5.1 LIST OF MOLLUSC SPECIES N = Native I = Introduced

SCIENTIFIC NAMES

* The taxonomy of Haliotis discus is very confused (Hahn, 1989). A subspecies, H. discus hannai, is recognized in Japanese waters, but H. discus hannai is morphologically, ecologically and genetically different from H. discus (Ino, 1980).

* Haliotis tuberculata (Fischer et al., 1987) is the correct species name instead of Haliotis tubercolata listed in FAO (1996).

* Mytilus chilensis is often considered as a local form of Mytilus edulis (De Franssu, 1990).

* Mytilus crassitesta (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Mytilus coruscus (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Mytilus planulatus is treated as a subspecies of Mytilus edulis by some authors (Mytilus edulis planulatus in Kailola et al., 1993).

* Mytilus canaliculus (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Perna canaliculus (Paul, 1986; Poutiers, 1993a).

* Mytilus smaragdinus and Mytilus viridis (FAO, 1996) are synonyms of Perna viridis (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Arca granosa and Tegillarca granosa are synonyms sometimes used instead of the correct Anadara granosa (Poutiers, 1993a)

* Anadara broughtonii and Arca inflata are synonyms sometimes used for Scapharca broughtonii (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Anadara subcrenata and Arca subcrenata are synonyms sometimes used for Scapharca subcrenata (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Pinctada vulgaris is a synonym of Pinctada fucata (Alagarswami, 1991; Poutiers, 1993a). Japanese taxonomists recognized Pinctada fucata martensii as a subspecies of P. fucata (Wada, 1991).

* Chlamys opercularis (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Aequipecten opercularis (Fischer et al., 1987; Poutiers, 1993a).

* Argopecten circularis, listed in FAO (1996), is considered by Waller (1991) and Poutiers (1995) a synonym of Argopecten ventricosus but most of mexican papers (Felix-Pico, 1991; ASFA, 1996) consider Argopecten circularis as a valid species.

* Pecten yessoensis (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Patinopecten yessoensis (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Crassostrea (or Saccostrea) lugubris is a synonym of Crassostrea belcheri (Poutiers, 1993a).

* Crassostrea angulata (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Crassostrea gigas (Fischer et al., 1987; De Franssu, 1990; Poutiers, 1993a).

* Crassostrea commercialis (FAO, 1996) is treated by some authors (De Franssu, 1990; Poutiers, 1993a) as a synonym of Crassostrea cucullata but in Australia, where it is extensively cultured (6,378 t in 1994), it is considered as a valid distinct species belonging to the genus Saccostrea (Kailola et al., 1993).

* Cardium edule (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Cerastoderma edule (Tebble, 1966).

* Tapes pullastra (FAO, 1996) is a synonym of Venerupis pullastra (Fischer et al., 1987; De Franssu, 1990; Poutiers, 1993a).

COMMON NAMES

* Ormer is another common name often used for Haliotis tuberculata (ASFA, 1996).

* Common periwinkle used in Turgeon et al. (1988) is a bit more specific than periwinkle used in FAO (1995c).

* Queen conch is another name often used for Strombus gigas (Appeldoorn and Rodríguez, 1994).

* The Australian name for Mytilus planulatus is blue mussel (Kailola et al., 1993).

* Perna canaliculus is called green mussel in New Zealand (Paul, 1986).

* Another English common name often used for Anadara granosa is granular ark (De Franssu, 1990).

* Pinctada maxima is also called gold-lip pearl oyster (Alagarswami, 1991; Gervis and Sims, 1992).

* Great Atlantic scallop used in De Franssu (1990) is less generic than common scallop used for Pecten maximus in FAO (1996).

* American sea scallop has replaced sea scallop as the FAO English name for Placopecten magellanicus (FAO, 1994a and 1996). Probably, the common name Atlantic deep-sea scallop used by Abbott (1968) would define still better this species.

* Slipper cupped oyster (De Franssu, 1990) is more used than Philippine cupped oyster (FAO, 1996) in papers dealing with Crassostrea iredalei (ASFA, 1996).

* Sidney rock oyster is the Australian vernacular name for Saccostrea commercialis (Kailola, 1993; ASFA, 1996).

* Northern quahog has replaced hard clam as the FAO English name for Mercenaria mercenaria (FAO, 1994a and 1996).

* Japanese carpet shell is the FAO English name for Ruditapes philippinarum (De Franssu, 1990; FAO, 1996). Other names often used are Manila clam and Japanese littleneck.

