3. COUNTRY PROFILES

3.1 THAILAND

3.1.1 Thailand - Coastal Zone Management Planning

Thailand's vertically structured administrative and legal system have made it difficult to deal effectively with resource issues, particularly in the coastal zone; several functional departments and legislative bodies may be involved. There would appear to be three major programs in Thailand which address the issues of coastal resource management, including the seafarming component of aquaculture.

1. Master plan for coastal land development for each coastal province in Thailand, prepared by the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. Submitted to the Land Development Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Contact person : Chakrit Manotham, Director of Coastal Land Development Project, Department of Land Development.

2. A request from the government of Thailand to the Asian Development Bank for assistance in the preparation of a master plan for the coastal zone of Thailand. This project is seen as a follow-up to the ADB supported fisheries sector study (submitted to the Thai Government in April 85) and its recommendation for the preparation of a consistent coastal zone management plan. Contact person: Ernst Petersen, Senior Agribusiness Specialist, ADB.

3. Participation by Thailand in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - United States (US) Coastal Resources Management Project (CRMP). This project was initiated in June 86 under the auspices of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) and was completed in 1988. The project report is entitled The Coastal Environment Profile of Ban Don Bay and Phang-nga Bay. Contact person: Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, Project Coordinator, ICLARM.

Coastal development planning and management, including a listing of relevant laws and regulations in Thailand, are outlined in a publication edited by I. Baker and P. Kaeoniam.

3.1.2 Thailand - Base Mapping

3.1.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of the Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of Defence.

All maps at a scale larger than 1:75,000 are considered to be confidential. However, other government departments may obtain permission to utilize these maps for departmental requirements.

Scale of mapping and coverage:

3.1.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of the Royal Thai Navy, Ministry of Defence. Military clearance probably required to access large-scale charts.

Scale of charting and coverage: 1:240,000 Mercator - complete coverage Various scales - specific areas

3.1.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Not available.

3.1.2.4 Personnel/expertise: In addition to the above divisions and departments, cartographers are located in the Royal Irrigation Department, the Geology Division and the Land Development Department.

3.1.3 Thailand - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.1.3.1 Responsible agencies: National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Remote Sensing Division, Bangkok.

3.1.3.2 National satellite: None to date.

3.1.3.3 Ground station: Thailand Remote Sensing Centre (TRSC), NRCT, Ladkrabang.

3.1.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS):

3.1.3.5 Personnel/expertise:

Suvit Vibulsesth
Director, Remote Sensing Division
NRCT

Ed Osterman
Customer Service Manager (ASEAN)
MacDonald Dettwiler, NRCT

Chaat Monkolmann
Brackishwater Fisheries Division
Department of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives

Chuthaporn Suvanphetch
National Environment Branch
Ministry of Science and Technology

Boonyakiat Saengwan
Land Use Planning Division
Department of Land Development
Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives

Prasopchai Namlabhuda
Forest Management Division
Royal Forest Department
Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives

3.1.3.6 Training: Courses of less than 1 month are organized by NRCT, e.g., two seminars (Jan and Dec 88) with DIGIM/Lavalin as executing organization.

Formal training is carried out by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok.

Foreign training is arranged by NRCT.

3.1.4 Thailand - Aerial Photography

Because of its military significance, all aerial photography is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. Access to aerial photographs is therefore restricted.

Black and white air photo coverage of the whole country was completed 12 years ago at a scale of 1:2000. The photos are expensive and military clearance is required for their use.

3.1.5 Thailand - Thematic Mapping

A number of Thai government departments and other agencies have carried out or are planning projects which have relevance to the Regional and National Seafarming Resources Atlases.

1. Aquaculture area map of Bang Pakong using LANDSAT imagery (TM). Scale 1:50,000, 1987. Contact person : Chaat Mongkolmann, Aquaculturist, Brackishwater Fisheries Division.

2. Classification of mangrove forest land use zones in Thailand. Sponsored by the International Development and Research Centre (IDRC, Canada), the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Royal Forestry Department (RFD). 3 year project. Contact person: Prasopchai Namlabhuda, Technical Forest Officer, Forest Management Division.

3. Conflict mapping (aquaculture and industry) for Chonburi, Samut Prakan and Rayong Provinces using satellite imagery (MSS, TM & SPOT) and aerial photography. Scale 1:50,000. Contact person: Somsak Singholka, Brackishwater Fisheries Division.

4. Brackishwater irrigation mapping for shrimp culture. Feasibility study in Samut Sakhon and Samutsongkram Provinces. Executing agency: Princess Chulabhorn Science and Technology Institute.

5. The King's Project - Coastal zone aquaculture at Kung Kraben Bay, Chanthaburi Province. Sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

6. Cooperative shrimp farm development project in Rayong and Surat Thani Provinces. Sponsored by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

7. River mouth pollution monitoring project - Chachoengsao and Samut Songkram Provinces. Sponsored by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

8. Soil and land use (including aquaculture) mapping for each province at a scale of 1:100,000, compiled at 1:50,000. Contact person: P. Trakuldist, Agronomist, Land Development Department.

