This document is one of two volumes. Volume I covers the principal portable (operator-carried) equipment: leveroperated knapsack, motorised knapsack, compression sprayer and mistblower. Volume II covers vehiclemounted and trailed field crop and orchard sprayers. Each volume is in two parts.
Part I contains specifications for the sprayers and Part II contains test procedures to check whether a candidate sprayer meets the required specifications.
The FAO approval system aims to provide growers, manufacturing industry and government agencies with an appropriate, practical and consistent quality assurance system for all major crop sprayers which are supplied to or manufactured in the developing world.
Major attention has been paid throughout to operator and environmental safety, efficiency and durability.
The specifications and tests are based on existing international, European and national standards and other published references. They also draw on the indepth knowledge and experience of international sprayer standards of the experts assigned to the project and on the authors' experience of pesticide application in the developing world.
Specification Format
Specifications are in a modular format which was developed by the authors as the basis for the FAO document to guide FAO and other buying agencies in the selection of crop sprayers: "FAO Basic Guidelines for the Selection of Agricultural Pesticide Sprayers; June 1995".
Each module relates to a major component or a functional group of components from which consistent specifications for complete spraying machines can be compiled. The various modules for portable sprayers are shown in Figure 1.
In the text, the modules are divided into numbered clauses each addressing a separate specification or requirement. The specifications do not dictate or prescribe engineering design; they define functional or operational requirements and should not restrict the engineering design freedom of the manufacturer.
Wherever requirements or procedures are the same, then the same modules, clauses and wording have been used. This applies whether the sprayer is one of the four principal portable sprayer types or a tractor sprayer. For example the basic hydraulic nozzle module is used for both portable and tractor sprayers and the assessment of spray quality applies to all sprayers.
Test Procedures
These are presented as stepbystep sequences to assist testers and to provide clarity and consistency. The aim is to use clear, uncomplicated language, without compromising technical precision.
FAO Approved Status
To implement this system, several accredited, international Test Centres will be appointed by FAO. These centres will all use the test methodology in this document and consistency and uniformity between centres will be monitored by FAO.
A key element of the system is the method for awarding "FAO Approved" status. The FAO compliance method to be used is a simple YES/NO system. Where numerical values are included, these are based either on accepted norms in published standards or on the judgement of the authors and their advisers, always bearing in mind that the criteria used must relate to the needs of the practical field and factory situation. The system involves stating at the end of each clause in a specification (i.e. for each design or performance criterion), the action or series of actions that must be carried out. The actions are grouped into four categories: Check, Measure, Test and Test Procedure, which are defined as follows:
CHECK Where a simple observation or action is all that is needed to establish whether the sprayer complies or not. e.g. "All hoses should be durably marked to indicate the rated pressure".
MEASURE Where a simple measurement e.g. volume, thickness, length, pressure is all that is needed.
TEST In some cases simple tests are required which are generally obvious and do not warrant a written test sequence, e.g. "The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes of 1 in 10, irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank." TEST
TEST PROCEDURE A sequence of step by step actions that should be followed as described in Part II of each volume.
LK - lever operated knapsack
MK - motorized knapsack
CS - compression sprayer
MB - motorised mistblower
Figure 1 - Component Modules
Lever operated knapsack sprayers should be safe, reliable and capable of working efficiently under practical field conditions.
They should be robustly constructed from strong, durable materials which will not obviously be prone to deterioration during field use, thereby adversely affecting safety and lowering efficiency due to corrosion, rust, distortion or excessive premature wear.
To attain "FAO Approved" status, a lever-operated knapsack sprayer should comply with the following:
1.1 Total mass when filled to nominal (manufacturer's recommended maximum) capacity should not exceed 25 Kg. MEASURE
1.2 The sprayer should incorporate a conveniently located handle to enable the sprayer to be safely carried when not in use. CHECK
1.3 The sprayer should be constructed to avoid the bottom of the spray tank making direct contact with the ground when the sprayer is stood upright in it's normal position. CHECK
1.4 The sprayer should be easy to clean thoroughly both inside and out. Rough interior and exterior surfaces and awkward recesses, which could retain liquid, should be avoided. CHECK
1.5 No part of the outer surfaces of the sprayer should entrap spillage of liquid. TEST PROCEDURE 1
1.6 There should be no sharp edges, abrasive areas or projections that could injure the operator. CHECK
1.7 The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes up to 1 in 10, irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank. TEST
1.8 The sprayer should not leak more than 5 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 3
