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5. SERVICES

5.1 Water supply

(61) There are several different qualities of water required on the site, from several different services: these are summarized in Table 25, and are further described below.

  1. FRESH WATER

    1. General purpose wash/cleaning fresh water - supplied by tubewell from the site, to a main water storage tank, to mains distribution system - sinks, taps, toilets, etc. A small chlorination unit may be used.
    2. Drinking quality fresh water - provided by local boiling and/or sterilization, from mains supply.
    3. Laboratory quality fresh water - by local distillation and/or deionisation, from mains supply. See also b.
    4. General purpose field fresh water - supplied from collection ponds and collection tanks, to local storage tanks, for irrigation, pond and tank use, field cleaning.

    (62)

  2. SALINE WATER

    1. General purpose salt water - supplied during dry season from the river, normally 15–25 ppt, pumped to local storage tanks and reservoirs, thence to laboratory distribution system - for use in stock tanks, for supply to recycle systems, and for washing/rinsing.
    2. High quality salt water - supplied from general purpose sources, via filtration and/or sterilization, for use in feed and larval cultlure systems. Several different quality levels will be available.
    3. Full/variable salinity water - supplied by mixing general purpose salt and fresh water, or by adding seasalt to reach the desired quality. These supplies can also be treated in the high quality system.

    (63)

  3. RECYCLE WATER

    1. Recycle system water - organized on a local basis, using supplies from the services noted previously. In each laboratory concerned, water storage will be provided as a supply reservoir. In specific cases, such as the disease laboratory, hatchery systems, certain broodstock tanks, etc., it is simple to provide a single-tank recycle system. In other cases, as requirements will change through the season and from one research programme to another, it is important to allow for flexibility in use, and so recycle systems need not be permanently installed.

Table 25 - Water supplies: summary of quantities

SERVICE/AREALABORATORIESOTHERTOTAL
(1)(2)(3)(4)
SALT WATER SUPPLY, litres per minute
Broodstock tanks
--20050300550
Larval rearing
--5010-60
Algal rearing, rotifers
--20--20
Wet laboratories
100100-100-300
Quarantine laboratory
-60---60
Holding laboratory
-60---60
Additional capacity
20205020200310
TOTAL
1202403201805001360
At 40% usage
489612872200544
Notes: Larval, algal, rotifer rearing needs special quality quarantine; holding labs need isolated supply.
FRESH WATER SUPPLY
Broodstock tanks
--505050150
Larval rearing
--10101030
Algal rearing, rotifers
--5-510
Wet laboratories
5050-5050200
Quarantine laboratory
-30--2050
Holding laboratory
-30--2050
Additional capacity
2020202075155
TOTAL
7013085130230645
Usage factor
0.200.150.150.150.150.16
AVERAGE USE
1420132034100
RESIDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS:
300 × 45 1/hd/day:
13.5 m3/day @ 12 hr usage: 18.8 lpm
Note: quality requirements as with salt water

5.2 Drainage, treatment, and disposal

There are several different drainage and treatment requirements.

(64) General purpose domestic freshwater drainage from sinks, toilets, etc. This will be collected via PVC drainage/soil pipes to a central septic tank unit. This serves the residential, administrative and certain laboratory facilities. Laboratory sinks and drains are not however connected, as the variety of materials flushed from there may cause serious disruption of the septic tank's functions. Treated water will flow to the main drain.

(65) Laboratory drainage from flow drains, sinks, etc. A range of salinities, and diluted chemical/biological stocks, will be involved. A separate septic tank, with a generously sized soakaway will be required. Provision will also be made for chlorination if needed, for example in the fish disease laboratory area. Treated water will flow to the main drain channel.

(66) Dangerous material disposal, dangerous chemicals/ solutions, also potentially pathogenic materials, should be disposed of according to the instructions of the responsible staff. Chemicals would either be treated, then run to a soakaway, stored for disposal off site, ideally via incineration, or, less ideally, allowed to soak into a specially separated containment zone with minimal contact with the local groundwater resources. Pathogenic material should either be incinerated, heat-sterilized, or placed in a lime pit in a specifically designated zone. As the quantities involved of each are unlikely to be significant it is not expected that there will be major problems. It is however essential for the safe working of the facilities, that these wastes be separately identified and treated.

