5 Gender and agricultural technology
Appleton, H. (ed)
Do if herself, women and technical innovation,
Intermediate Technology Publications, London UK, 256 pp.
1995
abstract op folder van ITP
UNIFEM
Women's roles in technical Innovation, UNIFEM Source Books Series, 88 pp
1995
abstract op folder van ITP
Mitter, S.(ed); Rowbotham, S.(ed)
Women encounter technology, perspectives of the Third World;
UNU/INTECH Studies in new technologies and development; pp 376; Routledge, London
1995
Schoemaker, A.
Gender issues in agricultural engineering, Paper to be presented at the International Seminar on Women in Agriculture and their Participation in Development of Agricultural Technologies, 17-20 January 1995, Beijing China. FAO, Rome 8p.
1994
Bryceson, D.F.
Easing rural women's working day in sub-Saharan Africa.
In: Development policy review 12(1994)1. pp 59-68.
1994
Key words: women's roles; small scale farming; households; agricultural labour; Africa
Bryceson, D.F.; MacCall, M.
Lightening the load: women's labour and appropriate rural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working Paper vol 21, African Studies Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
1994
Ademola, Ade
Women Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria
In: Journal of Anthropological Research; 1994, 50, 3, fall, pp 311-326.
1994
AB: The status of women in the agricultural labor force in Nigeria & the demographic, family structure, agricultural technology, 8 educational variables that impact their productive activities were examined through farm visitations 8 interview of 102 female farmers (FFs) in 3 communities of Ekitiland. FFs tended to be ages 30-59, illiterate, monogamously married, 8 pursuing farming as their primary occupation. FFs chose farming as their primary occupation for family sustenance, not out of economic necessity. The majority of FFs lived with their husbands 8 desired more children, primarily for old age security & not for assistance on the farm. FFs worked an average of nearly 28 hours per week on the farm. Nearly 45% of them controlled the financial yield from the farm produce. Major problems encountered by FFs were crop failure, labor shortages, & lack of credit facilities. Tables, 12 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Key words: Nigeria; Agricultural Workers; Females; Farmers; Labor Force Participation; Socioeconomic Factors; Rural Women
Mputela, M.N.; K raft, S.E.
Women farmers' role in managing cassava production in Bandundu, Zaire.
In: Journal for Farming Systems Research Extension. 1994, 4: 2, pp 57-70
1994
AB: Women farmers in many developing countries contribute more than 60% of the effort involved in production of food crops. Consequently, in countries such as Zaire, it is important to analyse the contribution of women to food production and to relate it to national policies of food security. To enhance the productive capability of women farmers, it is necessary to provide them with information that they can use in making better allocative and technical decisions. These decisions relate to the use of land, labour, and capital. In addition, there are decisions related to credit, market access, and the use of 'improved inputs' such as fertilizer and seed. Data derived from a farm-level survey of women farmers in Bandundu are useful in assessing what women farmers are doing now, and for making recommendations for the future. In this study, a Cobb-Douglas production function is estimated, based on cross-sectional data collected from women farmers in three subregions of Bandundu during the summer of 1990. The production of cassava is analysed using data on eight variable inputs along with information of the women's use of credit and extension training. Female labour, male labour, seed, tools, market access, credit, and training were found to have a positive impact on cassava production in Bandundu. Results are interpreted in terms of farm-level managerial decision making and macro-policy.
Key words: food crops; food production; farm inputs; productivity; women; cassava; production functions; female labour, roles; production; rural development; Zaire
Appleton, H.; Scott, A.
Gender Issues in Agricultural Technology Development, ITDG, Paper presented at the 12th Panel of Experts on Agricultural Engineering, FAO, Rome
1994
Bryceson, D.F.
Easing rural women's working day in sub-Saharan Africa.
In: Working Paper African Studies Centre, Vol. 16; Leiden, the Netherlands. pp 26
1993
Mwaka, V.M.
Agricultural production and women's time budgets in Uganda.
In: Momsen, J.H.; Kinnaird, V. (eds.), Different places, different voices: gender and development in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London [etc.]: Routledge, 1993. - pp 322 pp 46-51.