1.9.1 The manufacturer should provide a clear, simple, illustrated instruction manual in the language of the country where the sprayer was manufactured and in English, French or Spanish (FAO official languages). Approval will only be given if the instruction manual is in the language used in the country where the equipment is sold. CHECK
1.9.2 The manual should contain procedures for:
The manual should also provide information on:
and the disposal of left over spray liquid and empty pesticide containers
1.10 Servicing, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning of all sprayer components should be easily accomplished without special tools. CHECK
1.11 The sprayer should be clearly and durably marked to indicate: manufacturer's name and address, sprayer name, model and the year of manufacture. CHECK
1.12 The manufacturer should provide evidence to the Test Centre that a practical system is in place in the factory to record and store specifications and model details so that replacement parts can be accurately identified for the sprayer under test for a minimum of five years after it's date of manufacture. CHECK
1.13 All parts of the sprayer which come into constant direct contact with the spray liquid should be made of non-absorbent materials which are unaffected by approved pesticide formulations. TEST PROCEDURE 9
1.14 All parts of the sprayer which are exposed to sunlight should be constructed of materials which do not degrade on continuous long term exposure to U.V. light. The relevant information on material specifications should be made available to the Test Centre by the manufacturer. CHECK
1.15 If the sprayer is dropped it should continue to function normally and should not deform or leak. TEST PROCEDURE 8
1.16 The sprayer should be constructed to withstand 250 hours of continuous full capacity operation. TEST PROCEDURE 7
1.17 All pressure and flow control devices should be adjustable from outside the spray tank.. TEST
1.18 A safety device should be incorporated into the sprayer to prevent the maximum pressure exceeding 5 bar in any part of the sprayer. Any vented liquid should be discharged inside the tank. TEST
2.1 The tank should have a minimum capacity of 5 litres. MEASURE
2.2 The tank should be clearly and durably marked with:
2.3 A tank strainer (integral to the sprayer) should be supplied with the sprayer to filter the water or spray solution as it enters the tank fill opening. CHECK
2.4 The tank strainer should be easy to remove and fit when wearing protective gloves (gloves for test purposes should have a minimum thickness of 0.5 mm ). CHECK
2.5 The tank strainer should have a mesh aperture size no greater than 0.5 mm. MEASURE
2.6 The tank strainer mesh should be securely fitted to, or form part of, the strainer body. CHECK
2.7 The tank strainer should be close fitting and should not lift from its seating when filling. TEST PROCEDURE 4. The gap between the strainer and the body of the tank should never exceed the filter mesh aperture size (0.5 mm ). MEASURE
2.8 The fill opening and strainer should permit safe, easy filling without overflowing or splashing. As a guide it is suggested that the strainer should be recessed into the fill opening which should not be less than 100 mm across the smallest dimension. TEST PROCEDURE 4
2.9 A marking system indicating the maximum filling level should be incorporated into the tank strainer and must be clearly visible when filling. TEST
2.10 The fill opening should be sealed with a tank lid which can be securely closed with gloved hands without tools (see 2.4 above re gloves). CHECK
2.11 The tank lid, when installed in position, should not collect spray liquid. TEST
2.12 Either the tank lid or the tank should be fitted with a ventilation valve. CHECK
2.13 When it is not possible to pump any more liquid from the spray tank and there is no more liquid coming out of the nozzle (i.e. when the sprayer would be normally considered "empty"), the volume of spray liquid remaining in the tank, pump and compression chamber should not exceed 100 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 10
2.14 It is desirable that sprayers be fitted with some system for agitating the contents of the tank. Where a sprayer is fitted with an agitator device, this should move freely, should not catch on other parts of the sprayer and should be easily fitted or removed with gloved hands (see 2.4 above re gloves). CHECK
3.1 The hose, when bent through 180 degrees with an unsupported bend radius of 50 mm at a temperature of 25°C, must not kink (flatten). TEST
3.2 Hose connections should be easily adjustable with gloved hands (see 2.4 re gloves) and should be able to be reconnected without loss of performance. CHECK
3.3 The hose should be of sufficient length to allow free movement and appropriate positioning of the lance for spraying. CHECK
3.4 The minimum length of the lance from the front of the hand trigger grip to the nozzle should be 500 mm. MEASURE
3.5 The lance shall not be straight but shall incorporate an elbow/bend such that spray can be readily angled downwards. CHECK
3.6 A secure "parking system" should be provided for the lance when it is not in use. CHECK
3.7 The lance should be fitted with a trigger-type on/off valve which is capable of being locked in the "off" position. CHECK
3.8 Where the on/off valve incorporates a lever, this should measure not less than 100 mm measured from the pivot point. MEASURE
3.9 The on/off valve should require no more than 1.5 Nm torque to open. MEASURE. It should also comply with the reliability requirements in TEST PROCEDURE 5.
3.10 A removable filter, which is readily fitted and removed with gloved hands (see 2.4 re gloves) and with a mesh aperture size not exceeding 0.3 mm, should be fitted upstream of the trigger valve. CHECK & MEASURE
3.11 Interchangeable but not adjustable nozzles should be supplied with the sprayer. CHECK
3.12 The maximum operating pressure at the nozzle should not exceed 4 bar. MEASURE
3.13 At the recommended working pressure and maximum flow rate, variation in pressure at the nozzle(s) should not exceed plus or minus 10%. MEASURE