9. Coastal resource project - Phuket Island, using satellite imagery analyzed on Meridien system. Contact person: Chuthaporn Suvanphetch, Office of the National Environment Branch.

10. Master plan for coastal land development for each province in Thailand. Contact person: Surapol Krishnamra, Senior Land Use Planner, Land Development Department.

11. The King's Project - demonstration of Resource Information Management System (RIMS) for Chiangmai region of northern Thailand. Sponsored by CIDA. Contact person: Marc Beaudoin, Project Manager, NRCT.

3.1.6 Thailand - Geographical Information Systems

The availability of GIS in Thailand was summarized (pers. comm.) by Dr. Lukens of the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). The commercial GIS systems at AIT include:

Mainframe computer software: Berry Map

Mini computer software: Super Map

Other GIS systems installed in Thailand include:

3.1.6.1 Training: The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok provides regular training in GIS. The NACA/Seafarming Project of FAO, in collaboration with AIT, organized a workshop on “Geographical Information Systems Applications in Aquaculture”, December 5–23, 1988 in Bangkok. The objective of the workshop was to provide participants with an appreciation of the advantages and constraints of GIS and associated technologies, as well as the ability to communicate effectively with GIS specialists.

3.1.7 Comments and Recommendations

Thailand has all the components required to provide the data and information for their sector of the Regional Seafarming Resources Atlas and subsequently to produce a National Seafarming Resources Atlas and allied resource information management system. Because Thailand, however, does not appear to have a history of close interdepartmental cooperation, the requirements for the production of the National Seafarming Resources Atlas dictate:

1. that senior management within relevant departments fully support the rationale for this project and commit appropriate personnel, equipment and funds;

2. that an interdepartmental working committee chaired by a senior representative of the Department of Fisheries be identified;

3. that the national coordinator of NACA/Seafarming Project act as coordinator, to ensure interdepartmental and intergovernmental liaisons.

We suggest that the working committee include: Dr. Anant Saraya (Chairman) and Chaat Monkolmann, Department of Fisheries; Prasopchai Namlabhuda, Royal Forest Department; P. Trakuldist and Boonyakiat Saengwan, Land Development Department; and Chuthaporn Suvanphetch, National Environmental Board. A cartographer should be identified from the Royal Thai Survey.

3.2 INDIA

3.2.1 India - Coastal Zone Management Planning

In the limited time available, the consulting team was unable to locate information on coastal zone management per se. However, personal communications with Dr. M.N. Kutty (NACA/FAO, Bangkok) indicated extensive interdepartmental involvement with coastal zone management and planning at both the central and maritime state levels. The 1986/87 Annual Report of the Department of Ocean Development refers to the Planning Commission having established a Task Force in 1984 on oceanography, marine resources and coastal studies. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) of the Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was assigned six major areas of research and study, two of which are coastal zone management and pollution.

An interdepartmental APEX committee has been established to look into the various aspects of pollution monitoring and control in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of India. Agencies involved are the Coast Guard, the Ministries of Shipping and Transport, Petroleum, Agriculture, Urban Development and Industry, the Department of Environment, the National Institute of Oceanography, and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI).

DOD is the nodal centre in the Regional Seas Program of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP).

The Government of India constituted the Ocean Science and Technology Board in 1986. The Board acts as a focal point for interdepartmental and interministerial cooperation in respect to ocean (including coastal) related activities.

However, in the broader context of coastal zone management, a pamphlet entitled “Nehru, the Man of Science” issued by DOD in 1989 states that there is a need for a comprehensive national policy and guidelines with requisite enforcing powers for managing the various coastal departmental activities in India.

3.2.2 India - Base Mapping

3.2.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of the Survey of India, Dehra Dun.

Scale of mapping and coverage: Unknown, although presumed to be comprehensive.

3.2.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of the Naval Hydrography Office, Ministry of Defence, Delhi. British Admiralty bathymetric charts are available.

Scale of charting and coverage: Unknown, although presumed to be comprehensive.

3.2.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Not available.

3.2.2.4 Personnel/expertise: Other than in the departments identified above, the location of other cartographers is unknown.

3.2.3 India - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.2.3.1 Responsible agencies: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing and the Space Application Centre of the Department of Space; the Indian Space Research Organization, Bangalore; the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Balanagar; and the Major Centre for Remote Sensing at NIO, Goa.

3.2.3.2 National satellite: IRS-1 (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite 1) scheduled for launching later this year from USSR. It will carry two pushbroom Linear Imaging Sensor systems whose bands and resolution (both radiometric and spatial) are comparable to MSS.

3.2.3.3 Ground station: Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad.

Satellite reception: LANDSAT

Location of tape processing (HDDT to CCT): Unknown.

3.2.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): Software for the interpretation of satellite imagery is reportedly available at the Major Centre for Remote Sensing at NIO, Goa. The location of other systems is unknown although it is assumed that the other remote sensing centres have this capability.

3.2.3.5 Personnel/expertise:

Dr. R. Sudarshana
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

3.2.3.6 Training: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun

3.2.4 India - Aerial Photography

Availability unknown but probably restricted access due to its military significance.

