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8. SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION OUTLOOK


8.1. Country Balances
8.2. Notes on the Detailed Woodfuel Tables

Whatever woodfuel is being consumed must have been produced. This is the principle used to derive woodfuel supply data, with a few notable exceptions. As a result, independent data on supply is rarely available, and planning for balancing supply-demand non-existent. The situation can be compared with fossil fuels or electricity, where real supply data are available. Future supply requirements are governed by demand forecasts based on present consumption data. The fine-tuning of demand forecasts allows for more accurate supply planning.

By contrast, the fine-tuning of woodfuel demand forecasts remains an academic exercise, as long as data on present and future woodfuel supplies are not available. How can this situation be improved? RWEDP has attempted to estimate present and future potential woodfuel supplies. To do this, use was made of the best estimates given in Chapter 7, and some crucial assumptions had to be made. These assumptions show which supplementary information on woodfuel supplies needs to be collected in order to make demand forecasting a reasonable exercise.

For the time being, the results help to identify broad policy issues. However, it should be emphasized that national aggregate data still bear little meaning as they hide local variations. Ultimately, supply and demand information should be area-based.

8.1. Country Balances

The balances below give an overview of the woodfuel consumption and the potential supply from forest and non-forest resources, for the whole region and for each country. Although partly based on assumptions regarding future trends and natural resources productivity, it can be concluded that for the region as a whole and for most countries, the potential supply can meet the aggregated consumption. For some countries there appears to be a gap between supply and consumption (Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan). But the imbalances may appear due to data inaccuracy and/or overly conservative assumptions regarding supply. Nevertheless, these countries may need special attention with respect to wood energy. This also applies to India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, which may face a critical situation sometime after the year 2010.

It should be emphasized that the balances are based on aggregated national data, which can hide local variations, ranging from scarcity to abundance.

Woodfuel consumption figures are based on best estimates obtained from various data sources. Potential supply figures are based on data, estimates and projections for land use, wood productivity for several land use classes, and the availability of wood for energy use. FAO publications were used as source data for land use and wood productivity. For forest land, other wooded land and agriculture areas, the potential supply is based on average annual yield estimates, assuming a sustainable use of resources. Wood waste from deforestation refers to wood potentially available from natural forest land cleared due to commercial logging, expansion of agriculture land or other reasons.

Woodfuel balances are given for 1994 (current situation) and 2010 (projected situation). Woodfuel consumption and production are given in mass units (kton) and energy units (petajoules).

RWEDP Region

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


645,895

9,688


811,548

12,173

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

416,204

669,812

10,047

370,363

629,339

9,440

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

876,933

601,407

9,021

971,062

692,088

10,381

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

93,140

53,994

810

81,368

47,170

708

waste woodfuels from deforestation

(4,253)

605,565

9,083

(3,114)