This chapter examines rural women's problems of time budgeting and agricultural production in eastern Uganda. It focuses on the effects of drudgery and time limitations on women's contribution to the agricultural sector and outlines possible remedies for the plight of these women
Key words: women's roles; development; agricultural work; technology; women, Uganda
Lundborg,G.
A millennial means of transport - the woman.
In: Journal of rural cooperation 21(1993)1 pp 73-81.
By using their heads, 80 percent of all women throughout the five continents are a means of transport. They are both a carter and their own cart, as shown by iconography during the last five thousand years. The article is part of a study related to iconography in the rural world
Key words: women's roles; transport; history; agricultural activities; women
Martinson, V.A.
Constraints to adoption of new technologies by women in developing countries.
Working Paper Series - FAO Research Development Centre (FAO)
Rome (Italy): 1992. pp 25, no. 12
Key words: education; training; women; constraints; social; consciousness
Gillespie, S.; McNeill, G.
Food production.
In: Food, health and survival in India and developing countries, 1992 pp 48-60; Oxford
University Press; New Delhi; India
1992
AB: In this chapter the forces and relationships involved in food production, with the exception of labour, are examined. A description of the agro-climatic conditions that prevail in the village of Devarishikuppam, Tamil Nadu, is first given, prior to characterizing the agricultural system through a description of the following features: types of crops grown; patterns of land ownership and the quality and quantity of land owned; water supply; livestock technologies and tools used; and other agricultural inputs. Finally, in order to examine socioeconomic differences in the energy intakes, activity patterns and nutritional state of individual men and women, study households were classified into groups on the basis of the quantity and quality of land they own. Surveys were conducted at four points in the agricultural cycle to enable seasonal differences in these variables to be examined. From this, the type of timing of energy stress is characterized along with the type of adjustments made in response.
Key words: agricultural households; water, livestock; technology; farm inputs; nutritional state; food production; nutrition; households; surveys; rural development; India; Tamil Nadu
Ikpi, A.
Household time allocation: the ultimate determinant of improved agricultural technology adoption in Nigeria: an empirical activity interphase impact model.
In: Peters, G.H.; Stanton, B.F.; Tyler, G.J.(eds), Sustainable agricultural development.
Aldershot [etc]: Dartmouth, 1992. pp 704; pp 481-501.
Key words: households; agricultural labour; agricultural mechanisation; women; gender, farmers; Nigeria
Salick, J.
Subsistence and the single woman among the Amuesha of the Upper Amazon, Peru.
In: Society and natural resources 5(1992)1 pp 37-51.
Among the Amuesha (Yanesha) indigenous people, single women practice agriculture differently and opportunistically construct subsistence strategies differently than most tribal members. Single women cross gender-defined boundaries that traditionally determined participation in subsistence. Single women cultivate small lowland fields cut from young secondary regrowth. Crop density is high while diversity is lower because crops needing heavy labor are avoided. Crop rotation is delayed, resulting in fields that are older than normal. Home gardens are important. In a broader context, creative subsistence strategies are opportunistically developed using child labor, barter, and cash. Off-farm employment may be important. These trends may represent acculturation or some creative development within the larger trend of feminization of agriculture in Latin America
Key words: small scale farming; subsistence; women; households; agriculture; women's roles; Peru
Ng, C.
Malay women and rice production in west Malaysia.
In: Afshar, H.(ed), Women, development and survival in the Third World. London [etc.]: Longman, 1991 pp 325 p. pp 188-210
1991
The central question in this chapter is: What happens to the division of labour and gender relations when advanced mechanisation is practiced in the rice sector in rural Malaysia
Key words: agricultural mechanisation; women's roles; agricultural labour, rice; women; Malaysia
Coppock, D.L.
Haymaking by pastoral women for improved calf management in Ethiopia: labour requirements, opportunity costs, and feasibility of intervention..
In: Journal for farming systems research-extension 2(1991)3 pp 51-68.
1991
Key words: pastoralism; livestock keeping; cattle; fodder; women's roles; women; Ethiopia
Warren, K.B.;Bourque, S.C.
Women, technology and international development ideologies: analyzing feminist voices.
In: Leonardo, M.di (ed), Gender at the crossroads of knowledge: feminist anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley [etc]: University of California Press pp 422, pp 278-311.
