TABLE A6.1
Herd performance parameters for the dairy and meat cattle systems
Parameters | Inputs level | ||
Low | Intermediate | High | |
Fertility rate | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.85 |
Prolificacy rate | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Bull sper cow | 0.03 | 0 | 0 |
Milk yield per lactation in tonnes | 0.6 | 2.0 | 2.8 |
Fraction of females milked | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cow mortality rate1 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Bull mortality rate | 0.05 | 0 | 0 |
Female replacement mortality rate1 | 0.05 | 007 | 0.09 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.05 | .0 | 0 |
Female young mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
Male young mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
Otherstock mortality rate | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Female breeder carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.125 | 0.156 | 0.208 |
Male breeded carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.150 | 0 | 0 |
Carcase weight of other stock(tonnes) | 0.080 | 0.094 | 0.104 |
Presence of males in the system | yes | no | no |
TABLE A6.2
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at low inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | ||||
Breeding cows | Death rate 3% | |||||
3 year old | 14 | + 14 recruits from replacement herd | ||||
4 year old | 13 | |||||
5 year old | 13 | |||||
6 yearold | 13 | - 3 deaths | ||||
7 yearold | 12 | |||||
8 year old | 12 | - 11 culls × 250 kg LW | 2750 | kg LW | ||
9 year old | 12 | |||||
10 year old | 11 | |||||
100 | ||||||
Calves under 1 year | 67% calving rate | |||||
Heifers | 33 | Death rate 25% | ||||
- 8 deaths | ||||||
- 15 recruits to heifer replacement herd | ||||||
- 10 sales® 135 kg | 1350 | kg LW | ||||
Bulls | 34 | Death rate 25% | ||||
- 9 deaths | ||||||
67 | - 25 sales® 135 kg | 3375 | kg LW | |||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 5% | |||||
1 year old | 15 | + 15 recruits from calf | ||||
2 year old | 14 | - 1 death | ||||
29 | - 14 recruits to cow herd | |||||
Total meat output | 7475 | kg LW | ||||
or 3737.5 | kg DW | |||||
Total milk output (67 cows × 600 litres) | 40 200 liters | |||||
Production | Milk | Meat | ||||
per cow | 402 litres | 37.37 kg DW | ||||
per TLU | 264.8 litres | 24.6 kg DW |
TABLE A6.3
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at intermediate inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | ||||
Breeding cows | Death rate 6% | |||||
3 year | 17 | + 17 recruits from replacement herd | ||||
4 year | 16 | |||||
5 year | 16 | |||||
6 year | 15 | - 6 deaths | ||||
7 year | 13 | |||||
8 year | 12 | - 11 culls × 300 kg LW | 3300 | kg LW | ||
9 year old | 11 | |||||
100 | ||||||
Calves under 1 year | 72% calving rate | |||||
Heifers | 36 | Death rate 20% | ||||
- 7 deaths | ||||||
- 20 recruits to heifer replacement herd | ||||||
-9 sales® 170 kg | 1530 | kg LW | ||||
Bulls | 36 | Death rate 20% | ||||
- 7 deaths | ||||||
- 29 sales® 170 kg | 4930 | kg LW | ||||
72 | ||||||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 7% | |||||
1 year old | 20 | + 20 recruits from calf herd | ||||
2 year old | 17 | - 3 deaths | ||||
37 | - 17 recruits to cow herd | |||||
Total meat output | 9760 | kg LW | ||||
or 3737.5 | kg DW | |||||
Total milk output (72 cows × 2000 litres) | 144 000 litres | |||||
Production | Milk | Meat | ||||
per cow | 1440 litres | 48.8 kg DW | ||||
per TLU | 768.4 litres | 26.0 kg DW |
TABLE A6.4
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat cattle system at high inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | ||||
Breeding cows | Death rate 6% | |||||
3 year old | 23 | + 23 recruits from | ||||
4 year old | 21 | replacement herd | ||||
5 year old | 20 | |||||
6 year old | 19 | - 6 deaths | ||||
7 year old | 17 | |||||
100 | - 17 culls × 400 kg LW | 6800 | kg LW | |||
Calves under 1 year | 85% calving rate | |||||
Heifers | 42 | Death rate 10% | ||||
- 4 deaths | ||||||