3.2.5 India - Thematic Mapping

No thematic mapping was made available to the consulting team, although it was informed of the following thematic mapping projects which have relevance to the Regional and National Seafarming Resources Atlases:

1. Mangrove distribution. Executing agencies: Department of Environment and UNESCO.

2. Oceanographic data. Executing agency: NIO, Goa.

3. Fishery data. Executing agencies: Fishery Survey of India, Bombay; Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin; and Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore.

4. Seafarming Atlas of India. Contact person: Dr. P.S.B.R. James, CMFRI, Cochin.

3.2.6 India - Geographical Information Systems

Location and type of systems unknown.

3.2.6.1 Training: Refer to Section 3.1.6.1.

3.2.7 Comments and Recommendations

Based on the pivotal role of the Central Marine Fisheries Institute of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), this institute would appear to have the mandate required to chair an interdepartmental working committee referred to in the introductory comments (refer to Section 2). In addition to having the mandate and the requisite expertise, CMFRI also has established linkages with other organizations relevant to coastal zone management (refer to Figures 3 and 4). The consulting team only had contact with senior personnel of the Indian government and cannot, therefore, identify appropriate personnel for the working committee.

3.3 SINGAPORE

3.3.1 Singapore - Coastal Zone Management Planning

The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore was published in 1988 by ICLARM on behalf of the ASEAN/US Coastal Resources Management Project. This comprehensive report (and associated bibliography) recommends a series of developments leading to the adoption of a coastal area management plan for Singapore. Because of its small area, the entire coastline of Singapore was covered by the ICLARM report. The proposed steps identified in the profile are as follows:

1. A proposed management plan incorporating a series of coastal resource and utilization maps has been completed. The plan would identify specific management problems that need to be addressed and make suggestions on appropriate measures to solve them.

2. A national workshop should then be convened to provide an opportunity for all concerned to discuss the proposed plan with the view to modifying it to take into account the deliberations, including specific recommendations, made at the workshop.

3. Beyond step 2, decisions are required from the government to adopt the plan in principle for implementation. The process of implementation would involve setting an appropriate institutional arrangement for management. This would be followed by deciding on specific goals to be adopted and selecting appropriate measures to achieve them.

4. This step does not need to follow sequentially from the above. A program for promoting marine/coastal research and environmental education should be adopted. The process of raising public awareness on the value of coastal resources as part of the environment of Singapore requires time and therefore should be initiated at the earliest possible opportunity. Efforts by the Malayan Nature Society in this direction have already begun and should be supported by the government.

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN ( ICAR ) LINKAGES WITH OTHER ORGANISATIONS IN THE ON-GOING RESEARCH PROGRAMMES

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTION (ICAR)-ORGANISATIONAL CHART

3.3.2 Singapore - Base Mapping

3.3.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of the Survey Department of the Ministry of Law. The Ministry of Defense restricts distribution.

Scale of charting and coverage: 1:50,000 TM - 1 map sheet covers entire country. Large scales probably available.

3.3.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of the Hydrographic Department of the Port of Singapore Authority, Ministry of Communications and Information.

Scale of charting and coverage:
1:60,000 Mercator - complete coverage
1:30,000 Mercator - complete coverage
1:10,000 Mercator - partial coverage

3.3.2.3 Coastal zone map: Not available.

3.3.2.4 Personnel/expertise: In addition to the above departments, cartographers are located at the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore.

3.3.3. Singapore - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.3.3.1 Responsible agency: Ministry of Defence

3.3.3.2 National satellites: None to date.

3.3.3.3 Ground station: Department of Meteorology, Changi Airport

Satellite reception: NOAA (meteorological observations and SST). LANDSAT imagery purchased from Thailand, MOS-1 from Japan and SPOT from France.

3.3.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): Software being developed by the Physics Department of the National University of Singapore for mainframe, mini and micro-computers. This department is participating in the MOS-1 verification program.

3.3.3.5 Personnel/expertise:

Y.J. Chong, Ph.D.
Department of Physics
National University of Singapore

3.3.3.6 Training: National University of Singapore. A training course on remote sensing and GIS was carried out in Singapore, November 1-12, 1988 under the auspices of ICLARM, ASEAN and US-AID.

3.3.4 Singapore - Aerial Photography

Because of its military significance, all aerial photography is the responsibility of the Department of Defence. Access to aerial photographs is therefore restricted.

3.3.5 Singapore - Thematic Mapping

A number of Singapore government departments and departments of the National University of Singapore have carried out or are planning projects which have relevance to the Regional and National Seafarming Resources Atlases. These projects include:

1. The Coastal Environmental Profile of Singapore, 1988. Contact persons: Drs. Chia Lin Sien and Chou Loke Ming, National University of Singapore.

2. Marine Emergency Action Procedure, Port of Singapore Authority. Contact person: Capt. Wong Nam Kwong, Senior Port Marine Officer, PSA.

