Pacifastacus leniusculus DANA: CRUSTACEA; ASTACIDAE
Penaeus monodon FABRICIUS: CRUSTACEA; PENEIDAE
Penaeus vannamei BOONE: CRUSTACEA; PENEIDAE
Perca fluviatilis L.: PERCIDAE
Percottus glehni DYBOWSKI: ELEOTRIDAE
Phalloceros caudomaculatus (HENSEL): POECILIIDAE
Pimephalus promelas RAFINESQUE: CYPRINIDAE
Platichthys flesus (L.): PLEURONECTIDAE
Poecilia latipinna (LE SUEUR): POECILIIDAE
Poecilia mexicana STEINDACHNER: POECILIIDAE
Poecilia reticulata PETERS: POECILIIDAE
Poecilia sphenops (CUVIER and VAI£NCIENNES): POECILIIDAE
Poecilia velifera REGAN: POECILIIDAE
Poecilia vittata (GUICHENOT): POECILIIDAE
Poeciliopsis gracilis (HECKEL): POECILIIDAE
Pomoxis annularis RAFINESQUE: CENTRARCHIDAE
Pomoxis nigromaculatus LESUEUR: CENTRARCHIDAE
Procambarus clarkii (GIRARD): CRUSTACEA; ASTACIDAE
Pseudorasbora parva TEMM and SCHL: CYPRINIDAE
Pterophyllum scalare (CTVIER and VALENCIENNES): CICHLIDAE
Rana catesbiana SHAW: AMPHIBIA; RANIOAE
Rasbora trilineata STEIHDACHNEK: CYPRINIDAE
Rhinogobius similis GILL: GOBIIDAE
Rhodeus ocellatus (KNER): CYPRINIDAE
Rhodeus sericeus (BLOCH): CYPRINIDAE
Rivulus harti (BOULENCER): CYPRINODOHTIDAE
Native range: California
Since the disappearance of the European crayfish the search for a replacement resistant to Aphanomyces astaci has led to several species being introduced. The Californian crayfish closely resembles the European crayfish Astacus astacus in ecology and habits and has been introduced into a number of European countries with a high level of success.
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Asia/Europe | ||
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To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Compensation for the loss of Astacus astacus | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Breeding populations found in Lithuania. | ||
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Europe | ||
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To: Austria |
From: California |
Year: 1970, 1971 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Finland |
From: U.S.A. and Sweden |
Year: 1967-69 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Present in some lakes. | ||
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To: Poland |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Spain |
From: U.S.A. (California) |
Year: 1974 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Well established in South of country. | ||
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To: Sweden |
From: U.S.A. (California) |
Year: 1962 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Introduced into over 1000 water bodies in 1987. | ||
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To: U.K. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Asia | ||
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To: Indonesia |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Experimental aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Not established. | ||
Native range: Indo-West Pacific
The giant tiger prawn is of considerable economic importance in the Western Pacific and somewhat less so in the Indian Ocean. It has freshwater juvenile stages and marine adults which makes it suitable for culture in marine or brackish water ponds. Its use for culture is at present slight even within its native range. Two international introductions have been reported.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Dominican Republic |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1985 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Panama |
From: Florida, U.S.A. |
Year: 1976 |
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Reason: Testing for aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Very slow growth. | ||
Native range: East Pacific from Sonora, Mexico to Northern Peru
The whiteleg shrimp is the subject of important fisheries on the Pacific coast of Central America. The species has been introduced into two Caribbean countries as one of a number of other shrimp species in a search for candidates for brackish water aquaculture.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Dominican Republic |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1985 |
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Reason: Experimental aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Venezuela |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1985 |
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Reason: Experimental aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
Native range: Europe excepting Spain, Southern Italy and Greece
The common perch is popular with anglers in European waters. It is not a species of any special merit which warrants its introduction outside its native region nevertheless such introductions have taken place. Its range has been increased in Italy and several introductions took place at the end of the last century or the beginning of this to British dependencies.
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Africa | ||
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To: South Africa |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1915 |
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Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Was slow to establish but now occurs in some isolated areas; the species is only marginally successful. | ||
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Europe | ||
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To: Cyprus |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1971 |
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Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Popular among anglers but stunts in some waters. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1861, 1868 |
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Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Tends to oust native species: Established in Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Occupies areas modified by dams. | ||
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To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Late t800s |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Widespread and abundant with a somewhat erratic distribution. | ||
Native range: China, Japan, Korea and Amur river basin
A small species which inhabits stagnant waters including small deoxygenated ponds and bogs. It is extremely resistant to low temperatures and is frequently found in ice bound floodplain pools. While not strictly an introduction to the U.S.S.R. due to its presence in the Amur River the species was transported to the West Central part of the country along with batches of Chinese carp fry.