(67) Recycle systems. Most treatment will be done within the recycle system itself. Overflow will normally run to laboratory drains, except in the case of disease holding systems, where overflows will run to pretreatment tanks for sterilization.

(68) Storm drainage for building areas. Normal requirements should be provided according to local building standards.

5.3 Power supplies

(69) Standard single phase mains supplies would be provided throughout the facilities, with back-up of critical zones via a site generator. The order of importance is presented in Table 26.

Table 26 - Priorities for power supplies

Priority 1- aeration
- water pumping
- inspection and safety lighting
- special lighting, e.g. photoperiod, larval rearing, algae
- cooling and refrigeration in equipment rooms, algal culture, cold storage
- lab equipment used for routine husbandry
Priority 2- laboratory analytical equipment
- general laboratory, workroom lighting
Priority 3 - other demands (residential areas may have lowest priority)

(70) Supply circuits should be laid out according to supply priorities if generator capacity is not sufficient to cover complete requirements. As a general rule, all laboratory workroom facililies should be separately circuited. If at all possible, they should be protected by residual or earth-leakage circuit breakers, particularly where water is present, to protect staff. Where possible, wet lab power circuits should be in 12 Volts DC. Where main power is used, it should be distributed from above the water areas.

(71) The availability of three-phase power would be useful, though none of the presently specified equipment would require direct three-phase connection. It is quite possible that in the future, larger feed preparation units, ovens, refrigeration units or pumps will be required, and so will need 3-phase power. If possible, tails could be taken to the main laboratories for future use.

(72) Many of the laboratory equipment items will require voltage stabilisers. Certain areas with a high density of such equipment, e.g. water and soils lab, specials lab, hatchery lab, may use a single stabiliser on a separate circuit; others may be more conveniently supplied with individual stabilisers.

(73) An external power supply for use in pond areas will also be useful, if possible. Ideally this should be laid to a number of weatherproof terminal housings at appropriate locations. This power supply should also be protected with earth leakage breakers, and should be rated for at least 30 A.

5.4 Lighting

(74) Conventional domestic and office lighting will be used in most locations. Laboratories will normally have overhead fluorescent lighting to adequate standards. The algal culture rooms require incident levels of 1000 - 3000 Lux, usually provided by arrays of ‘daylight’ fluorescent tubing, which can be assembled as required. Starter units are frequently mounted separately.

(75) Areas required for photoperiod - timed lighting control can simply be arranged as needed, and require no specific provision. If possible external lighting should be provided at convenient points around the pond cmplex; certainly in areas adjacent to the laboratory buildings. Floodlighting at specific points - 200-500 W - will assist security and helps routine operations on ponds.

5.5 Controls and alarm systems

(76) These will be kept at a minimum. Generators may be best switched manually, as autostart systems are not completely reliable unless thoroughly maintained, and may give a false sense of security. On specific projects, simple thermostats, pressure switches and water level switches may be used, but these do not need to be built in to the facilities. Simple wire trigger alarm systems may be of use in particularly important outside experimental areas. Infrared alarms are also available but require careful installation and mantenance to be effective.

5.6 Air supplies

(77) A mains air system, supplied by a double blower unit would be used, with offsets to individual laboratory areas. Table 27 defines overall requirements, Table 28 typical dimensions. If the final layout creates excessive distances between laboratory units, it could also be feasible to set up smaller units at each building. At individual points, smaller aquarium aerators may also be used. In the pond areas, aeration would be provided as needed with conventional pond aerators, either fuel-engine or electrically powered, of mechanical paddlewheel or rotator type, or using air diffusers or airlifts.

Table 27 - Air supplies: summary of quantities

SERVICE/AREALABORATORIESOTHERTOTAL
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Brood/0.2
--2041034
Larvae/0.5
--53513
Algae/0.8
--3281656
Wet lab/0.1
2202-6
Quarantine/0.1
-2---2
Holding/0.1
-1--12
Recycle*
252061144
Additional/0.1
11211015
TOTAL
511792453172

* Equals total for brood, wet lab, quarantine, holding.