3.13 Where a pressure indicator is fitted, it should be down stream of the on/off valve. CHECK
4.1 Straps should be strong and durable. TEST PROCEDURE 6
4.2 Straps and padding should be of non-absorbent material. TEST PROCEDURE 2
4.3 Straps and padding should resist deterioration from contact with approved pesticide formulations. CHECK
4.4 The sprayer should be fitted with a load-bearing waist strap.
4.5 The load-bearing part of the shoulder straps and waist strap should be a minimum of 50 mm wide. MEASURE
4.6Where adjustable shoulder pads are fitted, they should remain firmly in place in their adjusted position when the sprayer is in use. CHECK
4.7 All straps should be easily adjustable when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back. TEST
4.8 All straps should be fitted with quick release catches which function efficiently when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back . TEST
Lever and pump
5.1 The lever to operate the pump should be a minimum of 400 mm long and should have an arc of movement not exceeding 400 mm. MEASURE
5.2 The lever should be designed for both left and right handed use. CHECK
5.3 A hand grip with a minimum sectional dimension of 25 mm and a minimum length of 100 mm. should be firmly and durably fitted to the end of the lever. MEASURE & CHECK
5.4 To achieve the maximum recommended flow rates and operating pressures, the pump should operate within the range of 20-30 lever strokes per minute. The maximum force on the handle should not exceed 85N at a distance of 400 mm from the pivot point. MEASURE
5.5 At the maximum recommended flow rate and pressure, the flow rate measured at the nozzle should not deviate more than +/-10% of the mean value. MEASURE
It is the responsibility of the sprayer manufacturer to ensure that nozzles recommended for or supplied with the sprayer comply with the following requirements, even though it is likely that this information will originate from the nozzle manufacturer.
6.1 The sprayer manufacturer should provide in the instruction manual ( see 1.9.2), information on:
N.B. The information on the above points should be provided by the sprayer manufacturer and will be verified by the Test Centre.
6.2 The output from any nozzle should be within ± 5% of any specified flow rate and pressure. MEASURE
6.3 Output from nozzles with the same identity code i.e. which claim to have the same characteristics, should not differ by more than ± 5% from the nominal output at any specified pressure. MEASURE
6.4 For hydraulic pressure nozzles creating a flat fan spray pattern(including those termed "Even Spray"), when fitted to a boom, the volume distribution pattern at a defined distance below the nozzle should meet the specification in TEST PROCEDURE 12.
6.5 For flat fan nozzles, the support system should include a method of ensuring correct nozzle orientation within the holder. CHECK
Motorised knapsack sprayers should be safe, reliable and capable of working efficiently under practical field conditions.
They should be robustly constructed from strong, durable materials which will not obviously be prone to deterioration during field use, thereby adversely affecting safety and lowering efficiency due to corrosion, rust, distortion or excessive premature wear.
To attain "FAO Approved" status, a motorised knapsack sprayer should comply with the following:
1.1 Total mass when filled to nominal (manufacturer's recommended maximum) capacity should not exceed 25 Kg. MEASURE
1.2 The sprayer should incorporate a conveniently located handle to enable the sprayer to be safely carried when not in use. CHECK
1.3 The sprayer should be constructed to avoid the bottom of the spray tank making direct contact with the ground when the sprayer is stood upright in it's normal position. CHECK
1.4 The sprayer should be easy to clean thoroughly both inside and out. Rough interior and exterior surfaces and awkward recesses, which could retain liquid, should be avoided. CHECK
1.5 No part of the outer surfaces of the sprayer should entrap spillage of liquid. TEST PROCEDURE 1
1.6 There should be no sharp edges, abrasive areas or projections that could injure the operator. CHECK
1.7 The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes up to 1 in 10, irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank. TEST
1.8 The sprayer should not leak more than 5 ml under. TEST PROCEDURE 3
1.9.1 The manufacturer should provide a clear, simple, illustrated instruction manual in the language of the country where the sprayer was manufactured and in English, French or Spanish (FAO official languages). Approval will only be given if the instruction manual is in the language used in the country where the equipment is sold. CHECK
1.9.2 The manual should contain procedures for:
The manual should also provide information on;
1.10 Servicing, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning of all sprayer components should be easily accomplished without special tools. CHECK
1.11 The sprayer should be clearly and durably marked to indicate: manufacturer's name and address, name/model and the year of manufacture. CHECK
1.12 The manufacturer should provide evidence to the Test Centre that a practical system is in place in the factory to record and store specifications and model details so that replacement parts can be accurately identified for the sprayer under test for a minimum of five years after it's date of manufacture. CHECK
1.13 All parts of the sprayer which come into constant direct contact with the spray liquid should be made of non-absorbent materials which are unaffected by approved pesticide formulations. TEST PROCEDURE 9
1.14 All parts of the sprayer which are exposed to sunlight should be constructed of materials which do not degrade on continuous long term exposure to U.V. light. CHECK