- 28 recruits to heifer replacement herd | ||||||
- 10 sales® 230 kg | 2300 | kg LW | ||||
Bulls | 43 | Death rate 10% | ||||
-4deaths | ||||||
-39sales@35kg | 1365 | kg LW | ||||
85 | (2 weeks old) | |||||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 10% | |||||
1 year old | 28 | + 28 recruits from calf | ||||
2 year old | 23 | - 5 deaths | ||||
51 | - 23 recruits to cow herd | |||||
Total meat output | 10465 | kg LW | ||||
or 5232.5 | kg DW | |||||
Total milk output (85 cows × 2800 litres) | 238 000 litres | |||||
Production | Milk | Meat | ||||
per cow | 2380 litres | 52.3 kg DW | ||||
per TLU | 901.5 litres | 19.8 kg DW |
TABLE A6.5
Herd performance parameters for the dairy and meat goat systems
Parameters | Inputs level | ||
Low | Intermediate | High | |
Fertility rate | 1.27 | 1.56 | 1.875 |
Prolificacy rate | 1.02 | 1.25 | 1.50 |
Bucks per doe | 0.04 | 0.033 | 0.025 |
Milk yield per lactation in tonnes | 0 | 0.03 | 0.26 |
Fraction of females milked | 0 | 0.95 | 1 |
Doe mortality rate | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Buck mortality rate | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Female young mortality rate | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
Male young mortality rate | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
Other stock mortality rate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Female breeder carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.020 |
Male breeded carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.02 | 0.022 | 0.023 |
Carcase weight of other stock (tonnes) | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.018 |
Presence of males in the system | yes | yes | yes |
TABLE A6.6
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at low inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding does | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 17 | + 17 recruits from | |||
3 year old | 16 | replacement flock | |||
4 year old | 16 | ||||
5 year old | 15 | - 6 deaths | |||
6 year old | 13 | ||||
7 year old | 12 | - 11 culls × 28 kg LW | 308 | kg LW | |
8 year old | 11 | ||||
100 | |||||
Kidding effective rate 127%/doe/year | |||||
Female | 63 | Death rate 15% | |||
- 9 deaths | |||||
- 19 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 35 surplus for sale as | |||||
yearlings @ 20 kg LW | 700 | kg LW | |||
Male | 64 | Death rate 15% | |||
- 10 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to replacement | |||||
flock | |||||
- 52 surplus for sale as | |||||
127 | yearlings @ 24 kg LW | 1248 | kg LW | ||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Does 1 year | 19 | + 19 recruits | |||
Old | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 17 recruits to breeding flock | |||||
Bucks 1 year | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
Old | - 1 to breeding herd | ||||
21 | - 1 cull sold @ 40 kg LW | 40 | kg LW | ||
Bucks | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 0.5 i.e. 1 death every | |||
4 year old | 1 | second year | |||
5 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 40 kg LW | 20 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 2316 | kg LW | |||
or 1158 | kg DW | ||||
Production | Meat | ||||
per doe | 11.58 kg DW | ||||
per TLU | 92.64 kg DW |
TABLE A6.7
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at intermediate inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding does | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 23 | + 23 recruits from replacement flock | |||
3 year old | 21 | ||||
4 year old | 20 | ||||
5 year old | 19 | - 6 deaths | |||
6 year old | 17 | - 17 culls × 34 kg LW | 578 | kg LW | |
Kidding effective rate 156%/doe/year | |||||
Female | 78 | Death rate 12% | |||
-9 deaths | |||||
-23 recruitst replacement flock | |||||
- 46 sales @ 22 kg LW | 1012 | kg LW | |||
Male | 78 | Death rate 12% | |||
-10 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to buck | |||||
replacement flock | |||||
- 66 sales @ 25 kg LW | 1650 | kg LW | |||
