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REGISTER OF INTERNATIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF INLAND AQUATIC SPECIES (N - O)


Notemigonus crysoleucas RAFIHESQUE; CYPRINIDAE
Nothobranchius guentheri (PFEFFER): CYPRINODONTIDAE
Noturus insignis (RICHARDSON): ICTALDRIDAE
Odontesthes bonariensis (CUVIER and VAUNCIENNES): ATHERINIDAE
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE
Oncorhynchus keta (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE
Oncorhynchus kisutch (WALBAUM): SALMON IDAE
Oncorhynchus masou BREVOORT: SALMONIDAE
Oncorhynchus nerka WALBAUM: SALMONIDAE
Oncorhynchus rhodurus (JORDAN and HACGREGOR): SALMONIDAE
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE
Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis BERG: CYPRINIDAE
Orconectes limosus RAFINESQUE: CRUSTACEA; ASTACIDAE
Oreochromis andersoni CAST: CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis aureus (STEINDACHNER): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis esculentus (GRAHAM): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis leucostictus (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis macrochir (BOULENGER): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis mortimeri (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis mossambicus (PETERS): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis niloticus L.: CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus hybrid 'Red Tilapia': CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis shiranus BOULENGER: CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis spilurus (GUNTHER); CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis urolepis hornorum (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis sp. Native range: Africa
Orthodon microlepidotus (AYRES): CYPRINIDAE
Oryzias latipes (TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL): ORYZIATIDAE
Osphronemus gouramy (LACEPEDE): OSPHRONEMIBAE

Notemigonus crysoleucas RAFIHESQUE; CYPRINIDAE

Native range: Atlantic slope of N. America from Maritime Provinces to Florida.

The golden shiner is extremely popular as an ornamental species and for bait. As such it has been distributed widely through the U.S. and Canada. Its range has also been extended to the South by introductions to Mexico.

South and Central America

To: Mexico

From: Unknown

Year: 1973

Reason: Release of bait fish

Reproducing: Artificially

Nothobranchius guentheri (PFEFFER): CYPRINODONTIDAE

Native range: East Africa

A small tropical species which has achieved moderate success in the aquarium fish trade. The species is one of a group of so called 'annual fishes' which have diapausing eggs which can survive seasonal droughts and even complete desiccation of the water body in which they live. The first rains cause rapid hatching and the colonization of the renewed water body.

Oceania

To: Hawaii

From: Unknown

Year: 1967

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: The fate of this introduction is uncertain.

Noturus insignis (RICHARDSON): ICTALDRIDAE

Native range: Eastern United States

The margined madtom is a small (9 cm) temperate species with a preference for clearwater streams with moderate current.

North America

To: Canada

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1971

Reason: Release from a bait bucket

Reproducing: Uncertain

Comments: A few individuals have been found in Quebec where the species is probably established. The introduction represents an extension of the natural range northwards.

Odontesthes bonariensis (CUVIER and VAUNCIENNES): ATHERINIDAE

Native range: Southern Argentina and Rio de la Plata

The 'pejerrey', a cool water predator is highly prized for the quality of its flesh. The fish is predominantly lacustrine but breeds in affluent rivers. It was Introduced into L. Nemi in Italy where it has thrived and formed the basis for a small fishery. Its introduction into L. Titicaca has been more controversial as the introduction of O. bonariensis together with Salmo gairdneri, has had an impact on the native species flocks. Most of the species have persisted in the presence of the introduced predators but one Orestias cuvieri has not been seen for 20 years and others, O. pentlandii, Trichomycterus rivulatus and T. dispar have declined considerably in abundance. The decline is possibly not simply due to competition or predation by the introduced species, of which S. gairdneri is probably the most serious, but also to overfishing and environmentally unsound practices (Hanek, 1982). The native species flock did not support a rich fishery whereas the fisheries now are estimated to have a potential of 75-150 000 t, actual catches being about 6 000 t in Peruvian waters.

Africa

To: Morocco

From: Argentina

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: Not known (Jhingran and Gopalakrishnan, 1974).

Asia

To: Japan

From: Argentina

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Not known


Europe

To: Italy

From: Argentina

Year: 1970-75

Reason: Aquaculture and fisheries

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Very successful in L. Nemi.

South and Central America

To: Bolivia

From: Argentina

Year: 1945, 1962

Reason: Aquaculture, sport

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Has damaged native Orestias populations: Migrated from original introduction site to R. Desaguadero, L. Poopo and L. Titicaca.

To: Brazil

From: Argentina

Year: 1945

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Chile

From: Argentina

Year: 1940-42

Reason: Food, sport, aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Established and contributes to fishery but may have eliminated local Orestias and Trichomycterus species.