1.15 If the sprayer is dropped, it should continue to function normally and should not deform or leak TEST PROCEDURE 8
1.16 The sprayer should be constructed to withstand 100 hours of continuous full capacity operation. TEST PROCEDURE 7.
1.17 All pressure and flow control devices should be adjustable from outside the spray tank.. TEST
1.18 A safety device should be incorporated into the sprayer to prevent the maximum pressure exceeding 5 bar in any part of the sprayer. Any vented liquid should be discharged inside the tank. TEST
2.1 The tank should have a minimum capacity of 5 litres. MEASURE
2.2 The tank should be clearly and durably marked with:
2.3 A tank strainer (integral to the sprayer) should be supplied with the sprayer to filter the water or spray solution as it enters the tank fill opening. CHECK
2.4 The tank strainer should be easy to remove and fit with gloved hands (gloves for test purposes should be a minimum thickness of 0.5 mm). CHECK
2.5 The tank strainer should have a mesh aperture size no greater than 0.5 mm. MEASURE
2.6 The tank strainer mesh should be securely fitted to, or form part of, the strainer body. CHECK
2.7 The tank strainer should be close fitting and should not lift from its seating when filling. TEST PROCEDURE 4. The gap between the strainer and the body of the tank should never exceed the filter mesh aperture size (0.5 mm). MEASURE
2.8 The fill opening and strainer should permit safe, easy filling without overflowing or splashing. As a guide it is suggested that the strainer should be recessed into the fill opening, which should not be less than 100 mm across the smallest dimension. TEST PROCEDURE 4
2.9 A marking system indicating the maximum filling level should be incorporated into the tank strainer and must be clearly visible when filling. TEST
2.10 The filler opening should be sealed with a tank lid which can be securely closed with gloved hands without tools (see 2.4 above re gloves). CHECK
2.11 The tank lid, when installed in position, should not collect spray liquid. TEST
2.12 Either the tank lid or the tank should be fitted with a ventilation valve. CHECK
2.13 When it is not possible to pump any more liquid from the spray tank and there is no more liquid coming out of the nozzle (i.e. when the sprayer would normally be considered "empty"); the volume of spray liquid remaining in the tank and pump, should not exceed 100 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 10
3.1 The hose, when bent through 180 degrees, with an unsupported bend radius of 50 mm at temperatures up to 25°C, must not kink (flatten). TEST
3.2 Hose connections should be easily adjustable with gloved hands (see 2.4 re gloves) and should be able to be reconnected without loss of performance. TEST
3.3 The hose should be of sufficient length to allow free movement and appropriate positioning of the lance for spraying. CHECK
3.4 The minimum length of the lance from the front of the hand trigger grip to the nozzle should be 500 mm. MEASURE
3.5 A secure "parking system" should be provided for the lance when it is not in use. CHECK
3.6 The lance should be fitted with a trigger-type on/off valve that is capable of being locked in the "off" position. CHECK
3.7 Where the on/off valve incorporates a lever, this should measure not less than 100 mm measured from the pivot point. MEASURE
3.8 The on/off valve should require no more than 1.5 Nm torque to open. MEASURE It should also comply with the reliability requirements in TEST PROCEDURE 5.
3.9 A removable filter, which is readily fitted and removed with gloved hands (see 2.4 re gloves) and with a mesh aperture size not exceeding 0.3 mm, should be fitted upstream of the trigger valve. CHECK & MEASURE
3.10 Interchangeable but not adjustable nozzles should be supplied with the sprayer. CHECK
3.11 The maximum operating pressure at the nozzle should not exceed 4 bar. MEASURE
3.12 At the recommended working pressure and maximum flow rate, the variation in flow rate at the nozzle(s) should not exceed plus or minus 10%. MEASURE
3.13 Where a pressure indicator is fitted, it should be downstream of the on/off valve. CHECK
4.1 Straps should be strong and durable. TEST PROCEDURE 6
4.2 Straps and padding should be of non-absorbent material. TEST PROCEDURE 2
4.3 Straps and padding should resist deterioration from contact with approved pesticide formulations. CHECK
4.4 The load bearing part of the shoulder straps should be a minimum of 50 mm wide. MEASURE
4.5 Where adjustable shoulder pads are fitted, they should remain firmly in place in their adjusted position when the sprayer is in use. CHECK
4.6 All straps should be easily adjustable when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back. TEST
4.7 All straps should be fitted with quick release catches which function efficiently when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back . TEST
ENGINE
5.1 The throttle lever must remain firmly in any pre-set position. TEST
5.2 An instant engine "cut-out" switch should be installed and should be readily accessible to the operator when the sprayer is in the working position on the operator's back. CHECK
5.3 The engine should be provided with a robust starting device. TEST PROCEDURE 13.
In addition, an alternative system should be provided in case the primary mechanism fails. CHECK
5.4 The exhaust should be directed away from the operator, protected by a guard and positioned on the side opposite to the operational controls. CHECK
5.5 The engine should be isolated from its mounting frame by anti-vibration mountings. CHECK. The vibration experienced by the operator at full throttle should be at acceptable levels. CHECK.