* Pullet carpet shell is used as FAO English name in Fischer et al. (1987) and De Franssu (1990) instead of the less precise carpet shell listed in FAO (1996).

* Sand gaper (De Franssu, 1990) is the most definite name for Mya arenaria. Other names such as soft clam, soft shell and soft shell clam are also used but are too generic.

PRODUCTION

* Production of 1,048 t of Haliotis spp. listed in FAO (1996) under Other Asia could belong to Haliotis diversicolor (Hahn, 1989).

* Being Littorina littorea the only Littorina species of commercial importance in France (Poutiers, 1993b) the production (1,110 t) of Littorina spp. reported to FAO (1996) by France should belong to Littorina littorea.

* Production of 6 t of Strombus spp. reported to FAO (1996) by Netherlands Antilles (5 t) and Turks and Caicos (1 t) should belong to Strombus gigas (Hensen, 1991; Appeldoorn and Rodríguez, 1994).

* According with Menzel (1988) and Nie (1991) the three most important mussel species cultivated in China are Mytilus edulis, Perna viridis and Mytilus coruscus. The production of 415,222 t reported by China as Mytilidae to FAO (1996) probably belong to these three species.

* The production reported to FAO (1996) as Mytilus smaragdinus (38,582 t) and Mytilus viridis (969 t) have been merged under Perna viridis (see Scientific names above).

* The production of 13,646 t reported by Korea Rep. as Arca spp. (FAO, 1996) should belong to one or more of the three Arcidae species listed (Anadara granosa, Scapharca broughtonii and Scapharca subcrenata).

* Statistics for pearl oysters are not reported to FAO (1996) at the species level and are grouped under the name "Ex Pinctada spp.". The most part (93% of 17,351 t) of the total production is reported by Japan where all four the species listed are cultivated; according with figures on spat production in Japan (Wada, 1993), other sources such as Gervis and Sims (1992) and the number of records in ASFA (1996), the species which probably gives the highest contribution to the production figures is Pinctada fucata .

* Chlamys farreri is an important species in Chinese aquaculture. Rucai and Lian-chen (1991) reported a production of about 7,500 t for each year from 1983 to 1985 in the Changdao County and Shandong Province.

* Production reported for Crassostrea angulata (15,000 t by France and 1,063 t by Portugal) have been merged with those of Crassostra gigas (see under Scientific Names above).

* In Nie's revision (1991) on bivalve aquaculture in China no Solen species is included, while it is stated that "Over half of the total yield of cultivated species of bivalves in the Provinces of Fujian and Zhejiang is of this species [Sinonovacula constricta]." This quotation and also the number of papers dealing with Sinonovacula constricta in China (25 papers listed in ASFA, 1996, compared to only 2 about Solen spp.) indicate that the production figures (252,886 t) reported by China to FAO (1996) as Solen spp. should instead belong to Sinonovacula constricta which is also similar in shape to Solen spp.

* Part or all the production (11,147 t) reported for Corbicula japonica by Other Asia and grouped under the category Freshwater molluscs in FAO (1996) could probably belong to Corbicula fluminea: in fact, C. fluminea is a freshwater-brackish water species while C. japonica is a marine-brackish water species and C. fluminea seems also more common as cultured species in Asia, in particular in Taiwan (Lovatelli, 1988; Liao, 1990) while C. japonica is a major commercial species in Japan (Poutiers, 1993a). The commercial culture of C. fluminea has been considered in the U.S. (Phelps, 1992) where the species has been introduced by Asian immigrants in the 30’s but its release in the environment has affected local mussel populations in streams (Neves and Williams, 1994).

* There are also 19,587 t reported for Mercenaria mercenaria to FAO (1996) as Other Asia, but this production can not belong to this species because it is distributed only in Central and North Atlantic and has been introduced in Europe (Utting and Spencer, 1992); no record has been found of any introduction in Asia. The production reported probably belong to Meretrix lusoria which is called hard clam as Mercenaria mercenaria (see Common Names above).

* The production reported by Italy (27,000 t) under Tapes spp. (FAO, 1996) could either belong to Ruditapes decussatus or Ruditapes philippinarum.

ENVIRONMENT

* Sinonovacula constricta occurs in estuaries and bays with little freshwater inflow, at salinities of 4 to 29U, optimum 7 to 26U (Nie, 1991).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

* Argopecten irradians is present in South America with the subspecies A. irradians amplicostatus (Abbott, 1968, Cervigon et al., 1992).