437,710

6,566

total potentially available woodfuels*

1,382,024

1,930,778

28,962

1,419,679

1,806,307

27,095

50% of crop processing residues

876,933

218,915

3,458

971,062

322,024

5,105

total potentially available biomass fuels


2,149,693

32,420


2,128,331

32,200

* Area = 77% of geographical land area

Bangladesh

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


9,396

141


13,320

199

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

1,009

1,765

26

1,066

2,416

36

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

9,398

5,593

84

9,418

5,636

85

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

370

215

3

350

203

3

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-14

1,426

21

-10

1,016

15

total potentially available woodfuels*

10,763

8,999

135

10,824

9,271

139

50% of crop processing residues

9,398

5,604

88

9,418

6,234

98

total potentially available biomass fuels


14,602

223


15,505

237

* Area = 83% of geographical land area

Bhutan

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


819

12


1,195

18

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

2,767

3,822

57

2,593

3,611

54

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

413

239

4

443

257

4

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

355

206

3

355

206

3

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-12

1,678

25

-11

1,551

23

total potentially available woodfuels*

3,523

5,946

89

3,380

5,624

84

50% of crop processing residues

413

19

0

443

5

0

total potentially available biomass fuels


5,965

89


5,629

84

* Area = 75% of geographical land area

Cambodia

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


5,375

81


7,553

113

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

10,298

14,029

210

5,377

7,705

116

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

5,459

3,394

51

9,776

6,056

91

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

1,433

831

12

1,351

783

12

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-468

63,311

950

-216

29,283

439

total potentially available woodfuels*

16,722

81,565

1,223

16,288

43,827

657

50 % of crop processing residues

5,459

457

7

9,776

358

5

total potentially available biomass fuels


82,022

1,231


44,185

663

* Area = 95% of geographical land area

China

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


219,122

3,287


252,819

3,792

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

133,418

235,541

3,533

132,265

248,605

3,729

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

496,486

288,700

4,331

551,575

322,072

4,831

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

27,526

15,957

239

26,894

15,591

234

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-489

58,347

875

-448

53,465

802

total potentially available woodfuels*

656,941

598,546

8,978

710,286

639,733

9,596

50 % of crop processing residues

496,486

78,003

1,169

551,575

115,445

1,718

total potentially available biomass fuels


676,549

10,148


755,178

11,314

* Area = 70% of geographical land area

India

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


173,412

2,601


225,725

3,386

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

64,996

85,695

1,285

65,363

98,313

1,475

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

189,805

125,323

1,880

195,235

138,132

2,072

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

8,884

5,150

77

3,454

2,002

30

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-269

18,999

285

-244

17,280

259

total potentially available woodfuels*

263,416

235,167

3,528

263,808

255,729

3,836

50% of crop processing residues

189,805

70,267

1,143

195,235

106,319

1,759

total potentially available biomass fuels


305,434

4,670


362,048

5,594

* Area = 89% of geographical land area

Indonesia

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


54,474

817


67,465

1,012

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

110,968

183,106

2,747

94,100

157,282

2,359

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

59,893

67,744

1,016

72,316

84,813

1,272

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

11,512

6,673

100

6,960

4,035

61

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-1,177

181,526

2,723

-964

148,794

2,232

total potentially available woodfuels*

181,196

439,049

6,586

172,411

394,923

5,924

50% of crop processing residues

59,893

20,421

327

72,316

28,938

457

total potentially available biomass fuels


459,470

6,912


423,861

6,381

* Area = 100% of geographical land area

Laos

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


2,329

35


3,496

52

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

12,583

18,472

277

10,468

15,396

231

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

1,700

979

15

1,844

1,054

16

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

8,259

4,788

72

8,259

4,788

72

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-148

21,767

327

-120

17,665

265

total potentially available woodfuels*

22,394

46,006

690

20,450

38,902

584

50% of crop processing residues

1,700

343

5

1,844

333

5

total potentially available biomass fuels


46,349

695


39,235

589

* Area = 97% of geographical land area

Malaysia

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


6,187

93


8,216

123

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

15,910

31,737

476

10,543

21,324

320

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

12,652

17,809

267

16,928

22,409

336

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

0

0

0

0

0

0

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-442

87,754

1,316

-272

54,044

811

total potentially available woodfuels*

28,120

137,301

2,060

27,199

97,777

1,467

50% of crop processing residues