5.6 The engine should be robustly protected against accidental physical damage. CHECK
5.7 The fuel tank and the on/off valve should be positioned to minimise the risk of spilling fuel onto the engine. CHECK
5.8 The on/off valve should be easily accessible and close to the fuel tank outlet. CHECK
5.9 An easily serviceable fuel filter should be installed in the line between the tank and the carburettor. CHECK
5.10 An easily replaceable dry-type air filter should be installed directly on the carburettor intake. CHECK
5.11 Carburettor adjusting screws should be readily accessible without requiring removal of parts or the use of special tools. CHECK
5.12 The noise level at the ear of the operator should not exceed 85 dBA. MEASURE
5.13 The fuel tank should have sufficient capacity for a minimum of one hour of continuous operation. TEST
5.14 The fuel tank should be durably marked with the required fuel/oil ratio. CHECK
5.15 The engine should be reliable and durable in use. TEST PROCEDURE 13.
PUMP
5.16 The pump should have sufficient output capacity to supply the recommended maximum number of nozzles for the sprayer on test, at the highest recommended flow rate and operating pressure (4 bar immediately upstream of the nozzle). MEASURE
5.17 The drive between the engine and the pump should be adequately guarded so that moving parts are not exposed. CHECK
It is the responsibility of the sprayer manufacturer to ensure that nozzles recommended for or supplied with the sprayer comply with the following requirements, even though it is likely that this information will originate from the nozzle manufacturer.
6.1 The sprayer manufacturer should provide in the instruction manual (see 1.9.2.), information on:
N.B. The information on the above points should be provided by the sprayer manufacturer and will be verified by the Test Centre.
6.2 The output from any nozzle should be within ± 5% of any specified flow rate and pressure. MEASURE
6.3 Output from nozzles with the same identity code, i.e. which claim to have the same characteristics should not differ by more than ± 5% from the nominal output at any specified pressure. MEASURE
6.4 For hydraulic pressure nozzles creating a flat fan spray pattern (including those termed "Even Spray"), when fitted to a boom, the volume distribution pattern at a defined distance below the nozzle should meet the specification in TEST PROCEDURE 12.
6.5 For flat fan nozzles, the nozzle support system should include a method of ensuring correct nozzle orientation within the holder. CHECK
Portable compression sprayers should be safe, reliable and capable of working efficiently under practical field conditions.
They should be robustly constructed from strong, durable materials which will not obviously be prone to deterioration during field use, thereby adversely affecting safety and lowering efficiency due to corrosion, rust, distortion or excessive premature wear.
NOTE. The output from this design of sprayer will not remain constant over a pressure cycle unless a compensating valve arrangement is used upstream of the nozzle - see 3.13.
To attain " FAO Approved" status, a compression sprayer should comply with the following:
1.1 For sprayers which are carried on the operator's back with shoulder straps, the total mass when filled to nominal (manufacturer's recommended maximum) capacity should not exceed 25 Kg. For one-handed sprayers, the total mass when filled to nominal capacity, should not exceed 10 Kg. MEASURE
1.2 The sprayer should incorporate a conveniently located handle to enable it to be safely carried when not in use. CHECK
1.3 The sprayer should be constructed to avoid the bottom of the spray tank making direct contact with the ground when the sprayer is stood upright in it's normal position. CHECK
1.4 The sprayer should be easy to clean thoroughly both inside and out. Rough interior and exterior surfaces and awkward recesses, which could retain liquid, should be avoided. CHECK
1.5 No part of the outer surfaces of the sprayer should entrap spillage of liquid. TEST PROCEDURE 1
1.6 There should be no sharp edges, abrasive areas or projections which could injure the operator. CHECK
1.7 The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes up to 1 in 10, irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank. TEST
1.8 The sprayer should not leak more than 5 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 3
1.9.1 The manufacturer should provide a clear, simple, illustrated instruction manual in the language of the country where the sprayer was manufactured and in English, French or Spanish; (FAO official languages). Approval will only be given if the instruction manual is in the language used in the country where the equipment is sold. CHECK
1.9.2 The manual should contain procedures for:
The manual should also provide information on:
1.10 Servicing, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning of all sprayer components should be easily accomplished without special tools. CHECK
1.11 The sprayer should be clearly and durably marked to indicate: manufacturer's name and address, sprayer name, model and the year of manufacture. CHECK
1.12 The manufacturer should provide evidence to the Test Centre that a practical system is in place in the factory to record and store specifications and model details so that replacement parts can be accurately identified for the sprayer under test for a minimum of five years after it's date of manufacture. CHECK
1.13 All parts of the sprayer which come into constant direct contact with the spray liquid should be made of non-absorbent materials which are unaffected by approved pesticide formulations. TEST PROCEDURE 9
1.14 All parts of the sprayer which are exposed to sunlight should be constructed of materials which do not degrade on continuous long term exposure to U.V. light. CHECK
1.15 If the sprayer is dropped it should continue to function normally and should not deform or leak. TEST PROCEDURE 8
1.16 The sprayer should be constructed to withstand 12,000 pressure cycles. TEST PROCEDURE 16
1.17 Solder, which contains lead or tin as a major component, should not be used in the sprayer construction except on joints between the lance, and the nozzle holder, or the on/off valve. CHECK