To: Peru

From: Argentina/Bolivia Year: 1955

Reason: Diffusion from original site of stocking in Bolivia

Reproducing: Yes



Comments: Has damaged populations of local Orestias species.

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE

Native range: Western seaboard U.S. and Canada, Eastern seaboard of Northern Asia

Originally the pink salmon was of less importance for food fisheries than the other Pacific salmons but has gained in importance since the 1940s as a commercial and sporting species. It was introduced to Newfoundland in 1958 and has established a small population on the Atlantic coast of Canada. International introductions have mainly centered firstly round the Kola Peninsula from which it has spread to other parts of Northern Europe, and to the Caspian and Black Seas, and secondly as part of the repeated attempts to establish Pacific salmon in the Southern waters of Chile and Argentina.

Europe

To: Finland

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: By diffusion

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: Stocks introduced from Eastern to Western U.S.S.R. have diffused into Scandinavian waters.

To: Ireland

From: U.S.S.R./Norway

Year: 1960s

Reason: By diffusion

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: Stocks introduced from Eastern to Western U.S.S.R. have diffused into Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish waters.

To: Norway

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: 1960s

Reason: By diffusion

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: Stocks introduced from Eastern to Western U.S.S.R. have diffused into Scandinavian waters.

To: U.K.

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: By diffusion

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: Stocks introduced from Eastern to Western U.S.S.R. have diffused into Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish waters.

South and Central America

To: Chile

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: To establish stocks in Southern Ocean

Reproducing: Unknown

Oncorhynchus keta (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE

Native range: Western seaboard U.S. and Canada, Eastern seaboard Northern Asia

The chum salmon is one of the most important of the Pacific salmons for commercial fisheries in its native range. However, it has been used less for introductions than the other species. Attempts to introduce it to the North American Great Lakes failed as did those in Chile. Wore recently introductions into Northern European waters of the U.S.S.R. have apparently resulted in small populations becoming established.

Europe

To: Finland

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: By diffusion

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: Stocks introduced from Eastern to Western U.S.S.R. have diffused into Scandinavian waters.

South and Central America

To: Chile

From: Japan

Year: 1970 +

Reason: Establishment of a wild fishery

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Subject of an expanding aquaculture industry in the South of the country.

Oncorhynchus kisutch (WALBAUM): SALMON IDAE

Native range: Western seaboard U.S. and Canada, Eastern seaboard Northern Asia

As an important commercial fish of the Pacific coast coho salmon have also been introduced into the East coast of Canada and the U.S. Populations are maintained in the Great Lakes, mainly by artificial reproduction and stocking although recently self sustaining stocks have appeared. The species has also been successfully established in Chilean waters and is maintained in Argentina by artificial propagation. Attempts to establish breeding stocks in Europe have so far met with no success although escapees from aquaculture do sometimes appear in natural waters.

Europe

To: Cyprus

From: Canada

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: No


To: France

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Species has appeared in rivers following accidental escape from ponds.

To: Germany F.R.

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: No


To: Greece

From: Unknown

Year:

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: No


To: Italy

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1973

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: No


To: Netherlands

From: Unknown

Year: 1982

Reason: Diffusion of stocks from elsewhere

Reproducing: No

Comments: Specimens captured probably originated from private releases made in the Somme Estuary, France (Groot,1985).

South and Central America

To: Argentina

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1904

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Chile

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1930, 1970+

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Subject of a rapidly expanding aquaculture industry in the region of Chiloe and Lake Llanqihue.

Oncorhynchus masou BREVOORT: SALMONIDAE

Native range: Northern Japan and Korea

The masou salmon is an important commercial fish of Eastern Asia. Attempts at introduction of the species have been few and unsuccessful.

North America

To: Canada

From: Japan

Year: 1965

Reason: Restoration of Great Lakes fisheries

Reproducing: No

Comments: Attempted introduction failed.

South and Central America

To: Chile

From: Japan

Year: 1972-73

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Oncorhynchus nerka WALBAUM: SALMONIDAE

Native range: Western seaboard U.S and Canada, Eastern seaboard Northern Asia

The kokanee or sockeye salmon has been widely distributed in the U.S. and Canada and, although few of these transplants were successful, permanent populations have been established in the Great Lakes. Attempts at introducing the species elsewhere have generally failed except in new Zealand where a freshwater population is established in one river system of South Island.

Asia

To: India

From: Japan

Year: 1968

Reason: Angling

Reproducing: No


Europe

To: Denmark

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1960, 1961

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: No


To: Finland

FTOB: U.S.A.