156 | |||||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Does 1 year | 25 | - 2 deaths | |||
old | - 23 recruits to breeding | ||||
Bucks 1 year | 2 | + 2 from kids flock | |||
old | -1 to breeding herd | ||||
27 | - 1 cull sold @ 40 kg LW | 40 | kg LW | ||
Bucks | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 0.5 i.e. 1 death every second year | |||
4 year old | 1 | ||||
5 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 44 kg LW | 22 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total milk output | 3302 | kg LW | |||
or 1651 | kg LW | ||||
Milk production 180 litres/lactation; | |||||
Less: allowance for kids 150 litres/lactation; | |||||
Netmilkoutput: | |||||
30 litres × 125 lactation = 38 litres/doe/year lactation | |||||
Total milk output for 100 doe herd: | 3800 litres | ||||
Production | Milk | Meat | |||
per doe | 38 litres | 16.51 kg DW | |||
per TLU | 263.7 litres | 114.60 kg |
TABLE A6.8
Herd performance calculations for the dairy and meat goat system at high inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding does | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 17 | + 17 recruits from | |||
3 year old | 16 | replacement flock | |||
4 year old | 15 | ||||
5 year old | 14 | - 6 deaths | |||
6 year old | 14 | ||||
7 year old | 13 | -11 culls xfs 40 kgLW | 440 | kgLW | |
8 year old | 11 | ||||
100 | |||||
Kidding effective rate 187.5%/doe/year | |||||
Female | 93 | Death rate 10% | |||
- 9 deaths | |||||
-19 recruits to replacement | |||||
flock | |||||
- 65 sales @ 22 kg LW | 1430 | kg LW | |||
Male | 94 | Death rate 10% | |||
-10 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to buck | |||||
replacement flock | |||||
- 82 sales @ 25 kg LW | 2050 | kg LW | |||
187 | |||||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Does 1 year | 19 | + 19 recruits | |||
old | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 17 recruits to breeding | |||||
Bucks 1 year | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
old | -1 to breeding herd | ||||
- 1 cull sold @ 40 kg LW | 40 | kg LW | |||
21 | |||||
Bucks | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | -0.5 i.e. 1 death every | |||
4 year old | 1 | second year | |||
5 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 44 kg LW | 22 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 3982 | kg LW | |||
or 1991 | kg DW | ||||
Milk production 425 litres/lactation; | |||||
Less: allowance for kids 165 litres/lactation; | |||||
Net milk output: | |||||
260 litres × 1.25 lactation = 325 litres/doe/year lactation | |||||
Total milk output for 100 doe hard: | 32 500 litres | ||||
Production | Milk | Meat | |||
per doe | 325 litres | 19.91 kg DW | |||
per TLU | 2166.7 litres | 132.73 kg |
TABLE A6.9
Herd performance parameters for the meat and wool sheep systems
Parameters | Inputs level | ||
Low | Intermediate | High | |
Fertility rate | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
Prolificacy rate | 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.20 |
Rams per ewe | 0.04 | 0.033 | 0.033 |
Milk yield per lactation in tonnes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fraction of females milked | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ewe mortality rate1 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Ram mortality rate11 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Female young mortality rate | 0.17 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Male young mortality rate | 0.17 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Other stock mortality rate | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Female breeder car case weight | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.020 |
Male breeded car case weight | 0.018 | 0.022 | 0.022 |
Car case weight of other stock | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.015 |
Presence of males in the system | yes | yes | yes |
TABLE A6.10
Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at low Inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding ewes | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 17 | + 17 recruits from replacement flock | |||
3 year old | 16 | ||||
4 year old | 16 | ||||
5 year old | 15 | - 6 deaths | |||
6 year old | 13 | ||||
7 year old | 12 | - 11 culls × 28 kg LW | 308 | kg LW | |
8 year old | 11 | ||||
100 | |||||
Lambing effective rate 115%/ewe/year | |||||
Female | 58 | Death rate 17% | |||
- 10 deaths | |||||
- 19 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
-29 sales @ 18 kg LW | |||||
Male | 57 | Death rate 17% | 522 | kg LW | |
- 10 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 45 sales @ 20 kg LW | 900 | kg LW | |||
115 | |||||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Ewes 1 year | 19 | + 19 recruits | |||
old | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 17 recruits to breeding flock | |||||
Rams 1 year | 2 | - 1 to breeding herd | |||
old | - 1 cull sold @ 30 kg LW | ||||
21 | every second year | 15 | kg LW | ||
Rams | Death rate 6% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 0.5 i.e. 1 death every | |||
4 year old | 1 | second year | |||
5 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 36 kg LW | 18 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 1763 | kg LW | |||
or 882 | kg DW | ||||
Total wool output (1.2 kg per adult head) | 149 kg | ||||
Production | Meat | Wool | |||
per ewe | 8.82 kg DW | 1.49 kg | |||
per TLU | 70.5 kg DW | 11.9 kg |
TABLE A6.11
Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at intermediate inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding ewes | Death rate 7% | ||||
2 year old | 20 | + 20 recruits from replacement flock | |||
3 year old | 19 | ||||
4 year old | 17 | ||||
5 year old | 16 | - 7 deaths | |||
6 year old | 15 | ||||
7 year old | 13 | - 13 culls × 36 kg LW | 468 | kg LW | |
100 | |||||
Lambing effective rate 148%/ewe/year | |||||
Female | 74 | Death rate 10% | |||
- 8 deaths | |||||
- 22 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 44 sales @ 22 kg LW | 968 | kg LW | |||
Male | 74 | Death rate 10% | |||
- 7 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 65 sales @ 25 kg LW | 1625 | kg LW | |||
148 | |||||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Ewes 1 year | 22 | + 22 recruits | |||
old | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 20 recruits to breeding flock | |||||
Rams 1 year | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
old | - 1 to breeding herd | ||||
- 1 cull @ 40 kg LW | 40 | kg LW | |||
24 | |||||
Rams | Death rate 10% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 0.5 death/ year | |||
4 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 46 kg LW | 23 | kg LW | |
3 | |||||
Total meat output | 3124 | kg LW | |||
or 1562 | kg DW | ||||
Total wool output (2.0 kg per adult head) | 264 kg | ||||
Production | Meat | Wool | |||
per ewe | 15.62 kg DW | 2.64 kg | |||
per TLU | 123.0 kg DW | 20.8 kg |
TABLE A6.12
Herd performance calculations for the meat and wool sheep system at high inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding ewes | Death rate 7% | ||||
2 year old | 20 | + 20 recruits from replacement flock | |||
3 year old | 19 | ||||
4 year old | 17 | ||||
5 year old | 16 | - 7 deaths | |||
6 year old | 15 | ||||
7 year old | 13 | - 13 culls x40 kg LW | 520 | kg LW | |
1 | 100 | ||||
Lambing effective rate 178%/ewe/year | |||||
Female | 89 | Death rate 10% | |||
- 8 deaths | |||||
- 22 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 58 sales @ 22 kg LW | 1276 | kg LW | |||
Male | 89 | Death rate 10% | |||
- 9 deaths | |||||
- 2 recruits to replacement flock | |||||
- 73 sales @ 25 kg LW | 1825 | kg LW | |||
178 | |||||
Replacement yearlings | Death rate 10% | ||||
Ewes 1 year | 22 | + 22 recruits | |||
old | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 20 recruits to breeding flock | |||||
Rams 1 year | 2 | + 1 recruits | |||
old | - 1 to breeding herd | ||||
24 | - 1 cull @ 40 kg LW | 40 | kg LW | ||
Rams | Death rate 10% | ||||
