In addition to the examples described in some detail above, several other tropical and sub-tropical tree species were the sources of internationally traded dyestuffs prior to the advent of synthetic dyes at the end of the nineteenth century. Examples include: "fustic" or "dyer's mulberry" (ex. Chlorophora tinctoria) from the Americas and "Indian mulberry" (ex. Morinda citrifolia) of Asia, whose pigments are mixtures of flavones related in structure to fustin and morin.
In the past, a very large number of forest trees and large shrubs were employed for dyeing purposes at the local community level. Today, however, usage in developing countries of these natural forest dyestuffs has reduced substantially owing to competition from synthetics but it has not by any means disappeared. For the most part, the forest tree and shrub dyestuffs currently used are the co-products obtainable from exploiting the natural resource for another primary purpose, which may be fuelwood or tannin production.
Tables 8 and 9 list some of the tree and large shrub species of the
Americas and of Africa and Asia which have been employed as local minor
dyestuffs in recent years. Interested readers can obtain information on
a wider range of forest tree and shrub dyestuff-yielding species by reference
to the texts listed in the Supplementary Selected Bibliography given in
Appendix 1.
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| Juglandaceae | Juglans neotropica Diels | Peruvian walnut | Peru | leaves, fruit, bark | |
| Julianiaceae | Julia adstringens Schecht. | cuachalala | Mexico | bark | |
| Leguminosae | Diphysia carthagenensis Jacq.; D. robinioides Benth. | cascabellio; cuachepil | Central America | heartwood | yellow |
| Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. | bixihui; jaguay; campeche marron | Central and northern South America | bark | yellow | |
| Pterogyne nitens Tul. | ibiraro; palo amargo | Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil | wood | purple | |
| Russellodendron cacalaco (H.& B.) Britt and Rose | cacalaco | Mexico | pods | ||
| Tara spinosa (Mol.) Britt and Rose | divi-divi; guarango | Andes, Bolivia | pods | black (used for textiles and ink) | |
| Vachellia farnesia (L.) Wight and Arn | aroma; cassie; cashia | Central and South America | bark, fruit | black (used for textiles and ink) | |
| Lythraceae | Lafoensia glyptocarpa Hoehne | ariana; cabeca; pau terra | Brazil | bark | yellow |
| Moraceae | Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gand | fustic; dyer's mulberry; bois jaune; borassa; mora | Central and northern South America, Caribbean | heartwood | yellow; formerly exported as "fustic" for dyeing textiles khaki |
| Papaveraceae | Bocconia arborea S. Wats B. frutescens L. | palo amarillo;
pau cimmaron; celandine |
} Mexico, Central
} America, Central } and northern } South America, } Caribbean |
fruit capsules | yellow |
| Rubiaceae | Genipa americana L. | jagua; genipapeiro | Central and northern South America and Caribbean | fruits | used as a black skin dye by Indians in Brazil |
| Sickingia rubra (Mart.) K. Schum | arariba vermelha | Brazil | bark | red | |
| Symplocaceae | Symplocos spp. | amarellinho; caa apoam | Brazil | bark and leaves | yellow |
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| Aselepiadaceae | Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br. | tarum akar (Indonesia); payangit (the Philippines) | Himalayas to China; India to Southeast Asia | leaves | blue dye |
| Combretaceae | Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb. | beleric myrobalan, bedda nut tree; jaha kebo (Indonesia); jelawai (Malaysia) | Himalayas, India to Southeast Asia | fruits | black dye for matting and ink |
| Terminalia catappa L. | Indian almond; ketapang (Indonesia and Malaysia); talisai (the Philippines) | Southeast Asia | bark, leaves | black dye | |
| Terminalia chebula Retz. | chebulic myrobalan; black myrobalan; manja (Malaysia); maa-nae (Thailand) | Himalayas, India to Southeast Asia | fruits | yellow to black dyes (but much less important than as a tradeable tannin) | |
