

Detection of HPAI Virus

• Detected through surveillace acitivities of Kelantan DVS

• Surveillance team investigated a report of two village chicken dead in Kampung Pasir Pekan, Tumpat, Kelantan.

• Samples of pooled organ & allantoic fluid were submitted to VRI, Ipoh, Perak.

• 17 Ogos 2004: VRI confirmed that it was HPAI virus pathogenic H5N1.

Immediate Measures To Prevent Spread of Disease to Other States

• Establishment of Action and Disease Control Operational Committees in DVS Kelantan

• Immediate Investigation for gathering latest information

• Quarantine of Infected Zone

• Ban on movement of poultry, birds and poultry products

• Gazetting of Laws

• Heighten disease surveillance

• Destruction of poultry and birds in Infected Zone

• Disease Outbreak Committee meeting chaired by the State Secretary

Organizational Chart of HPAI
Control in Kelantan DVS

Action Taken

1. Infected Foci Determined
2. Established 1 km radius Infected zone (IZ)
3. Immediate quarantine of IZ
4. Data Gathering of all poultry and birds within IZ
5. Formation of Destruction teams and Stamping Out Activities

ZONING FOR HPAI CONTROL

INTER AGENCY COOPERATION

3. Economic Impact

A. Cost of Surveillance and Monitoring Before Outbreak

B. Cost of Eradication in Kelantan

C. Direct Loss to the Livestock Industry

D. Indirect Loss

Number of Commercial Poultry Farms in Malaysia (2003)

A. Cost of Surveillance and Monitoring Before Outbreak

Results of Virological Surveillance of HPAI in Malaysia
(Jan 2004 - June 2005)

Cost of Collecting Samples

Total Cost of Surveillance and Monitoring
USD 532,544.00

B. Cost of Eradication

Maintenance Cost for Roadblocks

· Cost of Compensation USD 60,000

Number of poultry and birds destroyed
19/08/04 - 07/10/04

Compensation Rate according to Type of Commercial
Poultry and Age of the Birds

Compensation Rate of Various Birds

Total Cost of Control of HPAI in Malaysia

C. Direct Loss to the Livestock Industry

Losses to Livestock Industry in Malaysia worth USD 2.5 million per day dated 23 August 2004

Source: BERNAMA

Impact on Poultry Industry and Economy

D. Indirect Loss

Others

• Loss of livelihood for farmers, workers & families, also entrepreneurs in poultry industry

• Psychological effect on farmers, workers & families

• Outstanding bank loans

• Farm loss burden

• Poultry related industries also affected

Effect to Tourism Industry

REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF TOURISTS

(Source: Immigration Department)

Estimated Total
Economic Losses
USD 355,733,430

Control Measures for Avian
Influenza Free Status

1. Preventive Measures

• Import restriction of poultry and poultry products (PPP) from HPAI affected countries

• Strengthening Border control to prevent illegal entry of PPP

• Road blocks and check points at strategic locations in the states bordering Thailand

• Inspection of all imported PPP at port of entries

• Quarantine of all imported birds

• Destruction of all birds, PPP found entering the country illegally

• Discouraging farm establishment nearby bird sanctuaries

• Discouraging integration or multi-species farm enterprise (e.g.. Pig, poultry and duck)

2. Emergency Preparedness Measures

• Maintaining the state of alert of the HPAI emergency response mechanism

• Maintaining the HPAI Rapid Action Teams

• Maintaining HPAI committees

• Updating emergency response protocols

• Maintaining and stocking equipments, chemical, attires and materials required for emergency response

• Maintaining laboratory capability and capacity

3. Surveillance and Early Warning

• Continuous surveillance Monitoring HPAI situation in neighboring countries

• Continuously reminding farmers on the importance of reporting of any abnormal mortality

• Investigation of any suspect cases

4. Legislative and Enforcement

• Gazetting and enforcing laws related to HPAI control and eradication

• Implementing inter-state movement control of PPP via permit and health certification system

• Licensing poultry farm establishments by incooperating biosecurity measures

5. Continuous Education and Public Awareness on HPAI

• Leaflets on HPAI and its prevention

• Meeting with farmers’ associations

• Implementing GAHP which cover biosecurity

6. International Collaboration

• Participation in regional initiatives such as ASEAN HPAI Taskforce

• Participation in regional and international training and capacity building conducted by OIE, FAO and WHO

• Participation in international seminars, forum and workshop on HPAI control

Zoning For Resuming Trade with Singapore

Conditions For Establishing and Maintaining Disease Free Zone (DFZ)

Define the DFZ and Establish Buffer Zones e.g

1. Johore, Malacca, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan
The Buffer zone is the belt of northern Malaysian states, including Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Trengganu and northern parts of Pahang and Perak

2. Perak DFZs
The buffer zone is the same as above and includes the rest of Perak outside the two DFZs in the state

Lessons Learned

1. Experienced, Knowledgeable and Efficient Crisis Manager

2. Well prepared and trained Surveillance, Culling and Investigation teams.

3. Well planned Sampling activities

4. Records must be up-to-date

1. Good Communication Facilities

2. All agencies should be prepared to respond rapidly

3. Intra-departmental and Intra-agency cooperation is a must.

4. Public Awareness on HPAI

5. Reasonable Compensation scheme