Arusha, Tanzania
17-22 October 1993
1. Introduction
2. Overview of non-wood forest products
3. Country reports on non-wood forest products
4. Case studies related to non-wood forest products
5. Major issues related to non-wood forest products
6. Outcome of group discussions
7. Conclusions
ANNEX I: Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products for English-Speaking African Countries - Programme
ANNEX II: Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products for English-Speaking African Countries - List of Participants
ANNEX III: Important non-wood forest benefits in selected countries in Africa
ANNEX IV: List of reports
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Commonwealth Science Council and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
REGIONAL EXPERT CONSULTATION ON NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS FOR ENGLISH-SPEAKING AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 17-22 OCTOBER 1993
At the invitation of the Government of Tanzania, a Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) for English-speaking African Countries was held in Arusha, 17-22 October 1993, with the following objectives: i) to discuss the current status of production and utilization of NWFPs in the countries involved, the need for improvement in their production, management, harvesting, processing and marketing and the development opportunities they provide for the benefit of rural communities, ii) to update available information on the different aspects of NWFPs, iii) to suggest broad guidelines for the development of NWFPs and iv) to facilitate exchange of ideas regarding the need and feasibility of establishing a Regional Cooperative Network on Non-Wood Forest Products. (The Expert Consultation Programme can bee seen in Annex I).
The expert consultation brought together some twenty-five experts and observers from Lesotho, Malawi, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and those representing the International Development Research Centre, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the Natural Research Institute of the Overseas Development Agency as well as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (The list of participants can be seen in Annexe II).
Mr. G. P. L. Mbonde, Senior Forest Officer welcomed the participants to the Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products on behalf of the Director of Forestry and Beekeeping of the Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources & Environment of Tanzania.
Mr. Mwaheleje, on behalf of the Minister of Tourism, Natural Resources & Environment of Tanzania, expressed a feeling of pride and honour for the choice of Tanzania as host to this Regional Expert Consultation on NWFPs and extended his sincere thanks to CSC and FAO for organizing this important event. He further stated that sustainable use of forests for environmental and bio-diversity protection are key issues in the world following the adoption of Agenda 21 at the United Nations Conference and Development (UNCED). Emphasising the need for involving local people in decision making and implementation process, he pointed out the importance of raising awareness and educating people on the multiple uses of forests. Mr. Mwaheleje expressed the hope that the deliberations of this meeting will pave the way for the development of NWFPs as an important component of the sustainable and multipurpose management of the forests in Africa.
Dr. C. Chandrasekharan, Chief, Non-Wood Products & Energy Branch of the Forest Products Division, welcomed the participants and expressed his gratitude to the Government of Tanzania for having agreed to host this meeting, which is jointly sponsored by the CSC and FAO. He pointed out that this meeting is the second of a series of Regional Expert Consultations to bring together individuals of different backgrounds to discuss the current status of production and utilization of NWFPs and to provide proposals for their development. A first meeting was held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 November 1991 for the Asia and Pacific Region.
Dr. J. A. J. Perera greeted the participants on behalf of the Commonwealth Science Council. He stated that his organisation is looking forward for continued and increasing contribution at international and national levels, in support of activities to promote NWFPs.
The meeting was organized in four parts. The first part provided global and regional overview of the situation relating to NWFPs. The second part involved the presentation of Pilot Country Studies from the participating countries and special reports by observers. The third part was devoted for discussions of main issues. The fourth part involved group discussions on specific issues to elaborate broad guidelines and suggestions to be incorporated in the proceedings of the meeting. A field visit was organized to observe some activities related to the subject of the consultation.
Dr. C. Chandrasekharan provided a global overview of the issues involved in the development of the NWFPs while presenting his paper entitled "Issues Involved in the Sustainable Development of Non-Wood Forest Products". Non-Wood Forest Products play economic, social and cultural roles in the daily life of the local population through provision of food, fodder, organic matter, fibre, medicinal plants, gums, resins, thatching and raw materials for cultural products. They promote income generation, compatible with environmental conservation. They support commerce and trade through supply of raw materials for processing, for instance pharmaceuticals, flavours and fragrances.
Mr. J. D. Keita, Regional Forestry Officer, presented a paper entitled "Non-Wood Forest Products: an Overview in Africa". He pointed out that early man's interaction with, and dependence of forest, was exclusively centred on non-timber forest products. They are still important for rural communities but their relevance is undermined by lack of technical information. Unfortunately, most forest management plans have been based on principle of sustained yield of timber production where NWFPs are secondary. A change in the pattern of forest management entails change in the perceptions and an understanding of how the community is using the forest resources. He stressed the need for meaningful research in order to develop forest management systems which will ensure a sustainable flow of benefits to local people, as well as the need for sharing the knowledge and experience among countries and the regions.