12,652

2,470

32

16,928

3,934

49

total potentially available biomass fuels


139,771

2,092


101,712

1,515

* Area = 85% of geographical land area

Maldives

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


80

1


123

2

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

0

0

0

0

0

0

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

18

34

1

21

41

1

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

0

0

0

0

0

0

waste woodfuels from deforestation

0

0

0

0

0

0

total potentially available woodfuels*

18

34

1

21

41

1

50% of crop processing residues

18

4

0

21

4

0

total potentially available biomass fuels


38

1


46

1

* Area = 13% of geographical land area

Myanmar

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


23,058

346


31,183

468

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

27,539

45,928

689

22,166

37,389

561

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

10,779

6,884

103

10,946

7,284

109

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

20,325

11,782

177

20,158

11,686

175

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-396

65,341

980

-307

50,571

759

total potentially available woodfuels*

58,247

129,935

1,949

52,964

106,930

1,604

50% of crop processing residues

10,779

4,350

66

10,946

5,563

84

total potentially available biomass fuels


134,285

2,015


112,493

1,688

* Area = 89% of geographical land area

Nepal

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


12,787

192


18,378

276

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

4,873

4,188

63

4,133

3,586

54

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

4,500

2,608

39

4,838

2,804

42

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

672

390

6

672

390

6

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-51

4,258

64

-43

3,524

53

total potentially available woodfuels*

9,994

11,444

172

9,600

10,304

155

50% of crop processing residues

4,500

1,021

16

4,838

1,354

22

total potentially available biomass fuels


12,465

188


11,657

176

* Area = 70% of geographical land area

Pakistan

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


34,687

520


52,167

7,823

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

1,803

1,960

29

1,162

1,461

22

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

26,511

15,371

231

28,399

16,465

247

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

1,104

640

10

1,104

640

10

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-55

4,598

69

-31

2,578

39

total potentially available woodfuels*

29,363

22,569

339

30,634

21,144

317

50% of crop processing residues

26,511

7,806

137

28,399

12,092

212

total potentially available biomass fuels


30,375

475


33,236

530

* Area = 38% of geographical land area

Philippines

 

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


230,501

346


30,329

455

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

7,020

12,962

194

4,154

7,941

119

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

21,153

30,819

462

25,409

39,177

588

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

0

0

0

0

0

0

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-254

45,486

682

-134

24,052

361

total potentially available woodfuels*

27,919

89,267

1,339

29,429

71,171

1,068

50% of crop processing residues

21,153

9,821

169

25,409

11,535

198

total potentially available biomass fuels


99,088

1,508


82,706

1,266

* Area = 78% of geographical land area

Sri Lanka

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


5,681

85


6,769

102

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

1,814

1,923

29

1,557

1,706

26

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

4,025

5,273

79

4,357

6,015

90

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

411

239

4

98

57

1

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-18

1,529

23

-15

1,266

19

total potentially available woodfuels*

6,232

8,963

134

5,998

9,044

136

50% of crop processing residues

4,025

1,114

19

4,357

1,389

24

total potentially available biomass fuels


10,076

153


10,433

159

* Area = 97% of geographical land area

Thailand

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


46,069

691


53,390

801

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

11,957

12,741

191

7,970

9,133

137

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

25,627

23,243

349

30,185

31,101

467

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

0

0

0

0

0

0

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-327

31,046

466

-199

18,923

2,834

total potentially available woodfuels*

37,257

67,030

1,005

37,956

59,157

887

50% of crop processing residues

25,627

10,863

181

30,185

18,393

317

total potentially available biomass fuels


77,893

1,186


77,550

1,204

* Area = 68% of geographical land area

Vietnam

1994

2010

Area

Mass

Energy

Area

Mass

Energy

CONSUMPTION

1000 ha

kton

PJ

1000 ha

kton

PJ

total woodfuels


29,368

441


39,418

591

POTENTIAL SUPPLY

sust. woodfuel from forest land

9,250

15,943

239

7,447

13,471

202

sust. woodfuel from agricultural areas

8,515

7,396

111

9,372

8,772

132

sust. woodfuel from other wooded lands

12,288

7,124

107

11,713

6,790

102

waste woodfuels from deforestation

-133

18,498

277

-98

13,697

205

total potentially available woodfuels*

29,920

48,960

734

28,433

42,730

641

50% of crop processing residues

8,515

6,352

99

9,372

10,128

157

total potentially available biomass fuels


55,312

834


52,858

798

* Area = 92% of geographical land area

8.2. Notes on the Detailed Woodfuel Tables

These notes help to clarify the methods, data and assumptions used for the evaluation and projection of consumption and potential supply of woodfuels (see detailed tables below).