3. Distribution maps of current and potential aquaculture operations under Singapore jurisdiction. Contact persons: Renée Chou, Senior Scientific Officer and Leslie John Cheong, Head of Marine Aquaculture Section, Fisheries Division, Primary Production Department.

4. Coastal fisheries oceanographic studies in Johore Strait, Singapore. Contact person: L.C. Lim, Marine Aquaculture Section, Primary Production Department.

5. Air and water quality data, monitoring sites, etc. Contact person: Ong Seng Eng, Engineer, and Indrani Rajaram, Chemist, Department of the Environment.

6. Oil spill trajectory models. Executing agencies: Ministry of Environment and Port of Singapore Authority.

3.3.6 Singapore - Geographical Information Systems

A comprehensive listing of GIS systems and locations was not available. A report prepared by UNEP, apparently available from UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, surveys the GIS systems in use in Singapore. These systems include: Syscan, Intergraph and Computervision.

The consulting team is aware of a benchmark being carried out by the Hydrographic Department of the Port of Singapore Authority, which is currently assessing CARIS, GeoVision and Arclnfo. GIS are also being evaluated for a Land Information System by the Survey Department of the Ministry of Law, with the assistance of Northwest Surveys International of Edmonton, Canada.

3.3.6.1 Training: The National University of Singapore is planning a GIS program starting in June 1989.

A training course on GIS and remote sensing was carried out in Singapore, November 1-12, 1988 under the auspices of ICLARM, ASEAN and USAID. Also refer to Section 3.1.6.1.

3.3.7 Comments and Recommendations

According to ICLARM, Singapore is shelf-locked and, therefore, a geographically disadvantaged state (GDS) as a result of the establishment of the territorial waters and the Exclusive Economic Zones by Malaysia and Indonesia. For these reasons and the fact that industrial development and military considerations are of paramount importance to Singapore, seafarming is not perceived as a national priority. However, the Primary Production Department (PPD) is determined to raise seafarming production from its current position of providing less than 1% of fish products consumed in Singapore (100,000 metric tons per year) to a level of 10%. It should also be noted that Singapore has comprehensive legislation and regulations specifically directed towards the management of seafarming.

We suggest that the interdepartmental working committee include: Leslie John Cheong (Chairman) and Renee Chou of the Marine Aquaculture Section, PPD; Yeo Ziong Wee, Development Division, PPD; Jasbir Singh, Hydrography Department, PSA; Ong Seng Eng, Department of the Environment; Drs. Chia L.S., Chou L.M., Chong, Y,G. and Wong, P.P. of the National University of Singapore.

3.4 INDONESIA

3.4.1 Indonesia - Coastal Zone Management Planning

Indonesia is in a transition stage from Repelita IV to V, the fourth and fifth national 5 year development plans. Repelita V (1989-94) recognizes the pressing need for sustainable economic development of Indonesia's marine and coastal resources, to be carried out under the auspices of the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). This agency coordinates all foreign aid.

In July 1987 BAPPENAS commissioned the Medium Term Planning Support Project to provide planning support to the government of Indonesia in developing a coordinated marine and coastal resource use and management strategy for implementation during Repelita V. The project was funded by CIDA and executed by BAPPENAS with the assistance of the Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office (FEARO). Administrative support was provided by the Ministry of State for Population and Environment (KLH).

A National Workshop on Planning for Development of Marine and Coastal Resources was held on December 1, 1987 in Jakarta. Twentytwo government agencies participated in a review of the draft action plan.

Key documents relevant to coastal zone management, including aquaculture, include:

1. Action Plan for Sustainable Development of Indonesia's Marine and Coastal Resources by the National Development Planning Agency;

2. Marine and Coastal Sector Development in Indonesia, prepared for CIDA by the Marine and Coastal Sector Definition Mission. This comprehensive publication includes sections on law of the sea, environmental management, coastal community development, coastal and marine fisheries, institutional framework, etc.

3. Proceeding of the Technical Workshop, ASEAN-US Coastal Resources Management, Indonesia In-Country Project, March 7– 9, 1988, Semarang, Indonesia. This ICLARM project focuses on the coastal environment and resources of Segara Anakan, Cilacap, South Java.

4. Coastal Zone Management in the Strait of Malacca. Proceedings of a Symposium on Environmental Research and Coastal Zone Management in the Strait of Malacca, 11–13 November 1985, Madan, Indonesia. This symposium was supported by the government of Indonesia, UNDP, World Bank and CIDA.

3.4.2 Indonesia - Base Mapping

3.4.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of Bakosurtanal, the national coordinating agency for Surveying and Mapping. Within Bakosurtanal there is a Base Map Centre where new base maps are computer catalogued through INDOFOTA and hard copies are held and distributed.

Scale of mapping and coverage: Believed to be comprehensive but details unknown.

Bakosurtanal, with World Bank support and with aerial photography by Geo Surveys of Canada, is preparing 1:50,000 topographic maps of West Kalimantan.

3.4.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of the Indonesian Naval Hydrographic Department. Military clearance probably required to access large-scale charts.

Scale of charting and coverage: Believed to be comprehensive but dated. Details unknown.

3.4.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Not available.