The discussions at the meeting were supported by a number of Pilot Country Studies, prepared by National Experts and the authors presented the main points of their study indicating the current country situation in terms of production and utilization of NWFPs, constraints and opportunities for further development. In the following pages, a brief summary is presented. Important Non-Wood Forest Benefits in selected countries in Africa are listed in Annex III while Pilot Country Studies and other Reports are included in Annex IV.
Lesotho: A number of Non-Wood Forest Products are used by rural populations i.e. fodder, fruits, nuts, berries, wild spinach, honey, game meat, birds, insects, medicinal plants, tannin, ornamental trees. The major bottlenecks in the development of NWFPs include inadequate legislation and national policy on forest conservation, lack of awareness, lack of technical information available to the people, and lack of statistical information for forest management planning. Lines of action required to reduce these constraints include those to raise the awareness among foresters and policy-makers about the full value of NWFPs, to involve rural populations in all the activities concerning the development and promotion of NWFPs, and to establish village nurseries in suitable sites to supply seedlings of plants providing NWFPs.
Malawi: Non-Wood Forest Products are in abundance in the country but are not properly managed. There are limited information on their quantity and value. The exploitation of NWFPs varies with type, time and location. Commercially bee products, mushrooms, caterpillars and medicinal plants are important. Game products seem to attract illegal practice despite the stringent effort of the Government to regulate their utilization. Management and utilisation of NWFPs, on a sustainable basis, are needed in Malawi. Relevant policies and legislation need to be revised and improved. The Government, NGO's and international development agencies ought to co-ordinate their efforts to draw up viable sustainable development strategies.
South Africa: The indigenous people derive a multiplicity of NWFPs i.e. fruits, nuts, spinach, fungi, honey, construction materials, medicine, forage, poison for arrows, tannin, fibre, raw materials for basketry, handicrafts, ornamental articles, wild meat and fish. Legislation in South Africa is currently punitive. Research and institutions are adequately developed, but rural dwellers have had no real benefit due to lack of extension. NGO's and national institutions could adopt community participatory approach for the sustainable development and management of forest resources.
Tanzania: Forests of Tanzania, like those in other tropical countries, provide many Non-Wood Forest Products such as food, fuel, fodder, housing materials and medicine to the rural communities. These provide income to the rural population, yet little research has been done into improving the protection and management of these products. Far less is known about their role in conservation or about market share. With the exception of chincona bark, wildlife-based products, honey and beeswax, grading is usually not done. In general, there is little processing and quality control requirements are not being enforced for NWFPs. Most NWFPs are traded in raw forms. The majority of the rural population live in and around the forests and are greatly dependent Upon NWFPs for their subsistence.
Production figures for NWFPs in Tanzania are mostly based on estimates. However with appropriate assessment methods, it would be possible to determine the sustainable rate of extraction with minimum impacts on the environment. The importance of the NWFPs in Tanzania extends beyond local subsistence economy. In 1991, for example, the value of wildlife based activities exceeded US$ 1.3 million, wildlife based tourism contributed about US$ 94 million, honey and beeswax contributed about US$ 2.5, while gum arabic contributed US$ 0.9 millions. The value of NWFPs lies not so much as indicated in the above figures, but in that so many people in rural Tanzania rely on these products for their survival. Thus the challenge is to marry the concepts of natural and social sciences in order to design methods that would allow the people living in and around the forests to manage and conserve, on a sustainable basis, the forest resources.
Uganda: Rural communities in Uganda rely on a multiplicity of NWFPs for their livelihood, ranging from leaves, stems, roots and fruits, to bamboo and wild mammals. Local people are also involved in beekeeping activities which provide food supplement and additional income. A large number of plants with medicinal properties are found in the forests of Uganda, and rural communities rely on traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of disease. Further research, scientific investigations, studies and surveys are required in order to assess Uganda's biological diversity and their development potential. It is also necessary to design and implement an awareness campaign about the importance of biological diversity and NWFPs in natural resource management.
Zambia: The formal assessment of the economic role that forests play often overlook the importance of non-wood forest products in the daily lives of the people who live in and around forests. This is often the result of a biased idea that the major benefits derived from forests is in the form of wood products. But in reality forests yield food in form of fruits, leaves, roots and mushrooms. They also supply building and construction materials in the form of fibre, bamboo, rattan. For most rural people, medicinal plants from the forest provide the only form of medicines throughout their lives. The collection of these items support people with employment and their sale supplements their income.