Table 28 - Air supply dimensioning

SYSTEM(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
Air supply-Roots or equivalent blower, 140 m3/hr, 2m head, 4kW
Main distributor25 mm25 mm40 mm40 mm40 mm
Sub-branches12 mm12 mm25 mm25 mm25 mm
Heavy use offtakes5–8 mm5–8 mm8–12mm8–12mm8–12mm
Normal use offtake2–3mm2–3mm2–3 mm2–3 mm2–3 mm
Dispersion:-heavy-Porous tubing, large ceramic diffusers, perforated pipe
 - normal-Small aquarium diffusers, var. shapes.

(78) Blower air is normally oil-free. Care must be taken to ensure intake air is abstrcted from a clean environment, and that filters are kept clean. Specialized supplies for algal culture, etc. will be filtered further at point of use, and may also possibly be enriched with CO2. Distribution lines should be sloped downwards slightly and provided with collection traps for bleeding off condensation.

Higher pressure compressed air will be supplied locally at the service units for workshop purposes. This would be provided by a standard workshop compressor, and does not have to be oil-free.

5.7 Ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration

(79) As much use as possible should be made of natural ventilation, by ensuring adequate window and/or vent area. This will be sufficient for most areas, supplemented by fan cooling. Specific areas require air-conditioning; either for cooling or dehumification. Laboratory areas with specialized, sensitive equipment such as microscopes, balances, spectrophotometers, instruments with optical, electronic and/or precision mechanical components should be housed in areas with constant air-conditioning. It is thus convenient to group these together as much as possible. If desired, a simple thermostat or humidity switch can be used to control the use of the air-conditioner.

(80) The algal culture rooms will normally require air-conditioning to disperse the heat from the lighting units, and maintain temperatures to 25 'C or less. Specific cooling is not likely to be necessary in other areas, beyond ‘comfort’ cooling in individual laboratories and offices. In the few instances where heating is required, this can be provided with simple electrical heaters, for which no specific provision need be made.

(81) Cold storage and freezer storage will be provided by using conventional domestic deep freezers, and a freezer/cold store room, housed in the analytical laboratory. This will be of conventional walk-in type with externally mounted condenser unit.

(82) An ice making machine should be considered, most conveniently housed in the demonstration/field laboratory, if supplies are not available locally. The simplest installation would require it to be mounted within a simple plywood/polystyrene (50–75 mm thick) box, in which surplus ice was stored. A maximum of 100 kg/day should suffice for immediate needs.

5.8 General distribution and layout

(83) Laboratory buildings should be constructed if possible, with the minimum of internal load-bearing walls, to allow simple rearrangement of internal space. Distribution of main services will normally be by ovrhead routing, with an adequate number of offtake points and the means to isolate individual sectors to alter layouts if required. Thus in laboratory areas, a network of fresh water, saline water, power, and air will be provided, with local supply piping and wiring dropping down to the individual work points. Figures 24–28 illustrate typical lay-outs. Tables 29 and 30 summarize overall service specifications.

Table 29 - Summary of laboratory services

SERVICESANALYTICAL LAB (1)PATHOLOGY LAB(2)HATCHERY LAB(3)DEMONSTRATION LAB(4)
Airlocallocal/gengeneratedgenerated
Recyclead hocinstalledinstalledad hoc
Fresh waternormal/DInormal/DInormalnormal
Salt waterwetlabrecycle/stopupnormal & high qualitynormal
     
Special disposal-yes- 
Dirty wasteyesyesyespossible
Septic tankyesyesyes-
Powernormal/stablenormal/stablenormal/stablenormal
     
Airconditioningyesyesyes-
Fume cupboardyes---
Sterile-yesyes-

5.9 Specialized equipment

(84) A number of items of specialized equipment are required for the installation. As these will have to be imported, and as procedures must be started early to ensure their availability, these have been identified in Table 31, which also summarises the cost. Further details, including specifications, are given in Annex G.