Year: 1933

Reason: To fill a vacant niche

Reproducing No

Comments: Disappeared.



To: Sweden

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1959

Reason: To fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Oceania

To: New Zealand

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Lakes and headwaters of Waitaki system, South Island.

South and Central America

To: Argentina

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1904+

Reason: To fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Oncorhynchus rhodurus (JORDAN and HACGREGOR): SALMONIDAE

Native range: Fresh waters of South and C. Japan

This small freshwater salmon is important commercially in Japan. One introduction into the Federal republic of Germany was attempted unsuccessfully.

Europe

To: Germany F.R.

From: Japan

Year: 1976

Reason: Angling

Reproducing: Not known


Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE

Native range: Western seaboard U.S. and Canada, Eastern seaboard Northern Asia

The chinook salmon was the first of the Pacific salmons to be introduced elsewhere and has since been the most extensively distributed. Populations have become established in the Great lakes in North America but the extensive attempts to introduce the species to Europe and South America have net with no success but one introduction, Chat into New Zealand has resulted in the species becoming established and is considered a valuable addition to the local fauna.

Europe

To: Denmark

From: Germany

Year: 1897

Reason: New fishery

Reproducing: No


To: France

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

To: Germany

From: Unknown

Year: 1890s

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: No


To: Ireland

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

To: Italy

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

To: Netherlands

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1877

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Comments: Experimental introduction discontinued when the species failed to establish breeding populations (Groot, 1985).

To: U.K.

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Oceania

To: Australia

From: New Zealand and U.S.A.

Year: 1877, 1967

Reason: To establish a new fishery

Reproducing: Artificially


Comments: Species has formed breeding populations in South Australia and Victoria, otherwise fisheries maintained with hatchery reared fish (MacKinnon, 1987).

To: Hawaii

From: California

Year: 1876

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: No


Comments: (Maciolek, 1984)

To: New Zealand

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1876/80,1901/7

Reason: New fishery and angling

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Species now well established and abundant along the East coast of South Island. Regarded as an excellent species and a significant addition to New Zealand fauna (Hardy, 1972).

South and Central America

To: Argentina

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1904+

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Comments: Unsuccessful (Fuster de Plaza et al. 1954).

To: Chile

From: U.S.A.


Year: 1900, 1924, 1930, 1975


Reason: Establishment of wild stock

Reproducing: Artificially

Comments: Early attempts to stock this species failed but efforts to introduce this species to Chile are continuing.

To: Mexico

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

To: Nicaragua

From: U.S.A.

Year: Unknown

Reason: to fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis BERG: CYPRINIDAE

Native range: China, Japan, Korea and Amur River basin

A small. Eastern Asian, riverine cyprinid which has been accidentally introduced into the Central Asian waters of Tashkent, U.S.S.R. along with shipments of Chinese carp fry.

Asia/Europe

To: U.S.S.R.

From: Yangtze R. China

Year: 1961

Reason: Accidentally introduced with Chinese carp fry

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Partially displaced local species in Tashkent where the species shows higher growth and fecundity than in its native habitat.

Orconectes limosus RAFINESQUE: CRUSTACEA; ASTACIDAE

Native range: East coast U.S.A. Maine to Virginia

This crayfish was one of the earliest introduced into Europe in an attempt to replace the Astacus astacus which was disappearing due to the crayfish plague caused by Aphanomyces astaci. The species spread throughput much of Northern Europe either by deliberate introduction or by diffusion. The American freshwater crayfish is not as highly appreciated as other species for its flesh but its high fecundity, disease resistance, and tolerance of deoxygenated and polluted waters have contributed to its rapid spread.

Europe

To: Austria

From: Germany F.R.

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters

Reproducing: Yes

To: France

From: Unknown

Year: Before 1925

Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: The species was first recorded from the River Cher in 1925; Breeding populations are now found in the Seine, Loire and Rhone rivers and in Lakes Bourget and Nantua.

To: Germany

From: Unknown

Year: 1890

Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters

Reproducing: Yes



Comments: Widespread throughout country.

To: Poland

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1900

Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters

Reproducing: Yes



Comments: Widespread in North and South-west of the country.

To: Switzerland

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: illegal introduction

Reproducing: Yes



Comments: Breeding populations are established in Lake Geneva

Oreochromis andersoni CAST: CICHLIDAE

Native range: South Central Africa, Zambezi system

Oreochromis andersoni is one of the more important food fishes of the Zambezi river system. It has also been introduced in Southern Africa for pond culture. Despite its success in ponds in its native range the species has only been introduced to one other country.