Of the different NWFPs in Zambia, the ones that are highly promoted and developed are those connected with beekeeping activities and basket and mat making. Baskets and mats are made from bamboo, reeds or rattan. The income from these activities goes a long way to assist the rural populations. Statistical information on NWFPs is scarce or non-existent because the harvesting, processing and marketing of these products are realized by individuals who keep no records of their activities or are produced in small-scale informal units. A number of constraints which hinder the development of NWFPs have been identified: shortage of skilled labour, inadequate funding, poor infrastructure and under-developed economic structure.
Zimbabwe: Importance of NWFPs is recognised in the forest-based operations of large and small scale sectors, commercial farm lands, forest lands, wildlife estates and tourism and hunting farms. Handicrafts, forest litter as farm manure and medicinal plants are the worthy contributors. Apart from organised tourism and game hunting, there are no institutions covering the full range of NWFPs. Extension, education and data system on NWFPs are still lacking. Legislation is restrictive and tend to favour outsiders as opposed to local entrepreneurs.
4.1 Monetary Valuation of Tree-Based Resources in Zimbabwe: Experience and Outlook
4.2 Pines and Eucalyptus - Sources of Non-Wood Forest Product in Africa
by Mr. Campbell, University of Zimbabwe
The focus on NWFPs has been at a primary stage, with analysis at a superficial level. The work at present is concentrated on descriptive list of food, fibre and other plant products and broad or general recommendations. The next logical step is to quantify the value of these tree-based resources or non-wood forest products, but qualification in itself will not be sufficient. An analysis has to be differentiated by geographical scale (regional, national, local), by sectors (commercial or subsistence), by wealth status (rich or poor, small-scale farmers), by gender and by system components.
A significant understanding of all the interactions among components, including the historical developments of how products are used, collected and substituted, how traditional and new systems influenced the roles of NWFPs and how commercialisation and domestication occurs for developing NWFPs are very important in any attempt to value these resources.
The paper covered various methods of monetary valuation, the steps involved and their limitations. It was also noted that monetary valuation is not the only mean of quantifying the value of tree-based resources.
by John J W Coppen, Natural Resources Institute
Pines and Eucalyptus are widely planted throughout the world; they yield resins and oils as by products of considerable economic value. Around 850 000 tonnes of turpentine and rosin are produced annually from resin tapped from pine trees. China accounts for over half the total production. The main producers of turpentine and rosin in Africa are Zimbabwe, Kenya and South Africa. Their total production is about 4000 tonnes of crude resin per year. The tree species which are tapped in Zimbabwe, Kenya and South Africa are Pinus elliottii, P. caribaea and P. radiata.
World production of eucalyptus oil is around 3 500 tonnes per year, of which 2 500 tonnes is medicinal type. The remaining production is of perfumery type. Africa's production of eucalyptus oil is about 250 tonnes and it is divided between South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, however, provides only about than 10 tonnes. Most African production of oil has been from trees planted specifically for that purpose, namely from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Petford provenance). It is possible that Tanzania will start production in the near future.
While non-wood forest products have been in use from time immemorial, some of them have moved to the status of intensively managed agricultural and horticultural crops, due to their obvious attributes. Others remained grouped as "minor products" of forests, in spite of their real and potential value. This resulted in the benign neglect of most non-wood forest products reflected in a serious lack of information on almost all aspects. However, there has recently been a new and increasing awareness about the important contribution of non- wood forest products and benefits in ensuring sustainable forest development. This has further been underlined in the deliberations and decisions of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
There are several factors constraining the sustainable development of NWFPs: lack of information, overemphasis on timber production, absence of inventory systems, inappropriate regulations, unplanned land use changes, lack of integration of wood and non-wood forest products in forest management, lack of processing and storage technology, market fluctuations, lack of serious research and technology development, lack of clear and appropriate legislation and policy support.
Based on a discussion of problems and potentials, the meeting considered six major issues related to further development of NWFPs:
i- Need for a clear definition and an internationally accepted classification of NWFPs. A precise definition and clear classification is required to facilitate collection/collation and recording of statistical data and provide information required for planning development of NWFPs;ii- Need for the integrated management of natural forests and other ecosystems for wood and non-wood products/benefits where systems would be designed and implemented to ensure resource sustainability;
iii- Need for domestication of NWFPs, wherever appropriate and feasible, involving genetic improvement and intensive cultivation practices. This is often considered as a means of ensuring controlled production and economic success of the ventures, apart from supporting conservation of genetic resources. Intensive cultivation can take place under monoculture, mixed cropping or agroforestry systems;
iv- Need to develop appropriate systems for harvesting and processing. Harvesting of NWFPs, of both wild and cultivated sources is different from wood harvest in terms of seasonality, cycle, use of tools, equipment, technology, and pre-harvest and post-harvest treatment. Harvesting does not normally involve a whole tree or plant, but only parts thereof. Primary and downstream processing of NWFPs adds value to the product, provides local employment and helps increasing the retention of value in the country of origin;
v- Need to improve utilization, trade and marketing of NWFPs. Because of the multiplicity of NWFPs, ranging from food to aroma chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the markets show corresponding variation: bartering in subsistence economy, local village markets, national markets (i.e. large cities) and international markets. Some NWFPs are not traded, but collected and consumed. A large number of vendors are locally involved in selling NWFPs. Many of them sell their own production to supplement their income, others are supported by a network of merchants and several levels of buyers and sellers down to the village.
