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Table 2.2.1.1 Dry season feed values of grazing (standing hay) and browse (Le Houérou, 1980c).
|
Net energy |
Digestable protein |
P |
Ca |
Carotene |
Kcal/kg DM |
g/k DM |
p/kg DM |
g/kg DM |
mg/kg |
|
Dry grass |
600-800 |
c.1 |
c.1 |
1.5-3.0 |
c.1 |
Browse |
400-700 |
56-300 |
1.5-2.5 |
1.5-20.0 |
50-800 |
Maintenance needs |
700 |
50 |
1.3 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
Table 2.2.1.2 Acacia species used as a source of bee food (Crane et al., 1984; Maydell, 1986; Riley and Brokensha, 1988; Hines and Eckman, 1993)
Species |
Bee food |
A. caffra |
an important honey source in southern Africa |
A. erythrocalyx |
flowers a good bee forage |
A. gourmaensis |
flowers a good bee forage |
A. hockii |
flowers a good bee forage |
A. mellifera sensu lato |
an important honey source; honey water coloured, granulates slowly (over a year) |
A. modesta |
flowers a good bee forage |
A. senegal |
flowers a good bee forage; honey amber coloured, very mild aroma, granulates
rapidly, within 2 weeks |
A. seyal sensu lato |
regarded by the Mbeere as a major bee forage; barrel hives hung in the tree and
afforded protection by the very thorny branches from predation by the nratel or honey
badger |
var. seyal |
an important honey source; honey-white, very mild aroma |
A. sieberiana |
flowers a good bee forage; hives often placed in the trees |
A. thomasii |
regarded by the Mbeere as a major bee forage; barrel hives hives hung in the tree
and afforded protection by the very thorny branches from predation by the nratel or honey
badger |
A. tortilis sensu lato |
an important honey source |
subsp. spirocarpa |
an important honey source |
F. albida |
flowers a good bee forage |
Table 2.2.2 Gum producing species of Acacia (Broun and Massey, 1929; UNESCO, 1960; Sahni, 1968; Palmer and Pitman, 1972; Anderson, 1978; Maydell, 1986; Riley and Brokensha, 1988; Anderson and Wang Weiping, 1990; Bhandari, 1990; Peters et al., 1992; Anderson, 1993; Hines and Eckman, 1993)
Species |
Gum characteristics and uses |
AFRICA |
|
A. abyssinica |
gum marketed in Somalia |
A. asak |
gum with negative optical rotation; edible; gum marketed in Somalia |
A. burkei |
gum eaten by man and monkeys |
A. cheilanthifolia |
gum with negative optical rotation, methoxyl content high, viscisity extremely
low |
A. drepanolobium |
gum with positive optical rotation; gum used as an adhesive |
A. dudgeoni |
does not produce a commercial gum |
A. ehrenbergiana |
gum translucent, reddish with positive optical rotation; marketed as African gum
arable; used as an emollient in local medicine |
A. erioloba |
gum edible |
A. erubescens |
gum yellow, very sweet, eaten by children |
A. fleckii |
gum edible |
A. gerrardii |
a source of gum in Tanzania |
A. gummifera |
gum dark brown, forming little fissured tears; known as Magadore gum; used in
local medicine |
A. haematoxylon |
gum edible |
A. hockii |
gum translucent, reddish; marketed as African gum arable; used by the Mbeere as
an adhesive |
A. horrida |
gum very brittle with low adhesive mucilage; marketed as Cape gum |
A. karroo |
gum with positive optical rotation; formerly exported as gomme de Cap, used in
southern Africa in confectionery and as an adhesive; eaten by children and baboons |
A. laeta |
gum with negative optical rotation; known commercially as kittir azarack; in Chad
reputed inferior in quality and quantity to gum arabic but possibly this is due more to
provenances than the species. Gum edible |
A. lahai |
a source of gum in Tanzania |
A. leucospira |
gum with positive optical rotation with comparatively high methoxyl, nitrogen and
uronic acid and negligible rhamnose content |
A. luederitzii |
gum edible |
A. macrostachya |
gum edible |
A. mellifera sensu lato |
gum with negative optical rotation, edible |
subsp. detiens |
gum edible; sometimes mixed with clay for flooring |