2.1 The tank should have a minimum capacity of 5 litres. MEASURE
2.2 The tank should be clearly and durably marked with:
2.3 A funnel with a strainer incorporated in it should be supplied with the sprayer to filter the water or spray solution as it enters the tank fill opening. CHECK
2.4 The funnel strainer should have a mesh aperture size no greater than 0.5 mm. MEASURE
2.5 The tank strainer mesh should be securely fitted to, or form part of, the funnel body. CHECK
2.6 The funnel when fitted in the filler opening should permit safe, easy filling, without overflowing or splashing. TEST PROCEDURE 4
2.7 The fill opening should be sealed with a tank lid, which can be securely closed with gloved hands without tools (gloves for test purposes should be a minimum thickness of 0.5 mm). CHECK
2.8 The tank should be fitted with a pressure relief /safety valve to prevent the pressure in the tank from exceeding 7 bar. TEST
2.9 The tank should be fitted with a pressure indicating device. CHECK
2.10 The tank should be fitted with a pressure release valve that can be easily operated with gloved hands (see 2.7 above re gloves). TEST
2.11 The sprayer should be designed so that the lid (or pump) cannot be removed before any residual pressure in the tank has been released. TEST . Where threaded fittings of the pressurised parts of the tank have a diameter greater than 13 mm, they should be channelled to release the pressure in the tank before they can be removed. CHECK
2.12 When it is not possible to pump any more liquid from the spray tank and there is no more liquid coming out of the nozzle (i.e. when the sprayer would be normally considered "empty") the volume of spray liquid remaining in the tank, should not exceed 25 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 10
2.13 Tank Pressure Tolerances
2.13.1 Where the pump is solely hand operated and there is no possibility of pressurising from an outside source, the tank should withstand 2 times the maximum working pressure (8 bar) without deforming or leaking. TEST PROCEDURE 15
2.13.2 Where the sprayer is fitted with a connection to allow it to be pressurised from an outside source, the tank should withstand 5 times the maximum working pressure (20 bar) without deforming or leaking. TEST PROCEDURE 15. The supply connection shall also have an air flow rate control valve fitted such that the maximum air supply rate is less than that which can be exhausted by the safety valve. CHECK.
3.1 The hose, when bent through 180 degrees with an unsupported bend radius of 50 mm at temperatures up to 25°C, must not kink (flatten). TEST
3.2 Hose connections should be easily adjustable with gloved hands (see 2.7 re. gloves) and should be able to be reconnected without loss of performance. TEST
3.3 The hose should be of sufficient length to allow free movement and appropriate positioning of the lance for spraying. CHECK
3.4 The minimum length of the lance from the front of the hand trigger grip to the nozzle should be 500 mm. MEASURE
3.5 A secure "parking system" should be provided for the lance when it is not in use. CHECK
3.6 The lance should be fitted with a trigger-type on/off valve which is capable of being locked in the "off" position. CHECK
3.7 Where the on/off valve incorporates a lever, this should measure not less than 100 mm measured from the pivot point. MEASURE
3.8 The on/off valve should require no more than 1.5 Nm torque to open. MEASURE. It should also comply with the reliability requirements in TEST PROCEDURE 5
3.9 A removable filter, which is readily fitted and removed with gloved hands (see 2.6 re gloves) and with a mesh aperture size not exceeding 0.3 mm, should be fitted upstream of the trigger valve. CHECK & MEASURE
3.10 Interchangeable but not adjustable nozzles should be supplied with the sprayer. CHECK
3.11 The maximum operating pressure at the nozzle should not exceed 4 bar. MEASURE
3.12 Where a pressure indicator is fitted, it should be down stream of the on/off valve. CHECK
3.13 A uniform output rate during all parts of the pressure cycle can only be achieved if a flow control valve is fitted in the supply to the nozzle. The use of such a valve results in there being a residual pressure at the end of a spraying operation and a warning to this effect must be included with the instructions relating to the operation of this type of valve. CHECK
4.1 Straps should be strong and durable. TEST PROCEDURE 6
4.2 Straps and padding should be of non-absorbent material . TEST PROCEDURE 2
4.3 Straps and padding should resist deterioration from contact with approved pesticide formulations. CHECK
4.4 The load-bearing part of the shoulder straps should be a minimum of 50 mm wide. MEASURE
4.5 Where adjustable shoulder pads are fitted, they should remain firmly in place in their adjusted position when the sprayer is in use. CHECK
4.6 All straps should be easily adjustable when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back. TEST
4.7 All straps should be fitted with quick release catches which function efficiently when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back . TEST
PUMP
5.1 Where the pump is manual, it should produce a pressure of 4 bar in the spray tank on completion of not more than 60 complete plunger strokes with the tank filled to nominal capacity. MEASURE
5.2 Where the pump is installed inside the spray tank:
5.2.1 The check valve in the pump should not permit leakage of liquid into the pump cylinder, over a 15 minute period, when the spray tank is pressurised to 4 bar and the valve is fully submerged in the spray liquid. TEST
5.2.2 The pump handle should be comfortable and convenient to use and the internal width of the handle grip should be no less than 100 mm wide with a minimum section dimension of 25 mm. MEASURE
5.3 The sprayer should be fitted with a locking device so that the plunger assembly is firmly secured in the lowest operating position and will withstand the sprayer being carried by the pump handle. CHECK
It is the responsibility of the sprayer manufacturer to ensure that nozzles recommended for or supplied with the sprayer comply with the following requirements, even though it is likely that this information will originate from the nozzle manufacturer.