Land Use

Land use data for 1990 (row 1-4) was obtained from FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 (FAO, 1993), for 1995 (row 5-6) from "State of the World's Forests" (FAO, 1997a). Land use data for 1994 was required because data on woodfuel consumption are available only up to 1994. Since these were not available, they were obtained (see row 7-9) by interpolation of the 1990 and 1995 data, assuming a constant annual growth rate during the 5 year interval.

Since data on the area under other wooded land in 1995 were not available, it was assumed constant (row 4, 10). The area under coconut, rubber and oil palm plantations (row 11) was distinguished because data and wood production could be derived from specific data on crop production, productivity and residue-to-product ratios.

Row 13-18 give the average annual change of land use in absolute terms and growth rates. The natural forest area (row 19) for the year 2010 was projected by assuming the same average annual growth rate as during 1990-95 (row 16). The area of plantations was projected by assuming the same average annual increase in hectares as during 1990-95 (row 14). As in 1994, the area of other wooded land (row 23) was assumed constant, and the area of coconut, rubber and oil palm plantations (row 24) was obtained from projected production figures.

Wood Production

Data on wood productivity of natural forest was derived from FAO data on biomass density for natural forest per country (FAO, 1993), assuming an average annual yield of 1% of the biomass density (excluding leaves, see row 27-29). For plantations and other wooded land a constant figure was assumed for all countries, based on various sources (row 30-31).

Not all wood from the resources will be available as fuel, so assumptions were made on the percentage of wood for fuel (80% for all land use types, see row 32-35).

Rows 36-43 show the potential supply of woodfuel from the various land use types for 1994 and 2010, given the data used and the assumptions on land use, productivity and availability.

Wood from Agricultural Lands

Data on the agricultural area for 1984 and 1994 (row 44-45) were obtained from FAO statistics (FAO, 1995b). The agricultural area for 2010 was projected assuming that the area will remain constant in the case of a decrease during 1984-94, and otherwise that it will increase with the same average annual increase as during 1984-94 (row 46).

The area under coffee, tea and cocoa was distinguished because the wood production for these land use types could be derived from data on crop production, productivity and residue-to-product ratios. As for wood from forest and wood land, assumptions were made on the productivity and the availability of wood for fuel (row 53-54).

Rows 55-58 show the potential supply of woodfuel from agricultural land for 1994 and 2010, given the data used and the assumptions on land use, productivity and availability.

The woodfuel supply evaluation only considers forests, other wooded land and agriculture land. Since these may not comprise the whole geographical area of a country, and other land use types may also supply wood, there may exist an additional potential or hidden supply of (fuel)wood (row 59-61).

Rows 62-67 give an overview of the potential fuelwood supply for the various land use types in kiloton per year. Rows 68-73 give the same in petajoules per year. The corresponding figures for the year 2010 are given in rows 82-87 and rows 88-93, respectively.

Potential Woodfuel Production and Requirements in 1994 and 2010

Potential Woodfuel Production and Requirements in 1994 and 2010 (cont.)

Potential Woodfuel Production and Requirements in 1994 and 2010 (cont.)

Potential Woodfuel Production and Requirements in 1994 and 2010 (cont.)

Projection of fuelwood consumption based on population growth estimates available from World Resources (WRI, 1995), with correlation coefficient 1.

FAO 90: FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990 (FAO, 1993) a: assumed ex: extrapolated
FAO 97: FAO State of the World's Forest 1997 (FAO, 1997a) d: derived es: estimated
FAOSTAT: FAOSTAT Data Base in: interpolated

Overview of Woodfuel Consumption and Production (Unit: PJ)

Note: a percentage of more than 100% means a gap between supply and demand of woodlots

Woodfuel Consumption as Percentage of Potential Supply

Fuelwood Consumption

Data on fuelwood consumption were adopted from the best estimates available to RWEDP, from various data sources (row 79). For those countries for which data on sources of fuelwood were available, i.e. the share of fuelwood from forests (row 76), the data were used to estimate the origin of the consumed fuelwood. For those countries for which such data were not available a regional average of 32% coming from forest areas was applied.