A. nebrownii |
gum edible |
A. nilotica sensu lato |
gum with positive optical rotation; gum used by the Mbeere as an adhesive; a
source of gum in Tanzania |
subsp. adstringens |
source of gum |
subsp. indica |
darker samples of gum contain tanin; used medicinally, for calico printing, in
paints and as a substitute for gum arable. Maximum yield of trees 0.9 kg. |
Subsp. nilotica |
source of gum |
subsp. subulata |
gum edible, used in southern Africa for confectionery |
A. oerfota |
gum with positive optical rotation |
A. paolii |
gum with positive optical rotation |
A. polyacantha |
gum with negative optical rotation |
subsp. campylacantha |
gum edible, used as an adhesive and treatment of new textile fabrics; a source of
gum in Tanzania |
A. reficiens sensu lato |
gum edible |
subsp. misera |
gum edible |
A. robusta |
|
subsp. robusta |
gum eaten by man and baboons |
subsp. usambarensis |
gum eaten by man and baboons |
A. senegal |
gum translucent, reddish with negative optical rotation; |
var. kerensis |
gum |
var. leiorhachis |
gum |
var. rostrata |
gum |
var. senegal |
gum arabic of commerce; used as a food additive, pharmaceutically and in industry |
A. seyal |
|
var. seyal |
gum with ropy mucilage, greenish tinge and positive optical rotation; known
commercially as gum tahl. Used in the Sahel to form a syrup with the pulped fruit of
Balanites aegyptiaca and in local medicine; gum used by the Mbeere as an adhesive |
A. sieberana sensu lato |
gum with positive optical rotation; gum used in the Sahel in local medicine and
manufacture of ink; eaten by baboons |
A. tortilis sensu lato |
gum with positive optical rotation; a source of gum in Tanzania |
subsp. heteracantha |
gum edible |
subsp. spirocarpa |
gum edible |
A. xanthophloea |
gum with positive optical rotation |
F. albida |
a source of gum in Tanzania; gum eaten by baboons |
INDIA |
|
A. leucophloea |
gum used in local medicine |
A. modesta |
gum used in local medicine |
A. nilotica |
|
subsp. indica |
gum used in local medicine |
A. senegal |
gum marketed, often mixed with other gums |
Table 2.2.3 Tannins from Acacia species (Broun and Massey, 1929; Howes, 1953; Sahni, 1968; Palmer and Pitman, 1972; Maydell, 1986; Bhandari, 1990; Fagg 1992; Hines and Eckman, 1993)
Species |
Tannins |
AFRICA |
|
A. bussei |
bark contains 17-21% tannin |
A. etbaica |
bark used for tanning in the Sudan |
A. karroo |
bark contains 13-19% tannin; gives reddish colour to leather |
A. nilotica sensu lato |
bark contains >20%; green pods contain c. 30% tannin but not more than 15%
when mature, the seeds must be removed from the pods for high quality leather. An
important source of tannin in Tanzania |
subsp. adstringens |
bark and pods used for tanning |
subsp. indica |
bark used for tanning, contains 12-20%; deseeded pods 18-27% tannin |
subsp. nilotica |
pods in the Sudan contain 25-33.8% tannin; deseeded pods up to 50% tannin |
subsp. subulata |
pods used for tanning |
subsp. tomentosa |
deseeded pods up to 50% tannin |
A. oerfota |
bark used for tanning in the Sudan |
A. polyacantha |
bark and pods contain tannin; heartwood chips used in the Sahel |
subsp. campylacantha |
for tanning. An important source of tannin in Tanzania |
A. seyal sensu lato |
bark and pods contain c. 20% tannin |
var. fistula |
bark used for tanning in the Sudan |
var. seyal |
bark contains 18-20% tannin; used for tanning in the Sudan |
A. tortilis sensu lato |
an important source of tannin in Tanzania |
F. albida |
bark contains 20-28% tannin; an important source of tannin in Tanzania |
INDIA |
|
A. jaquemontii |
bark used for tanning, giving brown or black colour to leather; with tannin to
tannin ration of 1:7 |
A. leucophloea |
bark used for tanning, good substitute for wattle bark from Senna auriculata,
with a tannin to non-tannin ration of 17:7 |
A. nilotica |
|
subsp. indica |
bark and pods used for tanning |