Traders and merchants are the main intermediaries who buy NWFPs cheaply from collectors in cases where the products are sold outside the locality where they are collected and sell it to exporters or processors at high prices. Because of the absence of appropriate organizations of collectors, market and price information are almost non-existent. Traditionally, the supply of NWFPs has involved networks of local collectors and intermediaries bound by long-term, often debt-based relationships. It is a trader dominated system and it is not conducive for the birth and growth of enterprises. Therefore, the system is, to some extent, exploitative and non-supportive of sustainable development.
It is necessary to develop a market orientation rather than simple accent on production. Production emphasis on has the effect of creating increased supply, with or without sustainable level of production, thus reducing price and profitability. A successful market orientation of NWFPs should increase demand, thus allowing more of the products to enter the market without reducing the overall price of the commodities. Product and market developments as well as market research are aspects related to this approach.
vi- Need for strengthening institutions. Inadequacies of institutions are often responsible for failures of efforts to develop NWFPs. Institutional aspects cover forest policy and strategy, legislation and regulations, legal right and arrangements, incentives, human resources development, health and safety considerations, access to information and streamlined support of public administration. In most forest policies, NWFPs get a mention in passing, but without clear objectives, targets and development strategies.
6.1 Definition & Classification
6.2 Integrated Management of Natural Forests and Other Ecosystems
6.3 Domestication
6.4 Harvesting and Processing
6.5 Utilization, Trade & Marketing
6.6 Institutions
A session was devoted to address issues related to NWFPs. In order to discuss and propose broad guidelines for future development of NWFPs, participants were divided in three groups. The three groups dealt with 1) Definition and Classification, 2) Integrated Management of Natural Forests and Other Ecosystems; Domestication; and Harvesting and Processing, and 3) Utilization, Trade and Marketing, and Institutions. Following are the results of the group deliberations.
6.1.1 Definition:
The Group proposed that Non-Wood Forest Products be re-tilted as Non-Wood Forest Benefits and defined as "All vegetal and faunal products and services derived from forests and other wooded land and trees outside the forest. Excluded are industrial roundwood, wood used for energy, horticultural and livestock products".
The term "Non-Wood Forest Products" may be defined as above but excluding services.
6.1.2 Classification:
The basis of discussion for the group has been the classification proposed at the Regional Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products for the Asia and Pacific Region, held in Bangkok, Thailand, November 1991. The Group proposed few modifications so as to take into account the African context and to removed certain anomalies such as the placement of fodder and grasses under fibres. Where there are uncertainty about the placement of an item, reference was made to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC revision 2 and 3) to assist in placement.
The Group proposed the following classification:
1. PRODUCTSa. Food- Animal feed- Human food
· Plant foods: flowers, bark, bulbs, roots, nuts, leaves, vegetables, shoots, fruits, seeds, spices & flavourings, fungi, beverages, etc.· Animal foods: bushmeat, honey, eggs, insects, nests, fish, snails, etc.
b. Medicinal and Other Bio-Active Products
- Medicinal products (plants & animals)- Insecticides (moluscides, termiticides)
- Toxins (venin)
- Stimulants (Catha leaves)
c. Extractive Products (other than A or B)
- Gums, Resins, Latexes, Fixed and Essential Oils, Colorants, Tannins, Lacs, Dyesd. Other Animal & Animal Products (other than A, B or C)
- Live Animals- Animal Products: Feathers, Fur, Horns, Teeth, Hide, Skins, Silk, Trophies
e. Other Plant & Plant Products (other than A. B. C & D)
- Live and Ornamental plants- Materials for making crafts, household utensils and items, agricultural equipment, ropes, games and housing components (includes thatch, fibre, cork, bamboos, rattans)
- Wrapping materials (beedi and palm leaves)
- Chewing Sticks
- Mulch
2. SERVICES
- Environmental Services· Bio-Diversity
· Soil Protection
· Water Quality and Quantity
· Climatic Effects- Social and Cultural Services
· Recreation· Non-Consumptive
· Consumptive (Hunting & Fishing)· Historical Importance
· Spiritual Values (sites for burial, rain making)
· Trees of Cultural Value (meeting place, boundary trees)
· Heritage Value
The group also suggested that the NWFPs categories listed in this classification, be cross-referenced to the SITC where possible.