Africa

To: Tanzania

From: Zambia

Year: 1968

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Hybridized with local species (Moreau, 1979).

Oreochromis aureus (STEINDACHNER): CICHLIDAE

Native range: Rivers Niger and Nile, Southern Israel

O. aureus is a popular species for aquaculture and has consequently been distributed widely especially in South and Central America where it is generally appreciated. It is resistant to high salinities and grows well under estuarine conditions. The species has frequently been mistaken for O. niloticus in introductions, studies and hybridization experiments. As a sub-tropical species this fish would be unable to breed in the natural waters of many of the temperate countries to which it has been introduced.

Africa

To: South Africa

From: Israel

Year: 1976

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Uganda

From: Israel

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Asia

To: Philippines

From: U.S.A., Singapore

Year: 1977

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Present in lakes and rivers.

To: Singapore

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Not known

Comments: Presence of this species in Singapore can be deduced from its introduction to the Philippines.

To: Taiwan, Prov. China

From: Israel

Year: 1974

Reason: Hybridization with O. niluoticus

Reproducing: Yes

Asia/Europe

To: U.S.S.R

From: Cuba

Year: 1984

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Not known


Comments: (Ivoylov, 1986).

Europe

To: Cyprus

From: Israel

Year: 1976

Reason: To fill a vacant niche

Reproducing: No

Comments: Found flourishing self-breeding populations in the wild until 1979 when all were lost due to a winter kill. Stocking of dams repeated.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Culture and weed control

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Prolific and may affect local species (Shafland, 1978; Noble, 1980): Widespread in Texas, Florida and Arizona: Species is cultured in Alabama, Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee and may become established there. This species was initially mistaken for O. niloticus.

South and Central America

To: Brazil

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Costa Rica

From: El Salvador

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Cuba

From: Mexico

Year: 1968

Reason: Aquaculture, forage, sport

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: An advantageous introduction.


To: El Salvador

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1963, 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Guatemala

From: El Salvador

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Mexico

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nicaragua

From: Costa Rica

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Panama

From: Puerto Rico

Year: 1987

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Peru

From: Cuba

Year: 1983

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Puerto Rico

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1972

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Oreochromis esculentus (GRAHAM): CICHLIDAE

Native range: L. Victoria

This species which was endemic to Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga has now virtually disappeared from its native waters through overfishing, predation from Nile perch and competition or hybridization with introduced O. niloticus. Populations survive in several Tanzanian lakes where the species was introduced.

Africa

To: Rwanda

From: L. Victoria

Year: 1950's

Reason: Small lakes of Kagera system

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Forms basis for fisheries in lakes from which suitable target species were absent.

To: Tanzania

From: L. Victoria

Year: 1950's

Reason: Vacant niche in small dams

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Gave rise to valuable fisheries especially in L. Nyumba ya Mungu. Highly successful species for stocking into small dams where it fills a planktonophage niche.

Oreochromis leucostictus (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE

Native range: L. Albert, Uganda and Zaire

O. leucostictus is a relatively small tilapiine cichlid that is resistant to low dissolved oxygen tensions. It has been introduced to Lake Victoria where it occupied marginal lagoon habitats and to Lake Naivasha in Kenya where it hybridized with O. spilurus. It has also been used to stock dams in East Africa.

Africa

To: Kenya

From: L. Albert

Year: 1954

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Has established a stock in L. Naivasha and is present in Kenyan waters of L. Victoria.

To: Tanzania

From: L. Albert

Year: 1954

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Present in Tanzanian waters of L. Victoria.

To: Zaire

From: Uganda

Year: 1955

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: Reported form Lualaba R. but success not sure (Moreau, 1979).

Oreochromis macrochir (BOULENGER): CICHLIDAE

Native range: Rivers of Zambezi basin, Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu

This species has been widely used for stocking ponds and dams in Southern Africa and in this way its native range has been extended northwards. The species has also been used for aquaculture and introduced into many African countries. Most records are for ponds and their is little documentation of the extent to which the species has become established in the wild. Its use outside of Africa has been very United.

Africa

To: Algeria

From: Zaire

Year: 1961

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Benin

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Burundi

From: Zaire

Year: 1950's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing:


To: Cameroon

From: Congo

Year: 1950's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Central African Republic

From: Zaire

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: Attempts at culture with this species have been discontinued.

To: Congo

From: Zaire

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Ghana

From: Kenya

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Ivory Coast

From: Cameroon

Year: 1958

Reason: Hybridization

Reproducing: Yes


To: Kenya

From: Zambia

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Madagascar

From: Congo

Year: 1955

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Used for aquaculture and fisheries at low altitudes. Declining because of competition with O. niloticus.