1991
Comparison of several frameworks that are used for technological development in developing countries, and feminist critiques on those perspectives
Key words: technology; women's roles; women; anthropology
Herpen, D.van (ed); Ashby, J A.
The participation of women and children in Latin American and Caribbean agriculture.
In: Gender analysis in agricultural research: proceedings of an internal workshop CIAT, Palmira, Colombia 13-14 June, 1991. pp 49-90; CIAT Publication No. 204
1991
AB: This paper reviews the literature on the participation of women and children in agricultural activities in Latin America and the Caribbean. The review focuses on participation through labour in agriculture overall and in certain agricultural activities in particular. Also reviewed are the rural family's access to and capacity for decision-making on resources. Factors influencing such participation are analysed, such as farm size, land ownership, income levels, racial origin, and destiny of production. A hypothesis proposes that agriculture within this region is becoming increasingly dominated by women. The implications this phenomenon would have for the design and transfer of agricultural technology are analysed. The significant role played by women and children in food production is demonstrated and the importance of involving them in the development of agricultural technology in order to guarantee its adoption is highlighted. It is proposed that the gender variable should become an integral part of ClAT's research. Case studies on CIAT commodities (beans, cassava, rice, and tropical pastures) are included, together with statistical information.
Key words: Agricultural manpower; female labour; child labour, agricultural sector, rural development; Latin America; Caribbean
Okorji, E.C.; Obiechina, C.O.B.
Implications of overdependence on women's labour for food production in a traditional farming system of Anambra State, Nigeria.
In: Culture and Agriculture. 1990, No. 40, pp 7-11
1990
AB: Education and the associated mobility of women tend to reduce the ability and willingness of subsequent generations of women to contribute significantly to farm work Focusing on traditional farming systems in Anambra State, Nigeria, the study determines the utilization of male and female labour in a representative farming community so as to: (1) identify relative labour contributions by gender, (2) recognize constraints to labour substitution; and (3) make recommendations for supplementing the expected decline of female labour in agricultural production. The study area of Abakaliki represents a large portion of the humid, yam- producing zone of Nigeria. Selected farm households were visited and family members were interviewed at intervals of 2 weeks during two 12 month periods, April 1981 to March 1982, and April 1983 to March 1984. Data were collected on farm operations, the role of men and women in decision making for farm production and home management, marketing activities, and household domestic chores, among others. Findings showed female labour contributions to outweigh those of males. The substitution of labour by gender was restricted due to cultural proscriptions of certain crops and farm operations. School enrollment rates have been used to indicate that the next generation of women, more educated than their mothers, cannot be expected to provide the same level of labour in the traditional farming systems. Suggestions for reducing the dependence on and inflexibility of female labour in farm operations include: use of herbicides, live mulches, and crop rotation; use of improved seeds, fertilizers and semi- mechanized equipment; and rural development programmes. Unless alternatives are sought to compensate for the shortfall in female labour inputs, crop output and rural-family welfare could be adversely affected.
Key words: Education; Farm inputs; Crops; Sexual roles; Men; Agricultural production; Women; female labour, substitution; traditional farming; rural development; West Africa; Developing Countries; Nigeria
Tully, D.; Karablieh, E.K.; Salem, M.A.; Tully, D. (ed)
The impact of technology on employment in the rainfed farming areas of Irbid district, Jordan.
In: Labor, employment and agriculture/ development in west Asia and north Africa. 1990, pp 7-30; Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrecht; Netherlands
1990
AB: There is said to be great potential for increasing the production of wheat and legumes in the rainfed areas of Jordan, but for the constraints to technology adoption. This chapter describes the salient features of Jordanian rainfed agriculture in terms of land tenure, demography, the labour force and technology, and evaluates the impact of technology on employment. Data were collected from 50 farmers in the villages of Nu'aima, Husun and Al-Shajara, in Irbid District, with respect to family size, land tenure, hired labour, farm machinery, institutional linkages, animal husbandry and farm income. The role of women is also focused upon as they have been known to make valuable contributions to Jordanian agriculture. Results indicate that family size, area planted in crops, number of males, village site, and age and health of the farmer are statistically significant factors that affect labour input and technology adoption. In conclusion, agricultural production in these areas is dependent on hired labour, the details of which are summarized. Women are found to contribute as little as 20% of the total hours in this process while migrant labour is engaged in relatively unskilled activities.
