White clover in Europe: State of the art
REUR Technical Series 29

Table of Contents

Compiled by:
John Frame
Liaison Officer
Lowland Pastures Subnetwork

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
August 1993

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

Table of Contents

Summary

Plenary papers

Animal responses to white clover

Abstract
Introduction
Potential nutritive value
Responses in dairy cattle
System studies
Responses in beef cattle and sheep
Conclusions
References

Nutritive value of white clover

Abstract
White clover content
Digestibility
Cell wall composition
Protein
Minerals
Intake
References

White clover under grazing conditions: morphology and growth

Abstract
Introduction
Defoliation
Treading
Faeces and urine
Influence of grazing management
Conclusions
References

Alternative uses of white clover

Abstract
Introduction
Support to arable cropping
Horticulture and viniculture
Extensification and diversification
Food and wine
Amenity and reclamation
Acknowledgements
References

Contributed papers

Management of grass/clover continuously grazed with dairy cows.

1. Herbage height, yield and clover percent

Introduction

2. Management tools

Comparison between continuous and rotational grazing for two grass-white clover mixtures in North Italian plain

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Acknowledgments
References

Beef production based on ryegrass/white clover swards.

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
References

Beef production on continuously stocked grass and grass/clover swards

Introduction
Material and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References

The effect of white clover on parameters of dry matter yield formation and quality changes during different growth periods

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
References

Pattern of crop development in fertilised and unfertilised grass/clover swards grown for silage

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Agronomic and feeding value of white clover - grass binary mixtures for the dairy systems of Southern Lombardy (Italy)

Introduction
Comparison of white clover-based vs. lucerne-based legume-grass binary mixtures
Evaluation of binary mixtures of white clover with different grass species and varieties
Evolution of feeding value in function of clover content in binary mixtures of white clover with different grass species
References

Herbage quality and persistence of perennial ryegrass/white clover mixtures under different harvest regimes

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
References

Phyto-oestrogen content and oestrogenic effect of white clover

Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Discussion
References

The effects of white clover on chemical composition and nutritive value of companion grasses in grass/clover mixtures

Introduction
Material and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
References

Plant characteristics of two contrasting white clover cultivars under rotational cattle grazing

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions
References

Comparative performance of white clover under cutting and continuous stocking by sheep

Introduction
Methods and materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgement
References

A field evaluation of two white clover cultivars selected for winter hardiness

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References

Performance of white clover - perennial ryegrass mixtures under cutting

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion

Production and persistence of white clover varieties under different climatic conditions

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussions
References

Comparison of two grass/clovermixtures with either tall fescue/cocksfoot or perennial ryegrass

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
References

The response to nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in grass white clover sward in North West Spain

Introduction
Results
Conclusions
References

The effect of nitrogen fertilization ok yield of white clover and grass in pure stands and in mixture

Introduction
Reference

Effects of urine patches and rest period on clover development in organic grass/clover sward

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
References

Rye and forage herbs as companions for improving nutrient uptake in clover/grass swards

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions
References

Nitrate leaching measurement in grazed grasslands

Introduction
Materials and methods
Representativeness of the lysimeters
Water drainage and nitrate leaching losses
Nitrogen balance
Discussion
Conclusion
References

Nitrate leaching under grass/clover swards in Brittany, France

NB: Quantity of Ammonia Nitrogen

Clover stolon growth within clover-rich patches and on the boundaries of patches with surrounding grass

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References

Tissue turn-over and clover plant architecture in grass-clover mixtures under continuous or rotational sheep grazing

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions

Soil compaction and growth of roots on grass/white clover pasture

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References

Effect of sowing rate, sowing date, sowing method and weed control methods on yield of white clover in mixed swards

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
References

Soil abiotic factors affecting emergence of white clover (Trifolium Repens L.) seedlings

Introduction
Methods and materials
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgement
References

Sensitivity of net photosynthesis to soil drought in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Discussion
References

Influence of climatic factors on clover content of white clover tall fescue rotational meadows in southern Lombardy (Italy)

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
References

Sitona and other pest and disease damage to clover in the UK

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgement
References

Development of a low-input bi-cropping system for growing cereals in an understorey of white clover

Introduction
Development of novel system
Choice of cereal
Pests, diseases and weeds
Acknowledgement
References