2 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 0.5 death/year | |||
4 year old | 1 | - 0.5 cull sold @ 46 kg LW | 23 | kg LW | |
3 | |||||
3684 | kg LW | ||||
Total meat output | or 1842 | kg DW | |||
Total wool output (2.5 kg per adult head) | 317.5 kg | ||||
Production | Meat | Wool | |||
per ewe | 18.42 kg DW | 3.17 kg | |||
per TLU | 145.0 kg DW | 25 kg |
TABLE A6.13
Herd performance parameters for the cattle pastoral systems
Parameters | Seminomadic | Nomadic with market access | Nomadic distant |
Fertility rate | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Prolificacy rate | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Bulls per cow | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
Milk yield per lactation in tonnes | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Fraction of females milked | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.4 |
Cow mortality rate | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Bull mortality rate | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
Female young mortality rate | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Male young mortality rate | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Female breeder carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 |
Male breeded carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 |
Carcase weight of other stock(tonnes) | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
Presence of males in the system | yes | yes | yes |
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding cows | Death rate 3% | ||||
4 year old | 8 | + 7 recruits herd | |||
5 year old | 8 | ||||
6 year old | 7 | ||||
7 year old | 7 | -4 deaths | |||
8 year old | 6 | ||||
9 year old | 5 | ||||
10 year old | 4 | - 31 culls × 250 kg LW | 750 | kg LW | |
45 | |||||
Calves under 1 year | 50% calving rate | ||||
Heifer (born) | 11 | Death rate 17% | |||
Net live calves | 9 | -2 deaths | |||
-8 heifer herd | |||||
- 1 slaughtered @ 50 kg | 50 | kg LW | |||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 5% | ||||
1 year old | 8 | + 8 recruits | |||
2 year old | 7 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | 7 | - 7 recruits to cow herd | |||
22 | |||||
Bull calves | Death rate 17% | ||||
Bull calves | 12 | - 2 deaths | |||
Net live calves9born) | 10 | -2 to bull herd | |||
-3 to steer herd | |||||
- 5 slaughtered @ 50 k LW | |||||
250 | kg LW | ||||
Steer herd | Death rate 10% | ||||
1 year old | 3 | + 3 recruits | |||
2 year old | 3 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | 2 | -2 slaughtered @ 300 kg | 600 | kg LW | |
4 year old | 2 | ||||
10 | |||||
Bulls | |||||
1 year old | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
2 year old | 2 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | - | ||||
4 year old | 1 | ||||
5 year old | - | ||||
6 year old | 1 | - 1 cull @ 300 kg LW | 300 | kg LW | |
6 | |||||
1950 | kg LW | ||||
Total meat output | or 1044 | kg DW | |||
Total milk output (45 cows at 50% calving = 23 × 175 litres) | 4025 litres | ||||
Production | Milk | Meat | |||
per TLU | 59.3 litres | 15.4 kg DW |
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding cows | Death rate 6% | ||||
4 year old | 8 | + 7 recruits herd | |||
5 yearold | 8 | ||||
6 year old | 7 | -3 deaths | |||
7 year old | 7 | ||||
8 year old | 6 | ||||
9 year old | 5 | ||||
10 year old | 4 | - 4 culls × 250 kg LW | 1000 | kg LW | |
45 | |||||
Calves under 1 year | 50% calving rate | ||||
Heifer | 12 | Death rate 17% | |||
Net live | 10 | - 2 deaths | |||
calves | -8 heifer herd | ||||
- 2 slaughtered @ 50 kg | 100 | kg LW | |||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 5% | ||||
1 year old | 8 | + 8 recruits | |||
2 year old | 7 | - 1 death | |||
3 year old | 7 | - 7 recruits to cow herd | |||
22 | |||||
Bull calves | Death rate 17% | ||||
Bull calves | 11 | - 2 deaths | |||
Net live | 9 | - 1 to bull herd | |||
calves | - 5 to steer herd | ||||
- 3 slaughtered @ 50 k | 150 | kg LW | |||
Steer herd | Death rate 7% | ||||