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Asia/Europe | ||
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To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Yangtze R., China |
Year: 1961 |
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Reason: Accidentally introduced with Chinese carp fry | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Has partially displaced local species in Tashkent where the species shows a better growth rate and higher fecundity than in native waters. | ||
Native range: Rio de Janeiro to Uruguay and Paraguay
A very small (females - 6 cm) sub-tropical species the dusky millions fish is popular with aquaculturists and has been transported around the world by the aquarium fish trade. However, the two recorded international introductions have been made for the purpose of mosquito control.
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Africa |
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To: Malawi |
From: Brazil |
Year: 1956 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Breeding populations in Bwumbwe Dam and Ruo R.; successful but undesirable (Jubb, 1977). |
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Oceania |
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To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Breeding populations are found in Western Australia |
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Native range: Northern Mexico, Central. U.S.A. and Southern Canada
The fathead minnow is a popular bait fish within the U.S. and has been widely distributed over North America. Its introduction to Europe as a bait species resulted in the co-introduced of the causative organism of enteric redmouth disease, Yersinia ruckeri (Michel, et al., 1986). This is now infecting wild and culture trout and eels and is spreading throughout Northern Europe.
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Europe | ||
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To: Belgium |
From: North America |
Year: 1983/84 |
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Reason: Bait fish |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: France |
From: North America |
Year: 1983/84 |
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Reason: Bait fish |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Germany F.R. |
From: North America |
Year: 1983/84 |
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Reason: Bait fish |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Coastal and brackish waters of Western Europe and Mediterranean
The flounder is common in all coastal waters of Europe and penetrates into estuaries, freshwater reaches of lowland rivers and even makes close to the sea. Isolated individuals have been reported from Lakes Eire and Lake Superior (Crossman, 1981) where they arrived in the ballast water of ships. Some of the specimens were ready to breed and it is assumed that self-sustaining populations have become established.
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North America |
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To: Canada |
From: Marine waters of Western Europe |
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Year: Unknown |
Reason: Accidental transport in ballast water |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: U.S.A. |
From: Marine waters of Western Europe |
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Year: Unknown |
Reason: Accidental transport in ballast water |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Eastern states of U.S.A. and Mexico
One of the most popular of all aquarium fishes the sailfin molly exists in many varieties. Its extremely wide diffusion round the world resulted in its being recorded from the wild in any areas either from escape from aquaria or through deliberate introductions for mosquito control.
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Asia | ||
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To: Philippines |
From: Mexico |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Singapore |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Comments: The presence of this species in Singapore is deduced from the fact that Australian introduction material came from this source. | ||
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North America | ||
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To: Canada |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1960 |
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Reason: Deliberate release of aquarium fish |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Confined to hot springs in Banff NationaI Park, Alberta: This population was still extant in 1981 | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: Singapore |
Year: 1969 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Populations established in Queensland where the species is regarded as undesirable. | ||
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To: Guam |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: New Zealand |
From: Mexico |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Populations confined to L. Taupo. | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: C. America |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Regarded as a pest. | ||
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Central America from Mexico to Colombia
The taxonomic status of this shortfin molly is not clear as it is frequently placed in the P. sphenops complex. While not listed as a species of major importance to aquarists its appearance in parts of the U.S. has been attributed to escape from aquaria. The species has also been disseminated among the Pacific Islands mainly for Mosquito control.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Has affected some native species adversely (Courtenay and Hensley, 1980): Breeding populations recorded in California, Florida, Montana and Nevada. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: American Samoa |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Fiji |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Common. | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Bait fish |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Tahiti |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Western Samoa |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Venezuela, Barbados, Trinidad, Northern Brazil and the Guyanas
The guppy is a highly resistant tropical species which will tolerate temperatures as low as 15° Ñ and survive in poorly oxygenated water. It is very prolific and spreads rapidly through ditches, swamps and ponds in areas to which it has been introduced. As well as its great popularity with aquarists and the inevitable escape and deliberate release of aquarium fish, the species has been introduced widely for mosquito control. It has now attained a pan-tropical distribution and is also found in many temperate countries as well as in specialized habitats such as hot springs in countries with severe winters. The guppy eats the eggs of other fish and has been blamed for the decline of several species through this egg eating habit or through direct competition for food.