6.1 The sprayer manufacturer should provide, in the instruction manual (see 1.9.2.), information on:
NB. The information on the above points should be provided by the sprayer manufacturer and will be verified by the Test Centre.
6.2 The output from any nozzle should be within ± 5% of any specified flow rate and pressure. MEASURE
6.3 Output from nozzles with the same identity code i.e. which claim to have the same characteristics, should not differ by more than ± 5% from the nominal output at any specified pressure. MEASURE
6.4 For hydraulic pressure nozzles creating a flat fan spray pattern (including those termed "Even Spray"), when fitted to a boom, the volume distribution pattern at a defined distance below the nozzle should meet the specification in TEST PROCEDURE 12.
6.5 For flat fan nozzles, the nozzle support system should include a method of ensuring correct nozzle orientation within the holder. CHECK
Motorised mistblowers should be safe, reliable and capable of working efficiently under practical field conditions.
They should be robustly constructed from strong, durable materials which will not obviously be prone to deterioration during field use thereby adversely affecting safety and lowering efficiency due to corrosion, rust, distortion or excessive premature wear.
To attain "FAO Approved" status, a motorised mistblower sprayer should comply with the following:
1.1 Total mass when filled to nominal (manufacturer's recommended maximum) capacity should not exceed 25 Kg. MEASURE
1.2 The sprayer should incorporate a conveniently located handle to enable the sprayer to be safely carried when not in use. CHECK
1.3 The sprayer should be constructed to avoid the bottom of the spray tank making direct contact with the ground when the sprayer is stood upright in it's normal position. CHECK
1.4 The sprayer should be easy to clean thoroughly both inside and out. Rough interior and exterior surfaces and awkward recesses, which could retain liquid, should be avoided. CHECK
1.5 No part of the outer surfaces of the sprayer should entrap spillage of liquid. TEST PROCEDURE 1
1.6 There should be no sharp edges, abrasive areas or projections which could injure the operator. CHECK
1.7The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes up to 1 in 10, irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank. TEST
1.8 The sprayer should not leak more than 5 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 3
1.9.1 The manufacturer should provide a clear, simple, illustrated instruction manual in the language of the country where the sprayer was manufactured and in English, French or Spanish; ( FAO official languages ). Approval will only be given if the instruction manual is in the language used in the country where the equipment is sold. CHECK
1.9.2 The manual should contain procedures for:
The manual should also provide information on:
1.10 Servicing, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning of all sprayer components should be easily accomplished without special tools. CHECK
1.11 The sprayer should be clearly and durably marked to indicate: the manufacturer's name and address, the sprayer name, model and the year of manufacture. CHECK
1.12 The manufacturer should provide evidence to the Test Centre that a practical system is in place in the factory, to record and store specifications and model details so that replacement parts can be accurately identified for the sprayer under test for a minimum of five years after its date of manufacture. CHECK
1.13 All parts of the sprayer, which come into constant direct contact with the spray liquid, should be made of non-absorbent materials which are unaffected by approved pesticide formulations. TEST PROCEDURE 9
1.14 All parts of the sprayer which are exposed to sunlight should be constructed of materials which do not degrade on continuous long-term exposure to U.V. light. CHECK
1.15 If the sprayer is dropped, it should continue to function normally and should not deform or leak. TEST PROCEDURE 8
1.16 The sprayer should be capable of withstanding 100 hours of continuous operation . TEST PROCEDURE 7
2.1 The tank should be clearly and durably marked with;
MEASURE
2.2 A tank strainer (integral to the sprayer) should be supplied with the sprayer to filter the water or spray solution as it enters the tank fill opening. CHECK
2.3 The tank strainer should be easy to remove and fit with gloved hands (gloves for test purposes should be a minimum thickness of 0.5 mm). CHECK
2.4 The tank strainer should have a mesh aperture size no greater than 0.5 mm. MEASURE
2.5 The tank strainer mesh should be securely fitted to, or form part of, the strainer body. CHECK
2.6 The tank strainer should be close fitting and should not lift from its seating when filling. TEST PROCEDURE 4. The gap between the strainer and the body of the tank should never exceed the filter mesh aperture size (0.5 mm). MEASURE
2.7 The fill opening and tank strainer should permit safe, easy filling, without overflowing or splashing. As a guide it is suggested that the strainer should be recessed into the tank fill opening, which should not be less than 100 mm across the smallest dimension. TEST PROCEDURE 4
2.8 A marking system indicating the maximum filling level should be incorporated into the tank strainer and must be clearly visible when filling. TEST
2.9 The fill opening should be sealed with a tank lid which can be securely closed with gloved hands without tools (see 2.4 above re gloves). CHECK
2.10 The tank lid, when installed in position, should not collect spray liquid TEST
2.11 Where the mistblower is not fitted with a pump, the spray tank must be pressurised to allow spray liquid to flow to the nozzle and the lid must make a complete, effective seal with the tank. CHECK. The pressure in the spray tank and the delivery hose should not exceed 0.5 bar. MEASURE
2.13 When it is not possible to emit any more spray liquid from the liquid hose (i.e. when the sprayer would normally be considered "empty") the volume of spray liquid remaining in the tank and pump, where fitted, should not exceed 100 ml. TEST PROCEDURE 10
3.1 The air tube assembly is defined as the whole tube from the elbow of the fan casing to the air outlet. The minimum length of this tube from the operator's hand, when operating the on/off valve, to the air outlet should be 400 mm. MEASURE.