6.1.3 Suggestions/Guidelines
The following broad guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that each country undertake to identify main NWFPs and assign priority for their development;- that each country work out effective conservation and utilization strategies for the main NWFPs;
- that necessary institutional arrangements and/or strengthening be undertaken and capacity building in the sector promoted, as necessary;
- that necessary exchange of information between countries be promoted and facilitated by FAO and other International Agencies through appropriate means;
- that FAO encourage and enable the establishment of adequate statistical data base at the national and international levels and help to disseminate them widely;
- that the countries in the region carry out the necessary research on NWFPs in order to guarantee sustainable production as well as to improve the standard of living of the local people;
- that appropriate networks on NWFPs be encouraged and promoted; and
- that the International Donor Community provides appropriate assistance to develop and promote NWFPs in the Region.
6.2.1 Background:
The group assumed that traditional and modern systems, if properly applied, could support sustainable development. However, the multiplicity of products coming from integrated systems of management tends to make it more difficult i.e. the more the products, the more difficult it is to manage the system. A definition of integrated management has first to be outlined for specific situations and conditions, especially as it applies to rural communities. The problems are compound by the fact that we do not understand or know what traditional management systems exist (or existed) in various areas; and it is essential to find out and study these management systems in order to understand them and assess their efficacy and shortcomings. Information on local community participation in the management of natural forests/ecosystems is lacking, and will therefore need to be addressed through surveys and appraisals (for example, using Rapid Rural Appraisal Methodologies).
The main issues, in this context, are local management of natural forests and other ecosystems as well as its sustainability.
6.2.2 Suggestions/Guidelines:
The following broad guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that inventory and assessment of existing traditional management systems in the different countries be carried out in order to evaluate their sustainability as well as the extent of participation of local communities. This will entail:· outlining the various components of existing systems;· outlining the local social and administrative structures geared towards the management of
natural forests and other ecosystems;· identifying wood and non-wood products derived from natural forests and other ecosystems;
· assessing the impact of the above on resource sustainability.
- that modifications be made on existing systems or alternatives systems be developed based on information gathered from the inventory and assessment exercise;
- that national policy and legal systems be reviewed and modified and/or strengthened as far as it relates to the management of natural forests and other ecosystems.
6.3.1 Background:
Is it necessary to domesticate species providing NWFPs? Although domestication of NWFPs resource base is not necessary in situations of subsistence economies of low populations and/or high resource availability, such situations do not prevail in Africa today. Due to the rapidly increasing population and the diminishing resource base, especially in Africa, domestication has to be seen as being potentially necessary in order to counter the current pressures on the land, and the need to feed the multitudes.
Domestication provide a number of benefits as follows:
· conservation and maintenance of bio-diversity;
· improved quality of NWFPs;
· increased quantity and supply of NWFPs;
· reliable and sustainable supply of NWFPs, ensuring food, medicine, and environmental security
· improved socio-economic benefits for the rural communities;
· better management of the resources base.
Different types of domestication, i.e. mono-cropping, multi-cropping and agroforestry systems, exist with their advantages and disadvantages. Domestication of wildlife should also be considered for meat production, especially in situations of protein deficiency as well as for breeding with a view to re-stocking and re-introduction in depleted areas.
The main issues involved are appropriate technology for domestication, maintenance and conservation of bio-diversity, adequately trained human resource, market and marketing as well as land tenure.
6.3.2 Suggestions/Guidelines:
The following broad guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that special inventories and assessments be carried out in order to:· identify important species providing NWFPs and ascertain their status-i.e. threatened and/or endangered;· identify species of potential economic importance;
· establish the marketability of NWFPs identified as being of potential importance.
- that research be carried out on aspects of domestication through on-station and on-farm trials, and results disseminated by establishing extension mechanisms;
- that small-scale production and processing enterprises be promoted and adequate support provided to local entrepreneurs;
- that land use and land tenure issues be resolved in order that the communities involved are provided necessary incentives.
6.4.1 Background:
Harvesting and processing add value to the resource of NWFPs by making them suitable for consumption. They also provide employment and income to rural communities and support technology-based development.
6.4.2 Suggestions/Guidelines: Harvesting
The following broad guidelines on harvesting were suggested by the group:
- that the harvesting practices and tools for different NWFPs assessed and improved;- that the pre-transportation storage facilities and transportation methods be improved;
- that consideration be given for gender issues and that harvesting of NWFPs be made efficient, sustainable and scientific;
- that appropriate training programmes, appropriate for harvesting of different NWFPs be designed and implemented.