Key words: Innovation adoption; Women; Employment; Technology; Wheat; production possibilities; farm workers; evaluation; Legumes; Jordan
Jiggins, J.; Altieri, M.A. (ed); Hecht, S.B. (ed)
Gender issues in agricultural technology development.
In: Agroecology and small farm development. 1990, pp 45-51 CRC Press Inc.; Boca Raton, Fla.; USA
1990
AB: Gender issues in agricultural technology development are focused on. In spite of a general perception of the vital role of women in agricultural production, some models and concepts still undermining this reality are identified and discussed. The prevalent model of modal rural households assumes a male head who acts as the single farm decision maker and many economic models of farm enterprises assume a commonality of interest among household members. Similarly, the conceptual and modelling biases of studies of production, commodities and annual field monocrops, and the focus on single utilities are also discussed, drawing examples from several developing countries. It is suggested that irrationality and waste of research and extension inevitably result in a non-adoption of technological innovation. It is concluded that entrenched nominative and methodological problems continue to inhibit adequate data collection, conceptualization and model building in agricultural research and extension. However, greater interest is being shown in gender issues as vital areas of agricultural research and extension.
Key words: Women; Innovation adoption; Woman's status; agricultural production; technology; models; terminology; rural development; Developing Countries
Faure, G.; Jallas, E.; Djagni, K.
Farmers' strategies and technical innovations for agriculture in difficulty. Poissongui, a village in northern Togo. II. Limited alternatives to ensure the sustainability of cropping systems.
French title: Strategies paysannes et innovations techniques pour une agriculture en difficulte. Poissongui, un village du Nord-Togo. II. Pour assurer la reproductivite des systemes de culture: des alternatives limitees.
In: Coton et Fibres Tropicales. 1990, 45: 1, pp 5-25
1990
AB: The findings of field surveys carried out on 20 farms in Poissongui village, in the densely populated cotton production zone in northern to monitor cropping systems are discussed. The structural functions of farm operations and the sexual division of labour are also discussed. Wage labour is limited except in animal traction. The heterogeneity of the environment encouraged the evolution of 3 distinct cropping systems to meet diverse production objectives: these are the compound fields, marshland and remote field cropping systems. An attempt is made to justify the cereal-cotton mixed cropping practice. Cereal monocropping with low fertilizer use results in yield reduction, posing a serious threat to food security. Cotton, and to a lesser extent groundnuts, is fertilized and hence plays an important role in agricultural development. The surveys demonstrate the viability of continuous intensified cropping systems. Alternatives are also proposed to improve aggregate farming systems and farmers' immediate food and cash requirements.
Key words: Groundnuts; Continuous cropping; Mixed cropping; Monoculture; Farming systems; Cotton; cereals; cropping systems; technical progress; surveys; farm surveys; rural development; fibre plants; Togo
Whalen, I.
Development of Agricultural Technology for Women: Some ILCA Experiences in the Ethiopian Highlands
In: SAGE; 1990, 7, 1, summer, pp 28-32
1990
AB: Drawing on case studies from research in the Ethiopian highlands, the importance of & barriers for women in the adoption of agricultural technology is investigated. Social conditions 8 attitudes persist that do not support the full recognition of women as agricultural producers; eg, their limited access to land, labor, & capital continues to constrain the uptake of new technologies, perceived largely as belonging to the male domain. While the integration of social scientists into international research centers to work with technical scientists has helped to focus concerns on the sociocultural issues related to technology development & adoption, women are still perceived as beneficiaries rather than users & are often overlooked in the collection of baseline data. Additionally, women do not receive the necessary training in existing technology that can help to increase overall productivity. An increase in professional female staff in on-fame research programs, as well as creativity, patience, realistic goals, & continuing commitment, are recommended. 1 Table. S. Millett (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Key words: Ethiopia; Agricultural Development; Agricultural Technology, Womens Roles; Working Women
Sajogyo, P.; Paris, T.
Integrating women's concerns into farming systems research.
In: Progress in irrigated rice research. Selected papers and abstracts from the International Rice Research Conference, 21-25 September 1987, Hangzhou, China. Pp 205-215.