3.2 The air tube shall be fitted with a handle which shall also incorporate the on/off control..
3.3 The rigid air tube should be attached to the fan casing elbow using a length of large diameter flexible tube of a non-absorbent material which should allow easy movement in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The flexible tube should be attached to the air tube and to the fan casing with adjustable, reusable clips. CHECK
3.4 The connections on the air tube and on the spray liquid hose should be easily adjustable using gloved hands (see 2.4 re. Gloves) and should not leak when reconnected. TEST
3.5 The spray hose, when bent through 180 degrees with an unsupported bend radius of 50 mm at a temperature of 25°C, must not kink (flatten). TEST
3.6 An on/off valve should be installed in the liquid supply to the nozzle. Where a trigger valve is installed, it should fulfil the requirements of TEST PROCEDURE 5.
3.7 A removable filter, which is readily fitted and removed with gloved hands (see 2.4 re. gloves) and with a mesh aperture size not exceeding 0.3 mm, should be fitted upstream of
the on/off valve. CHECK & MEASURE
3.8 The flow rate to the nozzle should be controlled using interchangeable restrictors. CHECK
3.9 Spray droplets emitted from the air tube should be projected not less than 10 m horizontally in still air conditions. TEST PROCEDURE 14
3.10 All claims on performance stated in the manufacturer's literature should be met. CHECK
4.1 Straps should be strong and durable. TEST PROCEDURE 6
4.2 Straps and padding should be of non-absorbent material. TEST PROCEDURE 2
4.3 Straps and padding should resist deterioration from contact with approved pesticide formulations. CHECK
4.4 The load bearing part of the shoulder straps should be a minimum of 50 mm wide. MEASURE
4.5 Where adjustable shoulder pads are fitted, they should remain firmly in place in their adjusted position when the sprayer is in use. CHECK
4.6 All straps should be easily adjustable when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator's back. TEST
4.7 All straps should be fitted with quick release catches which function efficiently when the sprayer is full and in the working position on the operator' back . TEST
ENGINE
5.1 The throttle lever must remain firmly in any pre-set position. TEST
5.2 An instant engine "cut-out" switch should be installed and should be readily accessible to
the operator when the sprayer is in the working position on the operator's back. CHECK
5.3 The engine should be provided with a robust starting device. TEST PROCEDURE 13 In addition, an alternative system should be provided in case the primary mechanism fails. CHECK
5.4 The exhaust should be directed away from the operator, protected by a guard and positioned on the side opposite to the operational controls. CHECK
5.5 The engine should be isolated from the carrying frame by anti-vibration mountings. CHECK. When operating at full throttle, the level of vibration experienced by the operator must be acceptable. CHECK.
5.6 The engine should be robustly protected against accidental physical damage. CHECK
5.7 The fuel tank and the on/off valve should be positioned to minimise the risk of fuel spilling onto the engine. CHECK
5.8 The on/off valve should be easily accessible and close to the fuel tank outlet. CHECK
5.9 An easily serviceable fuel filter should be installed in the line between the tank and the carburettor. CHECK
5.10 An easily replaceable dry-type air filter should be installed directly on the carburettor intake. CHECK
5.11 Carburettor adjusting screws should be readily accessible without requiring removal of parts or the use of special tools. CHECK
5.12 The noise level at the ear of the operator should not exceed 85 dBA. MEASURE
5.13 The fuel tank should have sufficient capacity for at least one hour of continuous operation. TEST
5.14 The fuel tank should be durably marked with the required fuel/oil ratio. CHECK
5.15 The engine should be reliable and durable in use. TEST PROCEDURE 13
PUMP
5.16 Where installed, the pump should be capable of delivering the maximum rated flow to the nozzle when a 1 m extension is fitted to the vertical delivery position of the air-tube. TEST
5.17 The drive between the engine and the pump should be adequately guarded so that moving parts are not exposed. CHECK
6.1 The fan should be protected by a casing measuring less than 45 cm in diameter. MEASURE
6.2 The inlet to the fan should be fitted with a guard of minimum mesh aperture size of 5 mm and a maximum mesh aperture size of 25 mm. MEASURE