To: Mauritius

From: Madagascar

Year: 1955

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread and expanding.

To: Rwanda

From: Zaire

Year: 1950's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Zaire

From: Zambia

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Oceania

To: Hawaii

From: Zaire

Year: 1958

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Breeding populations established in reservoirs of Mauai and 'Oahu islands.

Oreochromis mortimeri (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE

Native range: Zambezi basin

O. mortimeri is very taxonomically BO close to O. mossambicus that some authorities consider it a sub-species of the latter. There are however colour differences between the two forms. There is some possibility that confusion between the two forms has occurred in stocking in some regions. Known international introductions of fish of the O. mortimeri type are limited to the use of the species for stocking dams in Zaire.

Africa

To: Zaire

From: Zambia

Year: 1958

Reason: Stocking reservoirs

Reproducing: Yes

Oreochromis mossambicus (PETERS): CICHLIDAE

Native range: Lower Zambezi and associated East African rivers

The earliest international movements of tilapiine cichlids were with this species. Since its appearance in Java in the 1930s, possibly through the escape of aquarium fish, the species has spread through deliberate introduction, diffusion or escape of pond fish until it has achieved pan-tropical status. Originally thought of as an ideal pond fish the readiness with which O. mossaabicus stunts has brought it into disrepute in most areas. Escapees have occupied natural waters where their prolificity and proneness to produce stunted stocks has gained them pest status. Nevertheless large quantities of the species are fished from estuaries, rivers, ponds, canals, ditches and rice paddles so its contribution is not wholly negative. The species is very hardy and resistant to high salinities even to the extent of occupying some/narine environments (Lobel, 1980). In aqua-culture O. mossambicus continues to be used in Asia as a major species but elsewhere it is mainly used for the production of monosex hybrids especially with O. niloticus (see 'red tilapia'). As a tropical species this fish would be unable to breed in the natural waters of many of the temperate countries to which it has been introduced.

Africa

To: Algeria

From: Unknown

Year: 1961

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Benin

From: Unknown

Year: 1980s

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comment: This species was introduced into Lake Nokoué in Benin in an attempt to find a saline resistent species for aquaculture superior to the native Seratherodon melanotheron. It is not yet evident whether O. mossambicus will succeed in becoming established in the lake or how it will interact with local species.

To: Egypt

From: Thailand

Year: 1954

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Madagascar

From: Mozambique

Year: 1956

Reason: Aquaculture, Rice fish culture

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Some fisheries in rice fields and in wild but importance declining.

To: South Africa

From: Unknown

Year: 1951

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Has occupied L. Sibaya (Moreau, 1979).

To: Tunisia

From: Zaire

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Uganda

From: Zanzibar

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Asia

To: Bangladesh

From: Thailand

Year: 1954

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Used throughout country but tends to disappear spontaneously.

To: China

From: Vietnam

Year: 1957

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: introduced to Taiwan Province from Java in 1944: Widespread throughout Southern part of China in ponds and natural waters.

To: Hong Kong

From: Singapore, Thailand

Year: 1940, 1948

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread in ponds and reservoirs.

To: India

From: Thailand

Year: 1952

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread throughout country but not appreciated as its taste is poor, it stunts and competes with more popular local fishes.

To: Indonesia

From: Unknown

Year: 1939

Reason: Possibly escape from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Species first appeared in Java before 1939; subsequently introduced: Sumatra, 1939; Lambok, 1941; Ball, 1943; Celebes, 1944; Banjak and Borneo (Kalimantan), 1950 and Moluccas, 1949: Now well established throughout archipelago.

To: Japan

From: Thailand

Year: 1954

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Korea

From: Thailand

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Maintained in ponds as it frequently cannot withstand winter temperatures.

To: Laos

From: Thailand

Year: 1955

Reason: Unknown, assumed

to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Malaysia

From: Indonesia

Year: 1941-45

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: introduced into continental Malaysia in 1943, North Borneo (Sabah) in 1951 and Sarawak in 1960. Widespread in small water bodies and tin mining pools. Stunts and is not appreciated by local peoples.

To: Pakistan

From: Indonesia

Year: 1951

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Philippines

From: Thailand

Year: 1950

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Singapore

From: Indonesia

Year: 1943

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Sri Lanka

From: East Africa

Year: 1952

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Very important in reservoir fisheries.

To: Thailand

From: Malaysia

Year: 1949

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Well established in 1950-60 but has now almost disappeared due to a spontaneous decline in population.