Fuelwood consumption in the year 2010 (row 95) was projected by assuming a correlation of 1 to 1 between population growth and fuelwood consumption. Population projections for all countries were available from the World Resources Institute (row 94).

Box 4 - R&D For Residue Combustion

Diverse residues from biomass, including crop residues, are widely used as an affordable substitute for the more preferred fuels like wood. The present users include poor households and many traditional industries. Future use may increase under conditions of increasing pressure on local fuelwood resources, and/or further marginalization of certain population groups.

Crop residues like rice husks and straw, coconut husks and shells, palm oil kernels, shells and fibre, as well as saw dust and other loose biomass provide a vast potential for fuel use. This holds true even under the conservative assumption that only half of the processing residues would be used as a fuel.

As yet, most residue fuels are bulky to transport, difficult to handle, and inconvenient and unhealthy to combust. More R&D should be and can be done to upgrade future fuels from crop residues and improve their combustion characteristics by cost-effective technologies.

Reference is made to the following RWEDP publications

· Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practices, (Grover, P.D. and Mishra, S.K., 1996)

· Proceedings of the International Workshop on Biomass Briquetting, (Grover P.D and Mishra, S.K. (ed), 1996)

· Proceedings of the Workshop on Stoves for Use with Loose Residues (RWEDP, 1997a)

· Proceedings of the Regional Expert Consultation on Selection Criteria and Priority Rating for Assistance to Traditional Biomass Energy Using Industries (RWEDP, 1997b)

· Proceedings of the Regional Consultation on Introducing Modern Technologies and Systems for Efficient Use of Wood and Biomass for Major Types of Industries or Ecological/Economic Situations (RWEDP, 1997c)

Potential Production of Crop Residue Fuel in 1994

Sources:

Crop production data: Selected Indicators of Food and Agriculture Development in Asia-Pacific Region 1985-1995. FAO-RAP Publication 1996/32 (FAO, 1996b)

Residue to product ratio (RPR): Traditional Energy Use and Availability of Agricultural and Forest Residues, (Koopmans A., 1995)

Estimated Amount Of Residues Produced In The 16 RWEDP Member Countries In 1994 Based On Residue To Product Ratio Data (* 1,000 Tons)

Crop Production And Amount Of Residues Produced In 1994 (* 1,000 Tons) And Oil Equivalent

Crop

Type

Residue

LHV
(MJ/kg)

Crops
(kton)

Residues
(kton)

Oil equiv.
(kton)

PJ

Field-based residues

Rice

Straw

1.757

16.02

462,146

811,991

305,354

13,008

Wheat

Straw

1.750

12.38

175,766

307,591

89,389

3,808

Millet

Stalks

1.750

12.38

15,491

27,109

7,878

336

Maize

Stalks

2.000

16.80

128,598

257,196

101,429

4,321

Cassave

Stalks

0.062

17.50

49,293

3,056

1,255

53

Cotton

Stalks

2.755

12.38

24,770

68,241

19,832

845

Soyabeans

Straw + pods

3.500

12.38

21,987

76,956

22,364

953

Jute

Stalks

3.000

12.38

2,924

8,772

2,549

109

Tobacco

Stalks, etc.