3.4.2.4 Personnel/expertise: Primarily staff of Bakosurtanal.

3.4.3 Indonesia - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.4.3.1 Responsible agencies: Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Pekayon, Pasar Rebo, Jakarta Timur (Ministry of Public Works).

3.4.3.2 National satellite: None to date.

3.4.3.3 Ground stations: LAPAN, Jakarta Biak Island, Eastern Indonesia

Satellite reception:

Biak Island: NOAA (AVHRR)

Location of tape processing (HDDT to CCT): LAPAN

3.4.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS):

Under the Land Resources Evaluation and Planning (LREP) Project of Bakosurtanal, Erdas Workstations will be located in BAPPEDA (Provincial Development Planning Agency) Offices. Dipix systems will be acquired specifically for image analysis. A comprehensive survey of image processing capabilities in Indonesia is being prepared by Dr. R. Maher, GIS advisor to the Environmental Manpower Development in Indonesia (EMDI) project.

3.4.3.5 Personnel/expertise:

Mahadi Kartasasmita
Head of Earth Resources Satellite Ground Station
LAPAN

Sri Utaminingsih Nugroho
Scientist
LAPAN

Toto Marnanto Kadri
Staff Member
LAPAN

3.4.3.6 Training: Although little information was made available to the authors, it is believed that the Institute of Technology in Bandung (ITB) has this capability.

Formal training is available at AIT, Bangkok.

3.4.4 Indonesia - Aerial Photography

Bakosurtanal is the major repository for aerial photography. It has an aerial photograph working unit which currently holds negative copies of all aerial photographs taken as part of the Bakosurtanal base mapping program. Use of aerial photography probably requires prior military approval.

3.4.5 Indonesia - Thematic mapping

Bakosurtanal, in addition to the above, is an important repository for thematic maps, both hard-copy and digital. It is responsible for the National Resources Atlas of Indonesia which includes a series of Index of Indonesia sheets depicting coverage of aerial photographs, base maps, soil maps and forestry map cover. In addition to the activities at Bakosurtanal, major thematic mapping and relevant projects include:

1. Seafarming resources map, 1989. Sponsored by UNDP. Contact person: Banchong Tiensongrusmee.

2. 1:50,000 scale regional plans. Produced by the Urban and Regional Planning Division (Cipta Karya) of the Ministry of Public Works.

3. Oceanology Atlas. Produced by the National Institute of Oceanology (LON). Contact person: Malikusworo Hutomo.

4. Proceedings of the joint workshop on remote sensing of the sea. Based on the Snellius-II expedition, 1984. Sponsored by LAPAN, German Aerospace Research Organization (DFVLR) and the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Among the topics considered were pelagic systems, coral reefs and river inputs into ocean systems.

5. Indonesian coastal resource report. Sponsored by USAID. In press. Contact person: Nora Berwick, USAID Office, Washington, USA.

6. Indonesian fisheries economy study. 1988. Funded by ADB. Prepared for the Directorate General of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture by Robert Nathan and Associates.

3.4.6 Indonesia - Geographical Information Systems

The consultants are aware of a Micro-Brian system at the National Institute of Oceanology and an Erdas system at Bakosurtanal. A detailed report, however, has been prepared by Dr. R. Maher, entitled “Draft Preliminary Report on the Application of Geographic Systems in KLH”. This report reviews GIS distribution in Indonesia and assesses their potential.

3.4.6.1 Training: According to Dr. Maher's report, the Environmental Studies Centre (PPLH) at the Centre for Environmental Research (ITB), Bandung, may be identified as the GIS training centre for Indonesia.

3.4.7 Comments and Recommendations

Indonesia is on the threshold of major GIS utilization. It has a space application centre (LAPAN) with a small but experienced staff and extensive coastal zone management documentation. The Seafarming Resources Map (UNDP Seafarming Development Project INS/81/008) prepared by Banchong Tiensongrusmee et al., 1989, represents a collaborative effort between UNDP, the Directorate General of Fisheries, the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and LAPAN. The Seafarming Resources Map is an excellent example of a product resulting from a cohesive interdepartmental working group. It is suggested that Dr. Purwito Martosubroto extend the life and mandate of the working group to develop the Indonesian National Seafarming Resources Atlas, with himself acting as chairman and Dr. Banchong as coordinator. Other committee members might include Hardjono and Soleh Samsi, Directorate General of Fisheries; Kisto Mintardjo and Muhammad Murdjani, Seafarming Development Centre Lampung, Directorate General of Fisheries; Sri Utaminingsih Nugroho, LAPAN; and Malikusworo Hutomo and Abdul Gani Illahude, LON.

3.5 PHILIPPINES

3.5.1 Philippines - Coastal Zone Management Planning

The Philippine component of the ASEAN-US Coastal Resource Management Project focuses on the Lingayen Gulf in the Northwestern corner of Luzon Island. The project's major goal is to develop a community based management program of renewable coastal resources. This project is being implemented by ICLARM which is headquartered in Manila.

Silliman University in Dumaguete, Negros, Oriental is implementing a Marine Conservation and Development Program. This is designed to enable local communities to project and/or enhance their marine resources.