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Africa | ||
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To: Kenya |
From: Uganda |
Year: 1950 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: May be the cause of a decline in native cyprinodonts. | ||
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To: Nigeria |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Teaching ecology |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Uganda |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1950 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: May be the cause of a decline in local cyprinodonts. | ||
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Asia | ||
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To: Sri Lanka |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1930s |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Abundant in canals around Colombo. | ||
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Europe | ||
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To: Netherlands |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Exists in artificially maintained environment of thermally polluted waters. | ||
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To: U.K. |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1963 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Exists in artificially maintained environment of thermally polluted waters. | ||
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North America | ||
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To: Canada |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Confined to Alberta. | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Caused reduction in populations of native cyprinodont Crenichthys baileyi. Occurs in Nevada, Texas, Arizona and possibly California and Florida. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Populations occur in Queensland. | ||
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To: Cook Islands |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Fiji |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Common. |
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To: Guam |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1922 |
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Reason: Accident |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Only survives in the thermal waters of the Waikato R. | ||
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To: Palau |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Papua New Guinea |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1967 |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Established around Port Moresby. | ||
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To: Tahiti |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Western Samoa |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1940 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Mexico |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1971 |
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Reason: Aquarium fish release |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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To: Peru |
From: Central America |
Year: 1940 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Puerto Rico |
From: Central America |
Year: 1935 |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
Native range: Central America; Mexico to Colombia
One of the most colourful and popular of aquarium fishes, the molly has been marketed in many countries throughout the world by the aquarium fish trade. It is surprising that this species has not been recorded from a greater number of countries but, in view of the confusion between this species and P. mexicana, it is possible that many of the introductions attributed to the latter were in fact of P. sphenops.
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Oceania | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1950 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Established on Oahu Island. | ||
Native range: Coastal rivers of Yucatan, Mexico
Also know as the sail-fin molly this species closely resembles M. latipinna and is equally limited in recorded introductions.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Yeaã: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Cuba
The Cuban limia is a warn water species well known to aquarists. It is very prolific and somewhat resistant to lowered temperatures. The species was introduced to Oahu Island in the Hawaii chain for mosquito control and has become established in some of the streams there.
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Oceania | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1950 |
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Reason: Mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.
A small ornamental species whose appearance in Venezuela is probably due to escape from aquaria.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Venezuela |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: East Central U.S.A.
The white crappie occurs in warm water, slow flowing streams, lakes and ponds. It is an important sport and commercial species with excellent quality flesh and has been widely disseminated within the U.S. where it now occupies a good proportion of the country. Part of this range expansion has been to the South where the species has been introduced to the waters of Northern Mexico.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Mexico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1950's |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Panama |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: East Central U.S.A. and Southern Canada
The black crappie occurs in warm ponds and shallow areas of lakes. It requires cleaner waters than the white crappie but it tolerates slightly lower temperatures. It is an important sport and commercial species with excellent quality flesh. It has been widely disseminated within the U.S. and Southern Canada. The species has also been introduced to the waters of Northern Mexico.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Mexico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: U.S.A., Rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Florida, Arkansas and Tennessee
The red swamp crayfish is extremely abundant on the flood-plains of many of the Southern rivers of the U.S. It is the subject of large commercial fisheries and of an expanding aquaculture. The species has been introduced into several warm temperate and tropical countries for aquaculture but individuals have escaped and free living populations have become established often with such success that the species is regarded as a pest.
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Africa | ||
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To: Kenya |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Well established and expanding its range (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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To: Sudan |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Specimens held in aquaculture facility (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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To: Uganda |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Escape from fish ponds |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Established around Kajansi fish farm (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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Asia | ||
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To: Japan |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Comments: Well established and prolific in natural waters regarded as a pest (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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Europe | ||
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To: Italy |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread in Lazio and Umbria where it is cultured commercially. | ||
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To: Spain |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1972, 1973 |
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Reason: Aquaculture and replacement of A. astacus in natural waters | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1923 |
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Reason: Forage |
Reproducing: Yes |
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Costa Rica |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Escape from aquaculture ponds |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Established in wild and spreading (Huner ana Avault, 1979). | ||
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To: Dominican Republic |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1977 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Well established in certain fish culture stations (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
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To: Panama |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1987 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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To: Venezuela |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1978 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: (Huner and Avault, 1979). | ||
Native range: China, Korea, Japan and the Amur basin
A small cyprinid (11 cm) that was accidentally introduced into along with shipments of the U.S.S.R. along with shipments of Chinese carp fry. The species became established in the Danube and has since diffused through the Danube system. The species is generally regarded as a pest as its very high reproductive rate gives rise to dense populations of fish which compete with fry of other species.