1989
AB: Women in Asia play important roles in farming systems. Although they are visibly integrated into various production and income-earning activities as farm managers and wage labourers, consideration of their roles has not yet been integrated into research and into technology development. Projects to increase food production and income and to promote farm household welfare do not take sufficient account of women's current and potential contributions. Studies in Indonesia, Philippines, and other Asian countries show that women provide more than 30%-50% of the total labour in agriculture. Awareness among agricultural researchers about women's roles as users and beneficiaries of technology is growing. Involving women in designing, testing, and transferring existing and emerging technologies remains a major challenge. Coordinated efforts in international national research programmes are needed to integrate women's concerns into the agricultural and extension programmes dealing with rice farming systems. Active involvement of biological Dentists, social scientists, engineers, and trainers is essential if work in the Women in Rice Farming Systems (WIRFS) network is to lead to the desired goal: increasing women's income, and thereby the welfare of the entire family.
Key words: Women; Extension; Rice; female labour; sexual roles; technology transfer, participation; agricultural research; farming systems; Economics; labour; rural development; Indonesia; Philippines; Developing Countries; Asia
FAO
<El> impacto de la tecnologia agricola en las actividades productivas de las mueres en America Latina y El Caribe
The impact of technology on the production activities of women in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Direccion de Recursos Humanos, Instituciones y Reforma Agraria, FAO Rome, Italy Diez anos de actividades complementarias (1979-1989). Rome 1989. pp 34 Conference: Consulta Gubernamental sobre las Actividades Complementarias de la CMRADR en America Latina y El Caribe 5 (Guatemala City (Guatemala), 21-25 Aug 1989)
1989
Key words: female labour; male labour; farm management; production
Bajaj, S.S.; Banchare, I.
Research in agricultural communication. A neglected area: farm women
In: Communication and Indian agriculture. New Delhi, Sage, 1989, pp 271-276
1989
AB: This article argues that in spite of the fact that women in India play a vital role in farming, extension scientists have not paid much attention to them. At present, modem agricultural technology is aimed at male tasks and is used exclusively by men. It is argued that it is essential for the National Agricultural Production Programme to introduce modem technologies for the tasks done by farm women. Mass communication of new farming ideas through various channels which engage the involvement of farm women is also advocated. So far, research carried out on agricultural communication particularly for women is limited. Several strategies, including special training programmes to improve the knowledge and skills of farm women and research on their socio-economic and psychological characteristics, are suggested.
Key words: agricultural technology; farmers; women; information transfer; mass media; training programmes; India
Braun, J.von; Kesseba, A.M.(ed.)
Technology utilization in the agriculture of developing countries: elements of poverty-oriented policy and programmes.
In: Technology systems for small farmers: issues end options. 1989, pp 167-190; Westview Press; Boulder, Colorado; USA
1989
AB: The paper presents a highlight of the rationale for and the need to rapidly expand the generation and utilization of new agricultural production technology in developing countries, addressing issues that have implications for its success. It is argued that although the growth rates of food production in developing countries have been declining, increased food production alone is not a sufficient solution for household food insecurity and malnutrition. It is important for new production techniques to raise labour productivity, increase employment and hence the demand for food in order to be of benefit to the vulnerable group. It is suggested that improved education becomes more relevant in enhancing potentials for utilization as technology generation becomes more complex. Also, the need to focus on critical issues of gender in labour productivity, risks in prices, production profitability and sustainability is also stressed. It is suggested that in order to alleviate poverty in rural economy, the new technology must be cheap, simple and adaptable to specific rural environments.
Key words: Malnutrition; Female labour; Agricultural development; appropriate technology; poverty; Technology transfer; rural development; Developing Countries
Kesseba, A.M. (ed)
Technology systems for small farmers: issues and options.
pp 229pp Westview Press; Boulder, Colorado; USA
1989
AB: The book is a product of a seminar on Generation and transfer of technology for poor small farmers, organized by the international Fund for Agricultural Development held in Seoul, Korea Republic in 1988. The main objective was to seek a better understanding of issues and options related to technology generation and eventual transfer to poor small farmers. The discussions recognize the importance of paying particular attention to the technology requirements of small farmers and the need for testing such improved technologies within their environment. The issues of effective transfer systems, research and extension linkage are raised; the vital role of women in agricultural production and hence the concern for household food security forms the basis for an assessment of gender issues. Time and labour-saving technologies should be designed for women while improving their access to credit. To be effective in alleviating poverty new technologies must, in general, raise labour productivity, be labour-using and hence raise the real incomes of the vulnerable groups. Also, the need for substantial investment in rural infrastructure is stressed.