6.4.3 Suggestions/Guidelines: Processing
The following general guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that the existing technology and methods of processing of different NWFPs be assessed and improved;- that the linkages of primary, secondary and downstream processing be strengthened in respect of the different types of NWFPs, particularly those which are important to rural communities; due consideration be given to gender issues in the processing of NWFPs;
- that the need for improving and maintaining product be emphasized;
- that appropriate training programmes for processing of NWFPs be designed and implemented.
6.5.1 Background:
Trade and marketing are means by which a product is made available to the consumer for use or utilisation. Efficiency in utilisation is an important aspect in ensuring sustainability. The group expressed the view that before promoting market for a product the implication of it on sustainable resource management should be investigated. It is also necessary to institutes continuous monitoring of the resource base of marketed non-wood forest products.
6.5.2 Suggestions/Guidelines:
The following broad guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that appropriate market information systems be established in order to provide basic information on all aspects of trade, marketing, including domestic consumption;- that local organisations in the form of membership organisations or associations be promoted to the extent feasible in the production, trade and marketing of NWFPs;
- that the role of middlemen in the production/collection and trade of NWFPs, where ever found necessary, be rationalised;
- that lessons may be drawn on mechanisms of trade and marketing of NWFPs from experiences in other regions and/or countries.
6.6.1 Background:
Strong institutions and institutional instruments are crucial to support development of NWFPs. However, the NWFPs sector is afflicted by lack of adequate institutional support.
6.6.2 Suggestions/Guidelines:
The following general guidelines were suggested by the group:
- that a Board or Council be established in each country in order to coordinate the development strategy and programmes on NWFPs. Such a Board or Council may include various Ministries involved in the management of natural resources, as well as Non-Governmental Organizations, private sector and other NWFP users. The functions of such a Board/Council could include, among others, the following:· Reviewing, periodically, legislation and policies, particularly those concerned with land tenure;· Identifying constraints and proposing remedial measures;
· Coordinating the formulation of development strategies and activities;
· Supporting social and environmental impact assessment studies on a regular basis;
· Ensuring that consultation takes place at grass root levels, and that every level of NWFP users are able to participate in the decision making and implementation process.
- that additional information be generated on the resource bases and use patterns. (A good start would be case studies using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Methodologies);
- that technical information on sustainable management of NWFPs and appropriate methodologies be generated and disseminated suitably;
- that statistical information on NWFPs including quantitative and qualitative indicators be developed and disseminated;
- that methodologies for surveys, assessments and prospecting of specific NWFPs be developed;
- that projection and outlook studies on NWFPs be carried out, to provide a basis for development planning;
- that up-to-date bibliographies on NWFPs be prepared;
- that research on NWFPs, especially those with socio-economic themes, be incorporated into the
existing forestry research programmes, with special emphasis on applied research and extension of research results;- that researchers working on NWFP issues be provided incentives in the form of fellowships for
specialisation;- that NGO's, at national and regional levels, be involved in activities to promote NWFPs;
- that Regional and Sub-Regional Networks on NWFPs on the basis of Technical Co-operation for
Developing Countries (TCDC) be developed and promoted.
Improved food security and better nutrition for the rural people, increased employment opportunities and income in rural areas, availability of a range of products vital for human welfare, increasing participation of people in forest management activities and enhanced market opportunities are just but a few benefits which can be derived from the sustainable production of NWFPs.
Under natural conditions, NWFPs can be managed along with timber in an integrated manner, thus increasing overall forest productivity and value. Selected NWFPs can also be grown as pure or mixed crops under agro-forestry and or community forestry systems. NWFPs can be harvested from an ecosystem in quantities and ways that do not alter its basic reproductive functions. NWFPs have strong linkages and complementarities with component activities of environmentally sustainable development.
These attributes of NWFPs have led to increasing awareness on the role and socio-economic importance of NWFPs. This Expert consultation was a further attempt at re-enforcing that awareness and to promote action aimed at development of NWFPs at national, regional and international levels. In that regard the consultation has proposed broad guidelines covering the different aspects on NWFPs development.