2.000


0

0

0

0

Sugar cane

Tops

0.300

15.81

456,986

137,096

50,880

2,167

Cocoa

Pods

1.000

12.38

467

467

136

6

Processing-based residues

Rice

Husk

0,267

15.58

462,146

123,393

45,128

1,922

Rice

Bran

0.083

13.97

462,146

38,358

12,579

536

Maize

Cob

0.273

16.28

128,598

35,107

13,417

572

Maize

Husks

0.200

12.38

128,598

25,720

7,474

318

Coconut

Shells

0.120

18.10

37,171

4,461

1,895

81

Coconut

Husks

0.419

18.62

37,171

15,575

6,808

290

Groundnut

Husks

0.477

15.66

20,005

9,542

3,508

149

Groundnut

Straw

2.300

12.38

20,005

46,012

13,371

570

Oil Palm

Fibre

0.140

11.34

11,825

1,656

441

19

Oil Palm

Shell

0.065

18.83

11,825

769

340

14

Oil Palm

Bunches

0.230

8.16

11,825

2,720

521

22

Sugar cane

Bagasse

0.290

18.10

456,986

132,526

56,308

2,399

Coffee

Husk

2.100

12.38

949

1,993

579

25

TOTAL AMOUNT OF FIELD BASED RESIDUES

1,698,474

601,067

25,605

TOTAL AMOUNT OF PROCESSING BASED RESIDUES

437,830

162,369

6,917

TOTAL AMOUNT OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES

2,136,304

763,436

32,522

Lower Heating Values (LHV) for crop residues available from: Traditional Energy Use and Availability of Agricultural and Forest Residues (Koopmans, A., 1995)

Potential Production of Crop Residue Fuel in 2010

Production assumed to increase with the same average annual increase as during 1985-1995. In case of a decrease, production was assumed to be as in 1995.

Estimated Amount Of Residues Produced In The 16 RWEDP Member Countries In 2010 Based On Residue To Product Ratio Data (* 1,000 Tons)

Crop production and amount of residues produced in 2010 (* 1,000 Tons) and oil equivalent

Crop

Type

Residue

LHV

Crops
(kton)

Residues
(kton)

Oil equiv.
(kton)

PJ

Field-based residues

Rice

Straw

1.757

16.02

588,052

1,033,206

388,544

16,552

Wheat

Straw

1.750

12.38

245,463

429,559

124,834

5,318

Millet

Stalks

1.750

12.38

10,994

19,239

5,591

238

Maize

Stalks

2.000

16.80

226,409

452,818

178,576

7,607

Cassave

Stalks

0.062

17.50

48,680

3,018

1,240

53

Cotton

Stalks

2.755

12.38

36,820

101,439

29,479

1,256

Soyabeans

Straw + pods

3.500

12.38

32,189

112,662

32,741

1,395

Jute

Stalks

3.000

12.38

451

1,352

393

17

Tobacco

Stalks, etc.

2.000


0

0

0

0

Sugar cane

Tops

0.300

15.81

741,636

222,491

82,572

3,518

Cocoa

Pods

1.000

12.38

761

761

221

9

Processing-based residues

Rice

Husk

0.267

15.58

588,052

157,010

57,423

2,446

Rice

Bran

0.083

13.97

588,052

48,808

16,006

682

Maize

Cob

0.273

16.28

226,409

61,810

23,621

1,006

Maize

Husks

0.200

12.38

226,409

45,282

13,159

561

Coconut

Shells

0.120

18.10

48,053

5,766

2,450

104

Coconut

Husks

0.419

18.62

48,053

20,134

8,800

375

Groundnut

Husks

0.477

15.66

27,786

13,254

4,872

208

Groundnut

Straw

2.300

12.38

27,786

63,908

18,572

791

Oil Palm

Fibre

0.140

11.34

23,219

3,251

865

37

Oil Palm

Shell

0.065

18.83

23,219

1,509

667

28

Oil Palm

Bunches

0.230

8.16

23,219

5,340

1,023

44

Sugar cane

Bagasse

0.290

18.10

741,636

215,074

91,381

3,893

Coffee

Husk

2.100

12.38

1,382

2,902

843

36

TOTAL AMOUNT OF FIELD BASED RESIDUES

2,376,545

844,191

35,963

TOTAL AMOUNT OF PROCESSING BASED RESIDUES

644,049

239,684

10,211

TOTAL AMOUNT OF AGRICULTURAL CROP RESIDUES

3,020,594

1,083,876

46,173


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