To: Vietnam

From: Philippines

Year: 1955

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Asia/Europe

To: U.S.S.R.

From: Vietnam

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Not known

Comments: (Ivoylov, 1986).

Europe

To: Malta

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: U.K.

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Experimental biology

Reproducing: Artificially

Middle East

To: Israel

From: Thailand

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Generally regarded as a pest: Established in Florida, North Carolina, Arizona, Idaho, California and possibly Alabama. Cultured in Georgia and Tennessee.

Oceania

To: American Samoa

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Australia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Established in Queensland

To: Cook Islands

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Fiji

From: Philippines

Year: 1955

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Guam

From: Philippines

Year: 1955

Reason: Weed control

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread.



To: Hawaii

From: Malaysia, Singapore

Year: 1951

Reason: Bait fish/weed control

Reproducing: Yes

To: Kiribati

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Known from Line Islands and Gilbert Islands.

To: Mariana Islands

From: Philippines

Year: 1955

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nauru

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: New Caledonia

From: Fiji

Year: 1955

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nine

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Papua New Guinea

From: Malaysia

Year: 1954

Reason: Aquaculture with accidental escape into natural waters

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Very widespread; important as food fish especially in Sepik R. and Central Provinces.

To: Solomon Islands

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Tahiti

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Tonga

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Vanuatu

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Wallis and Fortuna

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


To: Western Samoa

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


South and Central America

To: Bolivia

From: Brazil

Year: 1983

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Brazil

From: Unknown

Year: 1960's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Used in management of dams and reservoirs in the Northeast of the country where it makes a significant contribution to catches.

To: Colombia

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1960

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Costa Rica

From: Unknown

Year: 1960+

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Cuba

From: Mexico

Year: 1868, 1883

Reason: Aquaculture, forage, sport, mosquito control

Reproducing: Yes



Comments: Positive introduction.

To: Dominica

From: St Lucia

Year: 1950

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Dominican Republic

From: Haiti

Year: 1953

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: El Salvador

From: Guatemala

Year: 1958

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Tilapias contribute over 50% of commercial catch.

To: Grenada

From: St Lucia

Year: 1949

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Guatemala

From: El Salvador

Year: 1955

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Guyana

From: Haiti

Year: 1951

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Haiti

From: Jamaica

Year: 1951

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To Honduras

From: El Salvador

Year: 1956

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Jamaica

From: St Lucia

Year: 1950

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Martinique

From: St Lucia

Year: 1950

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Mexico

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nicaragua

From: El Salvador

Year: 1959

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Panama

From: Unknown

Year: 1950

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Peru

From: Panama

Year: 1981

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Positive introduction.

To: Puerto Rico

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1958

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: St Lucia

From: Malaysia

Year: 1949

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Trinidad

From: St Lucia

Year: 1949

Reason: Unknown, assumed to be for aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes

To: Venezuela

From: Trinidad

Year: 1958

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Should be used with care.

Oreochromis niloticus L.: CICHLIDAE

Native range: River Nile, Chart basin and Southern Israel

Naturally the most widely distributed of the tilapiine cichlids O. niloticus is one of the most popular for culture and for stocking dams. It has less of a tendency to produce stunted populations and has good growth characteristics and taste, and for these reasons has been substituted for O. mossambicus in many regions. It is also widely used for producing mono-sex hybrids together with such species as O. mossambicus. It has been very extensively transported around the world and has achieved pan-tropical status. As a subtropical species this fish would be unable to breed in the natural waters of many of the temperate countries to which it has been introduced.

Africa

To: Burundi

From: Zaire

Year: 1951

Reason: Capture fisheries

Reproducing: Yes

To: Cameroon

From: Unknown

Year: 1958

Reason:

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Replaced local species in Noum marsh.

To: Central African Republic

From: Congo

Year: 1957

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Ivory Coast

From: Upper Volta

Year: 1957

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widely introduced into reservoirs (Ayame, 196Z; Kossou, 1971) and many smaller water bodies. Appeared in rivers by diffusion.

To: Madagascar

From: Egypt

Year: 1956

Reason: Aquaculture, stocking

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Hybridized with other tilapias: Successful and important.

To: Mauritius

From: Madagascar

Year: 1950

Reason: Sport

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread and expanding.

To: Reunion

From: Madagascar

Year: 1957

Reason: Sport

Reproducing: Yes


To: Rwanda

From: Zaire

Year: 1951

Reason: Stocking

Reproducing: Yes


To: South Africa

From: Israel

Year: 1976

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Tanzania

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Supplementary species

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Hybridized with O. amphimelas: Has spread widely in Lake Victoria where it has possibly hybridized with O. esculentus.