Arusha, Tanzania
17-22 OCTOBER 1993
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Sunday, 17 October, 1993 | |
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18:00 - 19:00 |
Registration |
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19:00 - 21:00 |
Informal Dinner |
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Monday, 18 October, 1993 | |
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08:30 - 09:00 |
Registration |
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09:00 - 09:30 |
Opening Ceremony |
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· Mr. G. Mbonde, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment |
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9:30 - 10:00 |
Coffee Break |
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10:00 - 10:40 |
Issues Involved in the Sustainable Development of Non-Wood Forest Products by Dr. C. Chandrasekharan |
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10:40 - 11:10 |
Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa: An Overview by Mr. J. D. Keita |
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11:10 - 12:10 |
Pilot Country Study: Lesotho by Mr. Maliehe. |
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12:10 - 14:00 |
Lunch |
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14:00 - 15:10 |
Pilot Country Study: South Africa by Mr. Maliehe |
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15:10 - 15:50 |
Gum Arabic from Sudan by Mr. Wasila |
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15:50 - 16:20 |
Coffee Break |
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16:20 - 17:10 |
Pilot Country Study: Tanzania by Mr. Chihongo |
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Tuesday, 19 October, 1993 | |
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08:30 - 09:15 |
Pilot Country Study: Malawi by Mr. Nyirenda |
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09:15 - 10:10 |
Pilot Country Study: Zimbabwe by Mr. Campbell |
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10:10 - 10:40 |
Coffee Break |
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10:40 - 11:10 |
Statistical Information on Non-Wood Forest Products by Mr. Padovani |
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11:10 - 11:40 |
Programme and Project Review of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) by Mr. Seward |
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11:40 - 12:10 |
Programme and Project Review of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) by Mr. Broekhoven |
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12:10 - 14:00 |
Lunch |
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14:00 - 15:00 |
Pines and Eucalyptus Sources of Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa by Mr. Coppen, Natural Resources Institute |
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15:00 - 15:30 |
Coffee Break |
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15:30 - 16:30 |
Monetary Valuation of Tree-Based Resources in Zimbabwe: Experience and Outlook by Mr. Campbell |
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Wednesday, 20 October, 1993 | |
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08:30 - 12:30 |
Plenary Session: Discussions of Issues related to NWFPs: |
|
12:30 - 14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00 - 17:00 |
· Harvesting and Processing |
|
Thursday, 21 October, 1993 | |
|
08:30 - 12:30 |
Group Session: Discussions on the Issues |
|
12:30 - 14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00 - 17:00 |
Group Session: Discussions on the Issues |
|
Friday. 22 October. 1993 | |
|
08:30 - 11:15 |
Plenary Session and Adoption of the Regional Expert Consultation Report |
|
11:15 - 11:30 |
Closing Remarks by J.D. Keita on behalf on FAO and Dr. Perera on behalf of the Commonwealth Science Council |
|
11:30 - 18:00 |
Lunch and Field Trip to Arusha National Park |
Some of the participants who attended the meeting in Arusha, Tanzania
Seated from right:
Dr. Chandrasekharan, Mr. Mwaheleje, Mr. Mbonde, Dr. Perera
First row standing from right
Mr. Chihongo, Mr. Mushi, Mr. Padovani, Mr. Maliehe, Mr. Keita, Mr. Kamweti, Mr. Kimishua
Second row standing from right
Professor Ishengoma, Mr. Seward, Professor Campbell, Mr. Wasila, Mr. Broekhoven, Mr. Coppen, Mr. Léger
Arusha, Tanzania,
17-22 OCTOBER 1993
|
NAME, TITLE & ADDRESS | |
|
1 Banana, A. Y. |
Senior Lecturer, |
|
2 Broekhoven, J. |
Coordinator |
|
3 Campbell, B. |
Lecturer |
|
4 Chandrasekharan, C. |
Chief |
|
5 Chihongo, A. W. |
Senior Forest Research Officer, |
|
6 Coppen, J. J. W. |
Senior Scientist Officer, |
|
7 Dugushilu, M. |
Senior Scientific Officer |
|
8 Ishengoma, R. C. |
Professor |
|
9 Kamweti, D. M. |
Programme Advisor |
|
10 Keita, J. D. |
Regional Forestry Officer |
|
11 Kigenifi, F. W. |
Assistant Commissioner of Forestry |
|
12 Kimishua, A. Y. |
Coordinator |
|
13 Kitambi, G. A. |
Director |
|
14 Léger, C. D. |
Associate Professional Officer |
|
15 Makupa, E. O. K. |
Forestry Student (M.Sc.) |
|
16 Maliehe, T. M. |
Rural Development Officer (Agriculture) |
|
17 Mbonde, G. P. L. |
Senior Forestry Officer |
|
18 Mushi, J. A. |
Senior Forest Research Officer |
|
19 Mwaheleje, A. R. |
Director |
|
20 Nyirenda, R. W. S. |
Deputy Chief Forestry Officer |
|
21 Padovani, F. |
Forestry Officer |
|
22 Perera, J. A. J. |
Project Officer |
|
23 Seward, R. |
Network Coordinator |
|
24 Singunda, W. T. |
Senior Forest Officer |
|
25 Wasila, O. E. |
Agroforestry Expert |
|
PRODUCT |
LST |
MLW |
SAF |
TAN |
UGD |
ZAM |
ZIMB |
|
FOOD/ ANIMAL FEED | |||||||
|
Fodder |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
|
|
|
FOOD/HUMAN FOOD | |||||||
|
Bamboo (shoot/stem) |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
Beverages |
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
Condiments |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Fruits |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
|
Leaves |
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
Mushroom |
|
2 |
3 |
2 |
|
1 |
3 |
|
Seeds |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Spices |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Oils |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Nuts |
3 |
|
|
3 |
|
2 |
3 |
|
Roots |
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
|
Stem |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
Tuber |
|
3 |
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
|
Flower |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
3 |
|
Wild Spinach |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Animal Foods | |||||||
|
Eggs |
|
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
|
|
Fish |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
2 |
|
Game meat |
2 |
|
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
|
Invertebrate |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
Insect |
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
2 |
|
Frog meat |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Honey |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
|
1 |
3 |
|
Mopane worms |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Ostrich meat |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
MEDICINAL & OTHER BIO-ACTIVE PROD. |