| Ebenaceae | Diospyros malabrica L. | Malabar ebony; kledung (Indonesia); tako Thai (Thailand) | India; Southeast Asia | fruits | black dye |
| Euphorbiaceae | Aprosa frutescens Blume | kruen (Thailand); kayu malam (Indonesian); mesekam (Malaysia) | Southeast Asia | bark | black dye |
| Exocaria indica (Willd.) Muell. Arg. | mock-willow; gurah (Indonesia); buta-buta (Malaysia); krahut (Thailand) | India; Southeast Asia | leaves | green-yellow to black dye | |
| Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. | tutup ancar (Indonesia); kundoh (Malaysia); ka-lo (Thailand); binunga (the Philippines) | Southeast Asia, China | leaves | black dye | |
| Omalanthus populneus (Geisler) Pax. | mouse deer's poplar; tutup (Indonesia); malabinunga (the Philippines) | Thailand, Malaysia | bark, leaves | black dye | |
| Phyllanthus emblica L. | emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry; kimalaka (Indonesia); nelli (the Philippines); ma-khaam pom (Thailand) | Himalayas, India, Southeast Asia | leaves | brown dye | |
| Phylanthus reticulatus Poiret | wawulutan (Indonesia); malantinta (the Philippines) | India to southern China and Southeast Asia | ripe fruits
stems/leaves root |
black for ink
black for cotton red dye |
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| Guttiferae | Garcinia hanburyi
Hook. f. |
gamboge tree; rong (Thailand) | Southeast Asia | sap | gold-yellow dye for varnishes, lacquer, etc. |
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| Leguminosae | Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del | babul, Egyptian thorn | Africa to India | pods | black/brown dye; used in inks |
| Albizia lebbekoides (D.C.) Benth. | taris (Indonesia); siris (Malaysia); haluganit (the Philippines) | Southeast Asia | bark | red dye | |
| Butea monosperma (Lamk) Taubert | dhak, palas (India); palasa (Indonesia) | India to Southeast Asia | flowers | yellow-red dye | |
| Caesalpina coriaria (Jacq.) Willd.
C. digyna Rottler |
) ) divi-divi ) |
south and Southeast Asia | pods | blue-black dye; used in inks | |
| Peltophorum pterocarpum (D.C.) Backer ex. K. Heyne | yellow flame, copper pod; soga (Indonesia); non-see (Thailand); siar (the Philippines) | Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia | bark | brown dye, component of Indonesian "soga" dye for batik | |
| Sophora japonica L. | Japanese pagoda tree; sari kuning (Indonesia) | China and Korean peninsular | flower buds | yellow to grey dye; formerly item of regional trade | |
| Menispermaceae | Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. | peron (Indonesia); sekunyit (Malaysia); kam-phaeng (Thailand) | India, Southeast Asia, China | stem | yellow dye |
| Moraceae | Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner | kayu kuning (Indonesia); kederang (Malaysia); kokom pusa (the Philippines) | Himalayas to Japan; India, Southeast Asia | heartwood | yellow dye for batik |
| Oleaceae | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. | night-jasmine; srigading (Indonesia) | Himalayas to Southeast Asia | flowers | saffron-yellow dye |
| Rhizophoraceae | Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Savigny | Black mangrove | East and south Africa; south and Southeast Asia | bark | dark brown dye |
| Ceriops decandra (Griffith) Ding Hou | tengar (Indonesia; Malaysia); malatangal (the Philippines) | Southeast Asia | bark and sap | black dye (used for batiks) | |
| Ceriops tagal (Perr.)
C.B. Robinson |
tengar (Indonesia; Malaysia), tangal (the Philippines) | East Africa to India and Southeast Asia | bark
sap |
red dye
black dye for batik |
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| Rubiaceae | Morinda citrifolia L. | Indian mulberry; morinde (French); mengkudu besa (Indonesia); tumbong-aso (the Philippines) | Southeast Asia, Pacific | rootbark | red dye; formerly of commercial importance |
| Symplocaceae | Symplocos cochinchinensis Lour.
S. Moore ssp. cochinchinensis |
jirak (Indonesia); pokok api-api (Malaysia) | Southeast Asia | inner bark | yellow dye; most frequently mixed with Morinda spp for reds |