1 year old | 5 | + 5 recruits | |||
2 year old | 5 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | 4 | - 4 slaughtered @ 300 kg LW | 1200 | kg LW | |
14 | |||||
Bulls | |||||
1 year old | 1 | + 1 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | ||||
3 year old | 1 | -1death or 1 slaughtered | |||
4 year old | 1 | alternate years | |||
5 year old | 1 | 0.5 @ 300 kg | 150 | kg LW | |
5 | |||||
2600 | kg LW | ||||
Total meat output | or 1353 | kg DW | |||
Total milk output (45 cows at 50% calving = 23 × 190 | 4370 litres | ||||
Production | Milk | Meat | |||
per TLU | 60.0 litres | 18.6 kg DW |
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding cows | Death rate 5% | ||||
4 year old | 7 | + 7 recruits | |||
5 year old | 7 | ||||
6 year old | 6 | ||||
7 year old | 6 | -2 deaths | |||
8 year old | 5 | ||||
9 year old | 5 | - 5 culls × 250 kg LW | 1250 | kg LW | |
36 | |||||
Calves under 1 year | 67% calving rate | ||||
Heifer | 12 | Death rate 12% | |||
Net live | 10 | -2 deaths | |||
calves | - 8 to heifer herd | ||||
- 2 slaughtered @ 50 kg LW | 100 | kg LW | |||
Replacement heifers | Death rate 5% | ||||
1 year old | 8 | + 8 recruits | |||
2 year old | 7 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | 7 | - 7 recruits to cow herd | |||
22 | |||||
Bull calves | Death rate 12% | ||||
Bull calves | 12 | - 1 death | |||
Net live rate | 9 | -1 to bull herd | |||
- 7 to steer herd | |||||
- 3 slaughtered @ 50 k LW | 150 | kg LW | |||
Steer herd | Death rate 5% | ||||
1 year old | 7 | - 1 to bull herd | |||
2 year old | 7 | - 7 to steer herd | |||
3 year old | 6 | + 7 recruits | |||
20 | -1 death | ||||
- 6 slaughtered @ 300 kg LW | 1800 | kg LW | |||
Bulls | |||||
1 year old | 1 | + 1 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | ||||
3 year old | 1 | -1 death or 1 slaughtered in | |||
4 year old | 1 | alternate years | |||
5 year old | 1 | 0.5 @ 350 kg | 175 | kg LW | |
Total meat output | 3475 | kg LW | |||
or 1737.5 | kg DW | ||||
Total milk output (45 cows at 67% calving = 24 × 200 | 4800 litres | ||||
Production | Milk | Meat | |||
perTLU | 67.9 litres | 24.6 kg DW |
TABLE A6.17
Herd performance parameters for the goat pastoral systems
Parameters | Semi-nomadic | Nomadic distant |
Female breeder mortality rate | 0.15 | 0.25 |
Male breeder mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Young mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.3 |
Fertility rate | 0.6 | 0.4 |
Prolificacy rate | 1.45 | 1.45 |
Breeder females per male | 13.5 | 15 |
Female breeder carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.028 | 0.025 |
Male breeder carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.045 | 0.04 |
Slaughter stock carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Milk yield per lactation (tonnes) | 0 | 0 |
Fraction of females milked | 0 | 0 |
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Does | Death rate 25% | ||||
2 year old | 12 | + 15 recruits | |||
3 year old | 12 | -15 deaths | |||
4 year old | 11 | ||||
5 year old | 11 | ||||
6 year old | 8 | ||||
7 year old | 6 | ||||
Kidding rate: 40% does × 1.45 (reproduction rate 1.45) | = 35 kids/year | ||||
Kid does | Death rate 30% | ||||
18 | - 5 deaths | ||||
- 13 doe weaners | |||||
Doe weaners | Death rate 30% | ||||
13 | - 4 deaths | ||||
- 9 doe recruits | |||||
Kid billies | Death rate 30% | ||||
18 | - 5 deaths | ||||
-2 billy recruits | |||||
- 11 wether recruits | |||||
Wether weaners | |||||
Weaners | 11 | + 11 recruits | |||
2 year old | 8 | - 3 deaths (30%) | |||
3 year old | 4 | -4 deaths(25%) | |||
23 | - 4 slaughtered @ 30 kg | 120 | kg LW | ||
Billy weaners | Death rate 25% | ||||
Weaners | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | - 1 death | |||
3 year old | 1 4 | - 1 slaughtered @ 40 kg | 40 | kg LW | |
Total meat output | 160 | kg LW | |||
or 83.2 | kg DW | ||||
Production per TLU | 7.63 kg meat DW |
Note: This flock cannot maintain itself and would be dependent on occasional flush seasons to rebuild numbers or intake from outside.