Medicines |
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
3 |
1 |
|
Azadirachta indica |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Cinchona bark |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
Caesalpinia decapitala |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Croton megalocarpus |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Agave sisalana |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Carica papaya |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Eugenia caryophyllata |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
Faidherbia albida |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Acacia mellifera |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Alchornea cordifolia |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Annona senegalensis |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Bridelia micrantha |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Byroscarpus orientalis |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Combretum molle |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Entada abyssinica |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Maytenus buchananii |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Rauvolfia caffra |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Trema orientalis |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Trichilia emetica |
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Artemisia afra |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aloe ferox |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protea caffra |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acacia karroo |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eucomis spp. |
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Euclea spp. |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Buddleja salviifolia |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tarconanthus camphoratus |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warburgia salutarias |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Ocotea bullata |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Betulina agathosma |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tetradenia riparia |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Boweia volubilis |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Acacia xanthophloea |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Casine transvalensis |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Terminilia sericea |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
AROMATICS |
|
Zanthoylum gillettii |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Brachylaena huillensis |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Warburgia stuhlmannii |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Juniperus procera |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Eubenia caryophyllatta |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
EXTRACTIVE PRODUCTS | |||||||
|
Dyes |
|
|
1 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
Gums |
|
|
|
2 |
3 |
|
3 |
|
Tannin |
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
Tannin-Wattle mimosa extract |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
Tannin-Mangrove extract |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Crude rubber |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Crude rubber |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
OTHER ANIMAL & ANIMAL PROD. |
|
Hides |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
2 |
|
Horns |
|
|
|
2 |
|
3 |
|
|
Skins |
3 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
3 |
|
|
Tusks |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
2 |
|
Feathers |
3 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
Shells |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Live Animals |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
OTHER PLANTS & PLANT PROD. | |||||||
|
Fibre |
2 |
3 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
Bamboo |
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
Rattan/Canes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
3 |
|
|
Wraps |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
Bark |
|
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
Grass |
|
3 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
Leaves |
|
|
1 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
Stem |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
Vines |
|
|
1 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
Juncus krausii |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Mats |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Basket |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Cork |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
Wood Handicraft |
2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
PRODUCT |
LST |
MLW |
SAF |
TAN |
UGD |
ZAM |
ZIMB |
|
| ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES | ||||||||
|
Soil Protection |
2 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Climatic Effects (Amenity) |
2 |
|
2 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
SOCIAL & CULTURAL SERVICES |
||||||||
|
Recreation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-Consumptive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-Tourism |
1 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
|
1 |
|
Recreation |
||||||||
|
Consumptive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-Hunting |
3 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
-Fishing |
2 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Historical Importance |
||||||||
|
|
Spiritual Values |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trees of Spiritual Values |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MISCELLANEOUS |
||||||||
|
Beeswax |
|
|
2 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
Propolis |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
Legend:
1. Very Important
2. Moderately Important
3. Less Important-. Blank: No Value
1. Opening Ceremony Speech, by A. R. Mwaheleje, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment, Tanzania.
2. Issues Involved in the Sustainable Development of Non-Wood Forest Products, by Dr. C. Chandrasekharan, Chief, Non-Wood Products and Energy Branch, Forest Products Division, Forestry Department of FAO.
3. Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa: an Overview, by J. D. Keita, Regional Forestry Officer, FAO Regional Office for Africa, Accra, Ghana.
4. Pilot Country Study on Non-Wood Forest Products: Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
5. Monetary Valuation of Tree-Based Resources in Zimbabwe: Experience and Outlook, by B. Campbell, University of Zimbabwe.
6. Pines and Eucalyptus - Sources of Non-Wood Forest Products in Africa, by J. J. W. Coppen, Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development Administration, UK.
7. Gum Arabic Report from Sudan, by O. El Wasila.
8. Information Notes on Statistical Information, by F. Padovani, Forestry Officer, Planning and Statistics Branch, Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Forestry Department of FAO.
9. Dependency on Forest and Trees for Food Security, by the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Tanzania.