Major Philippine government agencies having concern for coastal zone management include the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and the Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources. Municipal governments appear to have considerable authority within their jurisdiction.

3.5.2 Philippines - Base Mapping

3.5.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Makati, Metro Manila.

Scale of mapping and coverage:

1:500,000	- country wide
1:250,00	- country wide
1:50,000	- country wide
1:25,000 & 10,000	- selected areas

3.5.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of NAMRIA.

Scale of charting and coverage: Comprehensive at various scales ranging from 1:1,575,000 to 1:5000.

3.5.2.3 Coastal zone map: Not available.

3.5.2.4 Personnel/expertise: All necessary cartographic skills are available from NAMRIA.

3.5.3 Philippines - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.5.3.1 Responsible agency: NAMRIA

3.5.3.2 National satellite: None to date.

3.5.3.3 Ground station: None to date but will have a NOAA/AVHRR receiving station in 1990.

3.5.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): LANDSAT AND SPOT imagery purchased from NRCT in Bangkok and processed by NAMRIA using Erdas. The consultants were not made aware of other systems.

3.5.3.5 Personnel/expertise: NAMRIA staff.

3.5.3.6 Training: Unknown in the Philippines although the University of the Philippines probably has this capability. Formal training available at AIT, Bangkok.

3.5.4 Philippines - Aerial Photography

NAMRIA is the responsible agency.

3.5.5 Philippines - Thematic Mapping

NAMRIA is responsible for integrating and mapping all resource data, for example:

1. Land cover maps. Scale 1:250,000

2. Land cover statistics based on 1987 SPOT satellite data by region/province.

3. Natural Resource Atlas on a regional basis. Scale 1:500,000.

4. Oceanographic Atlas.

5. Inventory of mangrove. Scale 1:250,000

6. Coral reef mapping of specific sites.

The contact person re NAMRIA publications is Ricardo T. Bina, Deputy Administrator.

Other relevant thematic mapping projects include:

7. Investigation of coral reef resources in the Philippines. Executing agency: Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. Contact person: Dr. Gavino C. Trono.

8. Collection of marine resource data (seaweed, mangrove, bivalve and aquaculture). Executing agency: Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. Contact person: Dr. Gavino C. Trono.

3.5.6 Philippines - Geographical Information Systems

NAMRIA has a PC version of Erdas and is planning to purchase Arc Info.

3.5.6.1 Training: Unknown in the Philippines although the University of the Philippines probably has these capabilities. Formal training is available at AIT, Bangkok.

3.5.7 Comments and Recommendations

There would appear to be four agencies which would have major contributions to make to a Phillipine National Seafarming Resources Atlas: BFAR; NAMRIA; the Environmental Management Bureau; and the Marine Science Institute of the University of the Philippines. We suggest that an inter-agency working committee be formed to undertake the Atlas project. Members of the committee could be as follows: Juanito B. Malig (Chairman), BFAR; Nelson Lopez (NACA/Seafarming National Coordinator), BFAR; Cecilia Reyes, BFAR; Ricardo T. Bina and Francisca N.Dayrit, NAMRIA; Dr. Gavino C. Trono, University of Philippines; and representatives from the Environmental Management Bureau.

3.6 CHINA

3.6.1 China - Coastal Zone Management Planning

The consultants have no information on this subject although it undoubtedly exists within coastal province agencies. Within the context of coastal zone management planning, seafarming (mariculture) has been identified as a major growth industry. According to Chen Jiaxin of the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, the yield from seafarming is anticipated to rise from 857,000 metric tons (10% of total fisheries production) in 1986 to 2,900,000 metric tons in the year 2000. This increase in yield represents a hectarage increase from approximately 380,000 to 1,000,000 hectares.

Some of the documents relevant to seafarming include:

1. Fisheries profile of China, prepared by Small Worlds Consultancy, Vancouver, B.C. Funded by CIDA.

2. Review of China's fisheries: paper to be presented at FAO, Rome in April 1989 by Guan Rui-Jie and Chen Yi-De of the Bureau of Aquatic Products.

3. The status and future perspective of mariculture in China, prepared by Chen Jiaxin, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao.

   Note: Mr. Chen is scheduled to join NACA in Bangkok.

4. Development of marine culture of fish (CPR/81/014). Executing agency: UNDP. Contact person: L.I.J. Silva, FAO representative in China, Beijing.

5. China Agriculture Yearbook. Published by the Agriculture Publishing House, Beijing.

6. Proceedings of the Workshop on seaweed production and utilization, China. FAO, Rome, 1988.

7. Proceedings of the Beijing international symposium on remote sensing (BISRS 86), Beijing.

3.6.2 China - Base Mapping

3.6.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of two parallel organizations:

• The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (NBSM)

• The Surveying and Mapping Bureau of the General Headquarters Staff

The NBSM (Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection) is headquartered in Beijing with bureaus in each of China's twenty-nine provinces, autonomous regions and city regions.