To: Tunisia

From: Unknown

Year: 1966

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Zaire

From: C.Afr.Rep.

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


Asia

To: Bangladesh

From: Thailand

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread all over the country where it is regarded as an excellent food fish.

To: China

From: Africa

Year: 1978

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Established mainly in aquaculture ponds in Hubei province. introduced into Taiwan Province before 1969.

To: Hong Kong

From: Taiwan P., China

Year: 1972

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Stunting and crossbreeding with other Oreochromis sp.: Widespread in fish ponds.

To: Indonesia

From: Taiwan

Year: 1969

Reason: Aquaculture and stocking natural waters

Reproducing: Yes

To: Japan

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Experimental brackish water fish culture

Reproducing: Unknown

To: Philippines

From: Thailand, Israel

Year: 1970, 1973

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Established in Laguna de Bay area.


To: Sri Lanka

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Common in certain reservoirs.

To: Thailand

From: Japan

Year: 1965

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread throughout country because of usefulness for aquaculture and stocking; tends to decline in abundance naturally after five years.

To: Vietnam

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread in lakes.

Europe

To: Belgium

From: Israel

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially


Comments: Species fanned in heated power station cooling waters with production of 240 t (1986).

To: Germany F.R.

From: Ghana

Year: 1957

Reason: Experimental aquaculture in cooling ponds

Reproducing: Artificially

South and Central America

To: Bolivia

From: Brazil

Year: 1977

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Brazil

From: Ivory Coast

Year: 1971, 1972

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Positive introduction.

To: Colombia

From: Panama

Year: 1980

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Positive introduction.

To: Costa Rica

From: Panama

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Cuba

From: Peru

Year: 1967

Reason: Aquaculture, forage, mosquito control

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Positive introduction.


To: Dominican Republic

From: Unknown

Year: 1979

Reason: Fisheries and aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Ecuador

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Oreochromis sp. have become established in the Chone river where they have invaded the traditional 'chamera' fishery and compete with Dormitator latifrons reared there.

To: El Salvador

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Tilapias contribute over 50% of commercial catch.

To: Guatemala

From: El Salvador

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Haiti

From: Unknown

Year: 1977, 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Honduras

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Mexico

From: Costa Rica

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nicaragua

From: El Salvador

Year: 1964

Reason: Aquaculture and stocking reservoirs

Reproducing: Yes

To: Panama

From: Brazil

Year: 1976

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Very useful, rapid growth and excellent food value.

To: Peru

From: Brazil

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Puerto Rico

From: Brazil

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus hybrid 'Red Tilapia': CICHLIDAE

This hybrid apparently originated in Taiwan Province, China where it was developed as a cross between O. niloticus and an Asiatic strain of O. mossambicus. Hybrid individuals have been transported widely around Central and South America for experimental aquaculture.

Asia

To: Indonesia

From: Philippines

Year: 1981

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially


South and Central America

To: Cuba

From: Philippines

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially maintained

Comments: Useful hybrid for mono-sex aquaculture.

To: Dominican Republic

From: Taiwan P. China

Year: 1981

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially maintained

To: Honduras

From: Panama

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially maintained

To: Panama

From: Taiwan P. China

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially maintained

Oreochromis shiranus BOULENGER: CICHLIDAE

Native range: Lake Malawi and Upper Shire R., Lake Chilwa

One sub-species of O. shiranus inhabits reedy lagoons and estuaries in the Lake Malawi basin the other is found in Lake Chilwa. The species has not generally been used for aqua-culture or for stocking of dams and only one unsuccessful international introduction has been this species using the L. Chilwa sub-species.

Africa

To: Madagascar

From: Malawi

Year: 1969

Reason: Experimental Aquaculture

Reproducing: No

Oreochromis spilurus (GUNTHER); CICHLIDAE

Native range: Coastal rivers of Kenya and Somalia

This species has been stocked into farm dams throughout Kenya since 1922 and was introduced into Lake Naivasha in 1926. Three geographic sub-species and stocking with mixtures of these and with other Oreochromis species has resulted in extensive hybridization. Results of numerous introductions into other African countries are uncertain failing reports on the breeding status or use of the species.

Africa

To: Benin

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comment: This species was introduced into Lake Nokoué in an attempt to find a saline resistant species for aquaculture superior to the native Seracherodon melanotheron. It is not yet evident whether O. spilurus will become established in the lake or how it will interact with local species.