Key words: Technology transfer; small farms; appropriate technology; Farms; rural development; Developing Countries
Rahama, A.; Hoogenboom, A.
Women farmers, technological innovation and access to development projects
In: Development (Italy).1988, no. 4, pp 71-77
1988
AB: An overview is presented of the role of women in agriculture in Sudan. Their participation in agricultural production amounts to 87% in the non-market economy and 10% in the mechanized sector. Specific attention is given to their work in Kordofan and Darfur, 2 western regions where they participate in crop farming and pastoralism. The following aspects of their working position are reviewed: ownership, use of technology and legal rights. It is concluded that most integrated development projects for small farmers in these regions lack planning and means to reach women farmers; the organization of grassroots organizations is recommended whereby women can be involved in the preparatory stages of projects and receive appropriate technological training.
Key words: women workers; rural women; small farmers; agricultural production; land ownership; legal aspects; agricultural technology; Sudan, Darfur, Kordofan
Stamp, P.
Technology power in Africa.
Technical Study, International Development Research Centre, Canada, no IDRC TS63e, pp 185
1988
no 1197 of CAB printed bibl. abstract
Bahar, S.
Women's role in barani crop production in management activities - a research study
In: Progressive Farming (Pakistan); 1988; vol 8(3) pp 31-35
Key words: Pakistan, role of women; rain fed farming; cultivation; harvesting; storage
Muzaffar, N.
Appropriate technologies for improving economic condition of rural women
In: Progressive Farming (Pakistan); 1988; vol 8(1) pp 28-33;
1988
Key words: Pakistan; Rural population, appropriate technology; women; apiculture; poultry; fish culture; sericulture; edible fungi; cultivation;
Bolabola, C.
Appropriate technology for women: has it worked?
In: Environment and Pacific women: from the globe to the village. Suva (Fiji), Fiji Association of Women graduates, pp 13-18
1988
no 320 in KIT printed bibl abstract
Indian Farming
Women in agriculture
Indian Farming (India) 1988, vol 38(8), special issue, 80 p.; Nov
1988
AB: Throughout India women are involved in all kinds of agricultural operations: sowing, transplanting, weeding, manuring, harvesting. These operations are discussed in this special issue which is the result of an ICAR project to study the participation of women in agriculture and the impact of the modernization of agriculture on them. The majority of the 22 articles describe activities of women in various parts of India: hill women in Uttar Pradesh, women from me modernized wheat fields in Haryana, fisherwomen in Bengal and Orissa, and tribal and low-caste women. The final articles analyse ways to improve the position of rural women. It is argued that there is a large gap in research and extension efforts for men and for women. Technology. to upgrade the skills and tools of farm women and to reduce the household chores is required. For landless women, special policies are considered necessary. These should be directed towards correcting market developments which displace women from agriculture and towards improving their wage position. Finally, a number of ICAR special programmes for women in the field of education and training, research and the transfer of technology are mentioned.
Key words: agricultural production; women's participation; modernization; agricultural extension; appropriate technology; agricultural policy; India
Denoon, D. (ed);Snowden, C. (ed)
A history of agriculture in Papua New Guinea. A time to plant and a time to uproot
Boroko (Papua New Guinea), Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies, 198?, pp 356; bibliography (p. 313-342)
1988?
AB: A study was made of the history of agriculture in Papua New Guinea. Chapters were devoted to: agricultural systems; agricultural technology; agricultural production on the eve of colonialism; Papuan village agriculture 1884-1960; coffee on the Eastern Highlands; agriculture, land tenure and land law to 1971; copra co-operatives; agricultural marketing organizations; plantations; women in highlands agricultural production; rural policies 1945-1977, and subsidy cycles in consumer/producer societies.
Key words: agricultural history; farming systems; choice of technology; agrarian structure; marketing; plantation; government policy; women; Papua New Guinea
Escalada, M.M.; Binongo, S.G.