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Does | Death rate 15% | ||||
2 year old | 12 | + 12 recruits | |||
3 year old | 10 | - 8 deaths | |||
4 year old | 10 | - 4 culls @ 28 kg LW | 112 | kg LW | |
5 year old | 8 | ||||
6 year old | 8 | ||||
7 year old | 6 | ||||
54 | |||||
Kidding rate:6 (Reproduction 0% does × 1.45 rate 1.45) | = 47 kids/year | ||||
Kid does | Death rate 25% | ||||
24 | - 6 deaths | ||||
-18 doe weaners | |||||
Doe weaners | Death rate 30% | ||||
18 | - 6 deaths | ||||
- 12 doe recruits | |||||
Kid billies | Death rate 25% | ||||
23 | - 6 deaths | ||||
- 2 billy recruits | |||||
- 15 wether recruits | |||||
Wether weaners | |||||
Weaners | 15 | + 15 recruits | |||
2 year old | 10 | - 5 deaths (30%) | |||
3 year old | 8 | - 2 deaths (25%) | |||
33 | - 8 slaughtered @ 40 kg | 320 | kg LW | ||
Billy weaners | Death rate 25% | ||||
Weaners | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | - 1 death | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 1 slaughtered @ 45 kg | 45 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 477 | kg LW | |||
or 245 | kg DW | ||||
Production per TLU | 19.8 kg meat DW |
TABLE A6.20
Herd performance parameters for the sheep pastoral systems
Parameters | Semi-nomadic | Nomadic distant |
Female breeder mortality rate | 0.10 | 0.15 |
Male breeder mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Young mortality rate | 0.10 | 0.20 |
Fertility rate | 0.65 | 0.50 |
Prolificacy rate | 1.25 | 1.25 |
Breeder females per male | 12.5 | 12.5 |
Female breeder carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.028 | 0.025 |
Male breeder carcase weight (tonnes) | 0.035 | 0.030 |
Slaughter stock carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.035 | 0.030 |
Milk yield per lactation (tonnes) | 0 | 0 |
Fraction of females milked | 0 | 0 |
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Ewes | Death rate 15% | ||||
2 year old | 11 | + 12 recruits | |||
3 year old | 11 | - 12 deaths | |||
4 year old | 10 | ||||
5 year old | 9 | ||||
6 year old | 9 | ||||
50 | |||||
Lambing rate: (Reproduction 50% does × 1.25 rate 1.25) | = 31 lambs/year | ||||
Ewe lambs | Death rate 20% | ||||
16 | - 3 deaths | ||||
- 13 ewe recruits | |||||
Ewe weaners | Death rate 25% | ||||
13 | - 4 deaths | ||||
- 11 ewe recruits | |||||
Ram lambs | Death rate 20% | ||||
15 | - 3 deaths | ||||
- 2 ram recruits | |||||
- 10 wether recruits | |||||
Wethers | |||||
Weaners | 10 | + 10 recruits | |||
2 year old | 8 | - 2 deaths (25%) | |||
3 year old | 6 | -2 deaths (15%) | |||
24 | - 6 slaughtered @ 30 kg LW | 180 | kg LW | ||
Rams | Death rate 25% | ||||
Weaners | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | - 1 death | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 1 slaughtered @ 30 kg | 30 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 210 | kg LW | |||
or 109 | kg DW | ||||
Production pet TLU | 8.95 kg meat DW |
Total TLU = 1 2 . 2 (Table 5.7)
Note: This flock is barely self-sustaining.
TABLE A6.22
Herd performance calculations for the sheep pastoral system (semi-nomadic) at high inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Ewes | Death rate 10% | ||||
2 year old | 11 | + 11 recruits | |||
3 year old | 11 | - 5 deaths | |||
4 year old | 10 | - 6 culls @ 28 kg LW | 168 | kg LW | |
5 year old | 9 | ||||
6 year old | 9 | ||||
50 | |||||
Lambing rate: (Reproduction 65% does × 1.25 rate 1.25) | = 31 lambs/year | ||||
Ewe lambs | Death rate 10% | ||||
20 | - 2 deaths | ||||
9 | - 18 ewe recruits | ||||
Ewe weaners | Death rate 25% | ||||
18 | - 6 deaths | ||||
- 11 ewe recruits | |||||
- 1 cull@ 15 kg LW | 15 | kg LW | |||
Ram lambs | Death rate 10% | ||||
20 | - 2 deaths | ||||
- 2 ram recruits | |||||
- 10 wether recruits | |||||
- 6 culls @ 8 kg LW | 48 | kg LW | |||
Wethers | |||||
Weaners | 10 | + 10 recruits | |||
2 year old | 5 | - 2/3 deaths (25%) | |||
3 year old | 5 | - 1 death (10%) | |||
20 | 6/7 slaughtered @ 35 kg LW | 227.5 | kg LW | ||
Rams | Death rate 25% | ||||
Weaners | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
2 year old | 1 | - 1 death | |||
3 year old | 1 | - 1 slaughtered @ 35 kg | 35 | kg LW | |
4 | |||||
Total meat output | 493.5 | kg LW | |||
or 256.6 | kg DW | ||||
Production perTLU | 19.4 kg meat DW |
TABLE A6.23
Herd performance parameters for the camel pastoral systems (nomadic)