To: Cameroon

From: Kenya

Year: 1950

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Congo

From: Kenya

Year: 1960's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Egypt

From: Kenya

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Ivory Coast

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comment: This species was introduced into Lake Nokoué in an attempt to find a saline resistant species for aquaculture superior to the native Seratherodon melanotheron. It is not yet evident whether O. spilurus will become established in the lake or how it will interact with local species»

To: Madagascar

From: Kenya

Year: 1950

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: Disappeared.



To: Mozambique

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


Comments: (Jhingran and Gopalakrishnan, 1979).

To: Uganda

From: Kenya

Year: 1962

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Introduced to Lake Bunyoni before 1958 but this stocking was unsuccessful. Otherwise stocked into dams elsewhere in the country.

To: Zaire

From: Kenya

Year: 1950's

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Oreochromis urolepis hornorum (TREWAVAS): CICHLIDAE

Native range: Rufigi river system, Tanzania and R. Wami in Zanzibar

This species exists in two forms O. urolepis urolepis and O. urolepis hornorum. The latter from, under the name O. hornorum has been widely introduced for production of hybrids especially in South and Central America. There have been a number of escapes into the wild and the species, or hybrids of it, have become established in many natural water bodies.

Africa

To: Ivory Coast

From: Malaysia

Year: 1967

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Asia

To: Sri Lanka

From: East Africa

Year: 1969

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

South and Central America

To: Brazil

From: Ivory Coast

Year: 1971, 1972

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: A positive introduction.

To: Colombia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Costa Rica

From: Unknown

Year: 1960+

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Cuba From: Mexico/Nicaragua

Year: 1976, 1983

Reason: Aquaculture, forage, sport

Reproducing: Yes

Comments: Positive introduction.


To: Dominican Republic

From: Panama Year: 1980

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Artificially

To: El Salvador

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Tilapias contribute over 50% of commercial catch.

To: Guatemala

From: El Salvador

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Honduras

From: Panama

Year: 1979

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Mexico

From: Costa Rica

Year: 1978

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Nicaragua

From: El Salvador

Year: 1974

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Òî: Panama

From: Brazil

Year: 1976

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Undesirable in natural waters.

To: Peru

From: Brazil/Panama

Year: 1978, 1980

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


To: Puerto Rico

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1963

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Oreochromis sp. Native range: Africa

Oceania

To: Australia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Artificially

To: Fiji

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Orthodon microlepidotus (AYRES): CYPRINIDAE

Native range: Sacramento River, California, U.S.A.

This highly localized species has been introduced into other river basins in California and into Nevada. One international introduction is recorded.

Asia

To: China

From: U.S.A.

Year: 1982

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Unknown


Oryzias latipes (TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL): ORYZIATIDAE

Native range: Japan, Korea, Eastern China and Eastern Khazakstan

The Japanese rice fish has had along history as an aquarium fish species and as a laboratory experimental animal it has been widely transported around the world for the aquarium fish trade and has been released accidentally in at least two localities. It has been used for mosquito control in Cuba.

North America

To: U.S.A.

From: Japan

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental release from aquaria

Reproducing: Unknown

Comments: Originally established in California but has since disappeared (Courtenay and Hensley, 1980).

Oceania

To: Hawaii

From: Asia

Year: 1922

Reason: Ornament

Reproducing: No


Comments: Not established



South and Central America

To: Cuba

From: U.S.S.R.

Year: 1976

Reason: Mosquito control


Reproducing: Yes

Osphronemus gouramy (LACEPEDE): OSPHRONEMIBAE

Native range: Greater Sunda Islands

A large species of mainly vegetarian habit the gourami reaches a substantial size (60 ñòà) and is resistant to both low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water and to brackish water. The species is used for aquaculture throughout its native range and has been introduced into several other countries for that purpose.

Africa

To: Ivory Coast

From: Singapore

Year: 1957

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


To: Madagascar

From: Mauritius

Year: 1857

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Fisheries in Pangalanes.

To: Mauritius

From: Indonesia

Year: 1951

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Widespread but being replaced by tilapias.

Asia

To: India

From: Java

Year: 1916

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Established in Tamil Nadu; of limited use (Vooren, 1968).

To: Philippines

From: Java

Year: 1927

Reason: Aquaculture

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: Slow growth limits usefulness.

To: Sri Lanka

From: Indonesia

Year: 1939

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


Comments: No longer important as a food fish.

To: Thailand

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Unknown


Oceania

To: Hawaii

From: Philippines

Year: 1950

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: No


Comments: Introduction unsuccessful

To: New Caledonia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Unknown

Reproducing: Yes


South and Central America

To: Colombia

From: Unknown

Year: Unknown

Reason: Accidental escape of ornamental fish

Reproducing: Yes


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