Women in root crop technology.
In: Filipino women in rice farming systems, Manilla, Philippines. IRRI, pp 121-131.
1988
nr 1249 CAB printed bibl. abstract
Moore, H.; Vaughan, M.
Cutting down trees: women, nutrition and agricultural change in the northern province of Zambia, 1920-1986
In: African-Affairs (UK) 1987 vol 86(345) pp 523-540; Oct
1987
AB: This article describes how the problems of food shortages and poor nutrition have been viewed by government and development planners within a long-term historical perspective (1920-1986) in Zambia. It discusses how their perception of food problems, and the proposed solution to these problems, were and are still governed by their attitudes to the agricultural production system. In particular some of the myths of the slash and bum agricultural system in Northern Zambia are deconstructed by focusing on women's labour. It is suggested that the intensification of women's labour in make cash cropping families, has contributed to the apparent increase in the incidence of child malnutrition in the more commercialized households.
Key words: agricultural production; farming systems; women; labour; food shortage; malnutrition; Zambia
Osuala, J.D,C.
Extending appropriate technology to rural African women.
In: Women's studies international forum 10(1987)5 pp 481-487
1987
Key words: technology; appropriate technology; women, Africa
Due, J.M.
Women and technology in African smallholder agriculture.
Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1987. pp 25 Illinois Agricultural Economics Staff paper. Series E, Agricultural economics; 87E-381
1987
Key words: small scale agriculture; women; technology
Carr, M.; Sandhu, R.
Women, technology and rural productivity; An analysis of the impact of time and energy saving technologies on women.
UNIFEM Occasional paper no.6, New York; pp 77
1987
FAO
Women, food production, and home and farm technologies in Asia.
FAO Human Resources, Institutions and Agrarian Reform Division, Rome (Italy Conference: international Seminar on Women in Agriculture and Rural Development in Asia, China, Feb 1986. and May 1986. pp 29
Key words: Asia; role of women; food production; appropriate technology; female labour; technology transfer
Jiggins, J.
Gender-related impacts and the work of the international agricultural research centers
Study Paper Consultative Group on international Agricultural Research (USA). no 17, 103 p., bibliography (p. 87-95);
1986
AB: The goals of international agricultural research centres cannot be achieved if women's roles in production and food systems are not taken into account. In that context this report discusses: (1) gender relations in agricultural development programmes and projects; (2) seed technology and gender issues; (3) methodology; (4) research-extension linkages; (5) the effects of neglecting women as mediated through the household and wider society; and (6) the impact of technical change in agriculture on women in Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. Implications for agricultural research and technology development are presented, emphasizing the need for. (1) study of the intrinsic links between varietal characteristics and domestic food processing, preservation and preparation technologies; (2) research on intra-household allocation of resources and obligations; (3) research which shifts the balance of decision making closer to the collaborative model of commercial and industrial technology development; (4) consideration with other agencies of coordinated action to sustain rural livelihood potential; and (5) recognition of women as social and economic actors in their own right.
Key words: agricultural research; women's role; women's participation; research policy; agricultural production; agricultural extension; technological change; research needs; Africa, Sub Saharan Africa
Stephens, A.
Yes, technology is gender-neutral, but... women in Asia might not agree.
In: Ceres 18(1985)6 pp. 32-35
1985
Key words: female labour; technology transfer; role of women; employment;
Stevens, Y.
Improved technologies for rural women: problems and prospects in Sierra Leone.
In: Ahmed, I.(ed), Technology and rural women: conceptual and empirical issues, London,
George Allen and Unwin, pp 284-326.
1985
no.1216 in CAB printed bibl. see abstract.
Scott, G.L.; Carr, M.
The impact of technology choice on rural women in Bangladesh: problems and opportunities.
Washington: World Bank, 1985. pp 107 World Bank staff working papers no. 731
1985
Key words: women's work; agriculture; processing technology of agricultural products; Bangladesh
ISNAR
The users' perspective in international and national agricultural research
A background document prepared for a CGIAR inter - center seminar on women and agricultural technology March 25 - 29, 1985, Bellagio, Italy.
The Hague: international Service for National Agricultural Research pp 264 the Netherlands
1985
Key words: women; mechanisation in agriculture; third world