Parameters | Nomadic |
Fertility rate | 0.5 |
Prolificacy rate | 1 |
Bulls per cow | 0.14 |
Milk yield perlactation in tonnes | 0.6 |
Fraction of females milked | 0.5 |
Cow mortality rate | 0.1 |
Bull mortality rate | 0.17 |
Female replacement mortality rate | 0.09 |
Male replacement mortality rate | 0.08 |
Female young mortality rate | 0.5 |
Male young mortality rate | 0.5 |
Other stock mortality rate | 0.83 |
Female breeder carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.35 |
Male breeded carcase weight(tonnes) | 0.40 |
Carcase weight of other stock(tonnes) | 0.40 |
Presence of males in the system | Yes |
TABLE A6.24
Herd performance calculations for the camel pastoral system (nomadic) at low inputs
Base herd structure | Transfers | Output | |||
Breeding cows1 | Death rate 10% | ||||
6 year old | 5 | + 4 recruits | |||
7 year old | 5 | ||||
8 year old | 5 | ||||
9 year old | 5 | -4 deaths | |||
10 year old | 4 | ||||
11 year old | 4 | ||||
12 year old | 4 | ||||
13 year old | 4 | ||||
14 year old | 3 | ||||
15 year old | 3 | ||||
42 | |||||
Calves under 1 year | 50% calving rate | ||||
Heifers | 11 | Death rate 50% | |||
Net live | 6 | - 5 deaths | |||
calves | -6 recruits to replacement herd | ||||
Replacement females | Death rate 9% | ||||
1 year old | 6 | + 6 recruits | |||
2 year old | 5 | -2 deaths | |||
3 year old | 4 | -4 recruits to cow herd | |||
4 year old | 4 | ||||
5 year old | 4 | ||||
22 | |||||
Bull calves | Death rate 50% | ||||
Bull calves | 10 | - 5 deaths | |||
Net live | -4 to growing bulls | ||||
calves | - 1 slaughtered @ 100 kg | 100 | kg LW | ||
Growing bulls | Death rate 8% | ||||
1 year old | 4 | +4 recruit | |||
2 year old | 3 | -1 death | |||
3 year old | 3 | -1 bull recruit | |||
4 year old | 3 | -2 castrate recruits | |||
13 | |||||
Bulls | Death rate 17% | ||||
5 year old | 1 | + 1 recruit | |||
6 year old | 1 | -1 death | |||
7 year old | 1 | ||||
8 year old | 1 | ||||
9 year old | 1 | ||||
10 year old | 1 | ||||
6 | |||||
Castrates | |||||
5 year old | 2 | + 2 recruits | |||
6 year old | 2 | - 1 death | |||
7 year old | 2 | - 1 slaughtered @ 400 kg | 400 | kg LW | |
8 year old | 2 | ||||
9 year old | 1 | ||||
10 year old | 1 | ||||
11 year old | 1 | ||||
12 year old | 1 | ||||
Total meat output | 500 | kg LW | |||
or 250 | kg DW | ||||
Total milk output (21 cows × 600 litres) | 12 600 litres | ||||
Milk | Meat | ||||
Production perTLU | 96.2 litres | 1.9 kg DW |
1 Herd size can only be maintained by holding all old cows
WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS
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Report of the First Meeting on Soil Survey, Correlation and Interpretation for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 28–31 May 1962**
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Report of the First Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification, Survey and Soil Resources of the European Commission on Agriculture, Florence, Italy, 1–3 October 1964.**
Detailed Legend for the Third Draft on the Soil Map of South America, June 1965.**
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The Soil Resources of Latin America, October 1965.**
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Report of the Sixth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Montpellier, France, 7–11 March 1967.**
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Supplement to Definition of Soil Units for the Soil Map of the World, July 1969.**
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Soil Survey and Soil Fertility Research in Asia and the Far East, New Delhi, 15–20 February 1971.**
Report of the Eighth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Helsinki, Finland, 5–7 July 1971.**
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First Meeting of the West African Sub-Committee on Soil Correlation for Soil Evaluation and Management, Accra, Ghana, 12–19 June 1972.**
Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Consultation on Land Evaluation, Rome, Italy, 6–8 January 1975.**
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Septième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre Africain de correlation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10–17 novembre 1985.
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