Figure 24

Figure 24 - Distribution outline for water supply

Figure 25

Figure 25 - Recycle systems

Figure 26

Figure 26 - Distribution outline for drainage

Figure 27

Figure 27 - Power supplies

Figure 28

Figure 28 - Air supplies

Table 30 - Dimensioning and specification

SERVICE  LABS:(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)OthersNotes
1Mains freshwater
Storage
0.5m30.5m30.5m3-1 m3As building standards*1
Distribution
25 mm25 mm25 mm-38 mm25 mm to 2 floor, 38 mm to 3 floor
Offtakes
- conventional 22 mm, 15 mm fittings-
2Field water
Saline storage
5 m35 m32×3m32×3m3120m3 - main reservoirs*2
Fresh storage
2 m33 m35 m33 m320 m3 - main service tank*3
Distribution
50 mm50 mm75 mm75 mm50 mm  
Offtakes
25/1225/1250/25/1250/25/1225/12 *4
3Distilled/DI waterxxx--Uses 1 at local points
4High quality salt water--×-treatment2 m3Slow and filter, etc.*5
Distribution
--38 mm--  
Offtakes
--12 mm--  
5Recycle systems××××-Locally provided
6Drainage/Disposal
Normal
×××optional×Plus others. 150, 100 mm drain pipe; floor taps, drains to septic tank
Laboratory
××××-Similar as above, best to drain to separate tank
Special
chem.biol.---Needs separate holding/containment/disposal
7Power40 KW20 KW40 KW20 KW30 KWOthers to local standards
Notes:
*1 Should be run through water treatment for drinking supplies, with separate feed. Should also be available to clean out other water systems.

*2 2× 50m3 Concrete storage tanks, ground level, 2× 10m3 storage tanks, with 2× 100mm lines to large tanks, pumped (2×2.4 kW) via 50 mm lines to upper storage.
*3 2×10m3 Storage, 32 mm supply to buildings, 2×2.4 kW pumps. 5–10,000 m2 pond could supply years need.
*4 Ideally this system should be duplicated, to provide separated fresh and saline offtakes. At the minimum, a distributor for each supply should enter each building served. Individual header tanks are not absolutely necessary, but desirable to equalize pressures.
*5 Uses slow sand or pressure sand filter, cartridge filter, pump 2× 0.75 kW, 20 – 30 m head.

Table 31 - Specialized equipment

DESCRIPTION APPROX. COST $
Generators:2×45 kW, diesel, water cooled continuous rated; with instrument panel, hour meter15,000
2×5 kW diesel/petrol, air cooled, movable1,000
Blowers:Roots or equivalent, supplying 140 m3/hr at min delivery pressure of 2 m (± 19 Pa) continuous rated, electrically driven, approx. 4 kW, with intake filters.6,000
Pumps:2× diesel drive,, axial pumps 35–40 kW25,000
2× tubewell pumps 1.7–2 kW5,000
4× field saline water pumps 2,4 kW6,000
2× hatching supply pumps, 0,75 kW1,000
4 × transfer pumps 100–150 W600
2× field transfer pumps 1.2 kW2,000
circulating pumps: 6×300 W1,800
12×150 W
1,800
12×75 W
1,900
Tanks:12×100 litre cylindroconical glassfibre (GRP)600
12×200   "               "               "               "900
  8×500   "               "               "               "800
  8×1000 "               "               "               "1,200
  4×2000 "               "               "               "1,200
12×2000 "               "               "               "3,600
24×200 litre HDPE high-density polythene1,200
24×100 litre, PP, PE polypropyline600
24×50 litre, PP,PE400
48×100 litre, polycarbonate720
24×50 litre,             "240
20×20 litre,             "150
Algal culture vessels: 30×20 litre, ‘Pyrex’ or equivalent600
      50×5     "           "      "        "100
Mechanical filters:1×swimming pool type pressure, fitted with backwash valving, 800 litre volume1,500
4× cartridge fitter assemblies3,000
24 spare cartridges 1 micron @ 50 with bypass valving, cartridges 5 and 1 m1,200
2×1 millipore, ‘bacteriological’ fitted assemblies for filtration to 0.22 u600
UV sterilization; 2 units, at 10 l/m each1,000
Airconditioners (for essential use only) 4×1600 W2,400
Coldroom/freezer unit; 15 kW (± 4 tons)8,000
Ice making machine, up to 100 kg/day6,000
2 Main gate steel sluices, 1 m2 fully open ×23,000
Aquarium sundries - airline tubing300
       aerators500
       battery air compressors300
       power filter units600
       air, water valves200
4 m3 biorings for biological filters800
6 Stainless steel screen plates 2×l m, dia 6×1 mm/2×3 mm1,600
1 Main switchboard, incl. alarm2,000

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