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Asia/Europe | ||
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To: U.S.S.R |
From: Yangtze R., China |
Year: 1961 |
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Reason: Accidentally introduced with Chinese carps |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Partially displaced local species: Show more rapid growth and higher fecundity than in native rivers (Rosenthal, 1976). | ||
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Europe | ||
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To: Czechoslovakia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: By diffusion throughout Danube R. system, possibly accidental initially. | ||
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Reproducing: Yes | ||
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To: Hungary |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: By diffusion throughout Danube R. system, possibly accidental initially. | ||
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Reproducing: Yes | ||
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To: Rumania |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: By diffusion throughout Danube R. system, possibly accidental initially. | ||
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Reproducing: Yes | ||
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To: Yugoslavia |
From: unknown |
Year: unknown |
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Reason: by diffusion throughout Danube r. System, possibly accidental initially. | ||
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Reproducing: yes | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Fiji |
From: Japan |
Year: 1984 |
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Reason: accident |
Reproducing: yes |
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Native range: Amazon basin
The angelfish has long been one of the favorite species of aquarists. It is very sensitive to low temperatures and normally inhabits fairly acid waters. For this reason the success of escaped fish is likely to be limited and only two cases of fish being caught in the wild have been recorded, both in South America adjacent to the Amazon, where physical ad chemical conditions are similar.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Guyana |
from: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown: |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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To: Surinam |
From: Guyana |
Year: 1968 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Native range: U.S.A., Canada and Mexico
The American bullfrog is cultured in the U.S. and has been introduced into the Dominican Republic for aquaculture. It has, however, failed to breed naturally and is being maintained by artificial means.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Argentina |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: Unknown, |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Brazil |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1955 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Dominican Republic |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1955 |
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Reason: Fisheries and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Panama |
From: Cuba |
Year: 1981 |
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Reason: Experimental aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
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To: Uruguay |
From: Brazil |
Year: 1987 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
Native range: Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand
The three-lined rasbora is one of the many species of this genus which have been disseminated around the world by- the aquarium fish trade. It is a tropical species and would not survive under natural conditions in temperate waters but £t is surprising that escapees of this and ofher Rasbora species have not been reported from tropical countries other than Colombia.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: China, Japan, Korea and Amur River basin
A sub-species of R. similis is found in U.S.S.R. rivers so the appearance of this species in Western Asia is not strictly an international introduction. However, the accidental transport of the species to the region constitutes a long distance and significant introduction as it could eventually penetrate the Ponto-Caspian rivers.
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Asia/Europe | ||
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To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Yangtze R. China |
Year: 1961 |
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Reason: Accidentally introduced with Chinese carp fry | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Partially displaced local species in Tashkent where the species shows higher growth and fecundity than in its native habitat. | ||
Native range: Taiwan Island, China
This species, the rosy bitterling, was introduced into Eastern China, The Korean peninsula and Japan at some time past as an ornamental species. Escapes led to such effective colonization of the waters of these countries that the species was for a long time considered native. Accidental introduction to Fiji probably also resulted from escapes of ornamental specimens.
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Asia | ||
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To: China (mainland) |
From: Taiwan Island |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Japan |
From: China |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Korea |
From: China |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Oceania | ||
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To: Fiji |
From: Japan |
Year: 1984 |
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Reason: Accident |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Eastern Europe and Northern Asia Minor
The bitterling is well known for its habit of laying its eggs in the mantle cavity of freshwater mussels. The species was popular among cold water aquarists for ornament and escapees from aquaria became established in areas of the British Isles and in the Eastern U.S.
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Europe | ||
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To: U.K. |
From: Europe |
Year: 1920s |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Self breeding populations in Cheshire, Lancashire, Shropshire. The species is spreading but is of no special value (Lever, 1977). | ||
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: Europe |
Year: 1923 |
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Reason: Accidental escape from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Confined to one river in New York State (Lee at al. 1980). | ||
Native range: Eastern Colombia, Venezuela and adjacent Islands.
At 10 cm length Bart's rivulus le the largest species of the genus. It is mainly introduced for ornament but la also eaten in its native range. Some individuals escaped from aquaria in Florida but the population that was established was later eradicated.
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North America | ||
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To.: U.S.A. |
From: Brazil |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Escape from aquaria |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Eradicated from Florida where a local population was established. | ||
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Africa | ||
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To: Madagascar |
From: France |
Year: 1925 |
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Reason: Fisheries |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Comments: Disappeared. |
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Europe | ||
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To: Cyprus |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Commence: Not popular with anglers. | ||
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To: Ireland |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1889 |
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Reason: Accidentally released following use as a bait fish | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Has spread widely throughout Ireland since the 1960s, regarded as a nuisance. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1900s |
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Reason: as a forage fish |
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Isolated populations persist in Victoria and its range is extending possibly because of its use as a bait fish. | ||