Scale of mapping and coverage:
1:100,000 - country wide
1:50,000 - country wide except Tibet
1:10,000 and 1:5,000 - mainly intensive farming areas

3.6.2.2 Hydrographic charts: No information was made available but presumed to be comprehensive based on the topographic coverage.

3.6.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Not available

3.6.2.4 Personnel/expertise: Staff of NBSM and the Surveying and Mapping Bureau of the General Headquarters Staff.

3.6.3 China - Remote Sensing (satellite)

3.6.3.1 Responsible agencies: National Remote Sensing Centre, Beijing and the Remote Sensing Application Centre of Chinese universities.

3.6.3.2 National satellites: China has launched her own satellites. An Earth Resource Satellite for land applications using a multispectral scanner is scheduled for launch in 1989.

3.6.3.3 Ground station: Beijing

Tape processing (HDDT to CCT): Unknown

3.6.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): According to Taylor, Chinese scientists have shown particular ingenuity in the analysis of remotely sensed imagery. The emphasis is more on visual processing and analysis than on automated digital image analysis. However, digital image processing systems, including DIPIX, Erdas and I²S, are widespread.

3.6.3.5 Personnel/expertise: Staff of the National Remote Sensing Centre and the Remote Sensing Application Centre of Chinese universities.

Wang Faji
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute
Qingdao

Zheng Xingang
Satellite Meteorological Centre
State Meteorological Administration
Beijing

Zheng Quanan
First Institute of Oceanography
State Ocean Administration
Qingdao

3.6.3.6 Training: Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping and many other institutions.

3.6.4 China - Aerial Photography

Aerial photography (and remote sensing) are both used extensively by the mapping agencies in the map production and update process.

3.6.5 China - Thematic Mapping

Thematic mapping is becoming increasingly important to all agencies producing maps in China, including the two major surveying and mapping bureaus, the National Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences (Beijing) and the provincial institutes of geography. The main national organization in China for the mapping sciences is the Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography (CSGPC), a part of the China Association for Science and Technology.

Major thematic mapping projects of relevance to the Regional and National Seafarming Resources Atlases include:

1. A National Map of Land Use at 1:2,000,000 complemented by 733 maps of 1:250,000 with fifteen land use categories identified;

2. Large scale mapping for agricultural regional planning at the county level, e.g. multi-colour agricultural atlas for Shiyei County near Wuhan. Contact agency: Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping.

Thematic maps are produced by various ministries of government such as those responsible for agriculture, coal, oil, geology, forestry, electric power, etc. Many have their own cartographic staff; others contract out the work. Each ministry has an office at the provincial level. China has 2300 counties which also commission or produce thematic maps.

3.6.6 China - Geographical Information Systems

The Laboratory of Resource and Environment Information Systems (LREIS) was established in 1985 by the Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the focal point of China's research into GIS, spatial handling and the integration of remote sensing and cartography. The LREIS is also responsible to the State Planning Commission. This laboratory is well equipped with computers, digitizing tables, scanners and plotters. According to Taylor (1987), the use of GIS with both foreign and national software and hardware, is now widespread.

3.6.6.1 Training: Instruction in computer-assisted cartography and GIS is part of the curriculum in both the Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping and Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, and the geography departments of various universities, particularly Beijing University.

3.6.7 Comments and Recommendations

Much of the above information was obtained from an informative paper entitled “Recent Developments in Cartography in the People's Republic of China” by D.R.F. Taylor (1987). As with most NACA countries, China has all of the technologies and expertise required to produce a National Seafarming Resources Atlas and subsequent information management systems. Because of China's complex and decentralized administrative system (refer to Figure 5), an interdepartmental/agency and inter-regional coordinating committee will be essential. The consultants suggest that the committee be chaired by Jia San, Bureau of Aquatic Products and coordinated by Yang Conghai, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute (YSFRI). Other committee members might include Fang Jian-Guang and Wang Faji of the YSFRI. Other representatives should be selected from the mapping agencies, the National Remote Sensing Centre and the oceanographic institutes.

3.7 KOREA (DPR)

The consultant team was not provided with visas and therefore could not visit Pyong Yang. However, Hassanai Kongkeo, NACA/FAO, did visit Pyong Yang and provided the consultants with some information which is summarized as follows:

3.7.1 Korea (DPR) - Coastal Zone Management Planning

No information made available to the consultants.

3.7.2 Korea (DPR) - Base Mapping

3.7.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsible agency unknown but distribution probably restricted.

Scale of mapping and coverage:

1:250,000 - country wide
1:50,000 - mainly cities; only available by special request

3.7.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsible agency unknown but distribution probably restricted.

Scale of charting and coverage: Presumed to be comprehensive.

3.7.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Availability unknown.

Infrastructure of Fishery System under MAAF

3.7.2.4 Personnel/expertise: Cartographers are only available within the military.

3.7.3 Korea (DPR) - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.7.3.1 Responsible agency: Unknown.

3.7.3.2 National Satellite: None to date.

3.7.3.3 Ground station: None to date.

Satellite imagery (meteorological) purchased from Japan following requests by the Fisheries Committee. The DPRK and Japanese governments are negotiating the installation of facilities for remote sensing re Korean fisheries.

3.7.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): Systems and locations unknown.

3.7.3.5 Personnel/expertise: Unknown.

3.7.3.6 Training: Unknown.

3.7.4 Korea (DPR) - Aerial Photography

Aerial photography is considered to be confidential.

3.7.5 Korea (DPR) - Thematic Mapping

Marine maps at a scale of 1:25,000 have been produced showing: bathymetry, current flow, some coastal morphology, water temperature, storm tracks and wind and wave regimes. Small-scale maps have been prepared indicating location of each seafarming species and the potential for seafarming expansion.

3.7.6 Korea (DPR) - Geographical Information Systems

Availability and distribution unknown.

3.7.6.1 Training: Unknown.

3.7.7 Comments and Recommendations

The consultants understand that cooperation between and within government departments may be difficult. To overcome this problem, an interdepartmental committee will be essential to undertake the National Seafarming Resources Atlas project. The committee should be chaired by Shin Song Chol (Seafarming National Coordinator), Bureau for External Economic Cooperation, Fisheries Committee. Others may include Kim Yong Sam, Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Committee; Kim Zin Sun, Kosong Shallow Sea Farming Research Institute (KSSFRI). Other participants should include oceanographers and remote sensing specialists.

3.8 KOREA (REP.)

3.8.1 Korea (Rep.) - Coastal Zone Management Planning

Although no documentation re coastal zone management per se was identified by the consultants, the publication “A Report of Comprehensive Survey on Sea Farming Areas in Korea”, prepared by the Fisheries Administration of the National Fisheries Research and Development Agency in 1988, provides much of the relevant information. This major publication consists of eight volumes covering the coastal provinces and one summary volume. The topics covered include survey data re aquaculture and artificial reef grounds, oceanographic parameters, status of coastal fisheries and infrastructure. Field survey data and analytical techniques are reviewed.

3.8.2 Korea (Rep.) - Base Mapping

3.8.2.1 Topographic maps: Responsibility of the National Geography Institute, Ministry of Construction, Suwon-Shi.

Scale of mapping and coverage:
1:250,000 - country wide
1:50,000 - country wide
1:25,000 - country wide
1:5,000 - approximately 2/3 of the country covered as of 1988.

Map index available.

3.8.2.2 Hydrographic charts: Responsibility of the Hydrographic Office, Ministry of Transportation.

Scale of charting and coverage:
1:200,000 - Korean continental shelf
1:50,000 - coastal charts
1:20,000 - channels and approaches 1:5,000 to 1:10,000 - anchorage charts

Chart index available.

3.8.2.3 Coastal zone maps: Responsibility of the National Geography Institute.

Scale of mapping and coverage: 1:25,000 - 25% complete; mapping of entire coastal zone scheduled for completion in 1996.

3.8.2.4 Personnel/expertise: Staff of the National Geography Institute and the Hydrographic Office.

3.8.3 Korea (Rep.) - Remote Sensing (Satellite)

3.8.3.1 Responsible agency: Unknown.

3.8.3.2 National satellite: None to date.

3.8.3.3 Ground station: National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, Pusan.

Satellite reception: NOAA 10 and 11 (SST). LANDSAT imagery (and probably MOS) is purchased from Japan.

3.8.3.4 Digital Image Processing Systems (DIPS): DIPS systems are used at the National Geography Institute.

3.8.3.5 Personnel/expertise: Staff of the Hydrographic Office.

3.8.3.6 Training: AIT, Bangkok.

3.8.4 Korea (Rep.) - Aerial Photography

Used extensively for the national mapping programs by the National Geography Institute. Available at the scales of 1:10,000, 1:20,000 and 1:37,500.

3.8.5 Korea (Rep.) - Thematic Mapping

Numerous thematic mapping programs are in progress, including:

1. The National Atlas of Korea indicating socio-economic parameters. Executing agency: National Geography Institute.

2. Land use mapping at a scale of 1:25,000, used for land development planning. Executing agency: National Geography Institute.

3. A survey on inland fisheries, initiated in 1989. Executing agency: National Fisheries Research and Development Agency.

3.8.6 Korea (Rep.) - Geographical Information Systems

A GIS has recently been implemented at the National Geography Institute.

3.8.6.1 Training: AIT, Bangkok and FAO sponsored workshops.

3.8.7 Comments and Recommendations

Korea (Rep.) has undertaken extensive inventories of its seafarming resources. Small-scale mapping indicating distribution of major mariculture species has been completed. The availability of the 1:25,000 coastal zone maps series (assuming military clearance) will provide an ideal base for the Korea (Rep.) National Seafarming Resources Atlas. Skilled personnel, appropriate facilities and relevant data/information are readily available.

We recommend that an interdepartmental committee consist of: Dr. Byung Ha Park (chairman), NFRDA; Kyu Seok Park, National Fisheries Administration; Bong Yeoul Kim and Pal Won Son, NFRDA; and Yeung Sung Hong, National Geography Institute. Other participants should be selected for their remote sensing and GIS experience.