(61) There are several different qualities of water required on the site, from several different services: these are summarized in Table 25, and are further described below.
FRESH WATER
(62)
SALINE WATER
(63)
RECYCLE WATER
Recycle system water - organized on a local basis, using supplies from the services noted previously. In each laboratory concerned, water storage will be provided as a supply reservoir. In specific cases, such as the disease laboratory, hatchery systems, certain broodstock tanks, etc., it is simple to provide a single-tank recycle system. In other cases, as requirements will change through the season and from one research programme to another, it is important to allow for flexibility in use, and so recycle systems need not be permanently installed.
Table 25 - Water supplies: summary of quantities
SERVICE/AREA | LABORATORIES | OTHER | TOTAL | |||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |||
SALT WATER SUPPLY, litres per minute | ||||||
Broodstock tanks | - | - | 200 | 50 | 300 | 550 |
Larval rearing | - | - | 50 | 10 | - | 60 |
Algal rearing, rotifers | - | - | 20 | - | - | 20 |
Wet laboratories | 100 | 100 | - | 100 | - | 300 |
Quarantine laboratory | - | 60 | - | - | - | 60 |
Holding laboratory | - | 60 | - | - | - | 60 |
Additional capacity | 20 | 20 | 50 | 20 | 200 | 310 |
TOTAL | 120 | 240 | 320 | 180 | 500 | 1360 |
At 40% usage | 48 | 96 | 128 | 72 | 200 | 544 |
Notes: Larval, algal, rotifer rearing needs special quality
quarantine; holding labs need isolated supply. | ||||||
FRESH WATER SUPPLY | ||||||
Broodstock tanks | - | - | 50 | 50 | 50 | 150 |
Larval rearing | - | - | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
Algal rearing, rotifers | - | - | 5 | - | 5 | 10 |
Wet laboratories | 50 | 50 | - | 50 | 50 | 200 |
Quarantine laboratory | - | 30 | - | - | 20 | 50 |
Holding laboratory | - | 30 | - | - | 20 | 50 |
Additional capacity | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 75 | 155 |
TOTAL | 70 | 130 | 85 | 130 | 230 | 645 |
Usage factor | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
AVERAGE USE | 14 | 20 | 13 | 20 | 34 | 100 |
RESIDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS: | ||||||
300 × 45 1/hd/day: | 13.5 m3/day @ 12 hr usage: 18.8 lpm | |||||
Note: quality requirements as with salt water |
There are several different drainage and treatment requirements.
(64) General purpose domestic freshwater drainage from sinks, toilets, etc. This will be collected via PVC drainage/soil pipes to a central septic tank unit. This serves the residential, administrative and certain laboratory facilities. Laboratory sinks and drains are not however connected, as the variety of materials flushed from there may cause serious disruption of the septic tank's functions. Treated water will flow to the main drain.
(65) Laboratory drainage from flow drains, sinks, etc. A range of salinities, and diluted chemical/biological stocks, will be involved. A separate septic tank, with a generously sized soakaway will be required. Provision will also be made for chlorination if needed, for example in the fish disease laboratory area. Treated water will flow to the main drain channel.
(66) Dangerous material disposal, dangerous chemicals/ solutions, also potentially pathogenic materials, should be disposed of according to the instructions of the responsible staff. Chemicals would either be treated, then run to a soakaway, stored for disposal off site, ideally via incineration, or, less ideally, allowed to soak into a specially separated containment zone with minimal contact with the local groundwater resources. Pathogenic material should either be incinerated, heat-sterilized, or placed in a lime pit in a specifically designated zone. As the quantities involved of each are unlikely to be significant it is not expected that there will be major problems. It is however essential for the safe working of the facilities, that these wastes be separately identified and treated.
(67) Recycle systems. Most treatment will be done within the recycle system itself. Overflow will normally run to laboratory drains, except in the case of disease holding systems, where overflows will run to pretreatment tanks for sterilization.
(68) Storm drainage for building areas. Normal requirements should be provided according to local building standards.
(69) Standard single phase mains supplies would be provided throughout the facilities, with back-up of critical zones via a site generator. The order of importance is presented in Table 26.
Table 26 - Priorities for power supplies
Priority 1 | - aeration |
- water pumping | |
- inspection and safety lighting | |
- special lighting, e.g. photoperiod, larval rearing, algae | |
- cooling and refrigeration in equipment rooms, algal culture, cold storage | |
- lab equipment used for routine husbandry | |
Priority 2 | - laboratory analytical equipment |
- general laboratory, workroom lighting | |
Priority 3 | - other demands (residential areas may have lowest priority) |
(70) Supply circuits should be laid out according to supply priorities if generator capacity is not sufficient to cover complete requirements. As a general rule, all laboratory workroom facililies should be separately circuited. If at all possible, they should be protected by residual or earth-leakage circuit breakers, particularly where water is present, to protect staff. Where possible, wet lab power circuits should be in 12 Volts DC. Where main power is used, it should be distributed from above the water areas.
(71) The availability of three-phase power would be useful, though none of the presently specified equipment would require direct three-phase connection. It is quite possible that in the future, larger feed preparation units, ovens, refrigeration units or pumps will be required, and so will need 3-phase power. If possible, tails could be taken to the main laboratories for future use.
(72) Many of the laboratory equipment items will require voltage stabilisers. Certain areas with a high density of such equipment, e.g. water and soils lab, specials lab, hatchery lab, may use a single stabiliser on a separate circuit; others may be more conveniently supplied with individual stabilisers.
(73) An external power supply for use in pond areas will also be useful, if possible. Ideally this should be laid to a number of weatherproof terminal housings at appropriate locations. This power supply should also be protected with earth leakage breakers, and should be rated for at least 30 A.
(74) Conventional domestic and office lighting will be used in most locations. Laboratories will normally have overhead fluorescent lighting to adequate standards. The algal culture rooms require incident levels of 1000 - 3000 Lux, usually provided by arrays of ‘daylight’ fluorescent tubing, which can be assembled as required. Starter units are frequently mounted separately.
(75) Areas required for photoperiod - timed lighting control can simply be arranged as needed, and require no specific provision. If possible external lighting should be provided at convenient points around the pond cmplex; certainly in areas adjacent to the laboratory buildings. Floodlighting at specific points - 200-500 W - will assist security and helps routine operations on ponds.
(76) These will be kept at a minimum. Generators may be best switched manually, as autostart systems are not completely reliable unless thoroughly maintained, and may give a false sense of security. On specific projects, simple thermostats, pressure switches and water level switches may be used, but these do not need to be built in to the facilities. Simple wire trigger alarm systems may be of use in particularly important outside experimental areas. Infrared alarms are also available but require careful installation and mantenance to be effective.
(77) A mains air system, supplied by a double blower unit would be used, with offsets to individual laboratory areas. Table 27 defines overall requirements, Table 28 typical dimensions. If the final layout creates excessive distances between laboratory units, it could also be feasible to set up smaller units at each building. At individual points, smaller aquarium aerators may also be used. In the pond areas, aeration would be provided as needed with conventional pond aerators, either fuel-engine or electrically powered, of mechanical paddlewheel or rotator type, or using air diffusers or airlifts.
Table 27 - Air supplies: summary of quantities
SERVICE/AREA | LABORATORIES | OTHER | TOTAL | |||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |||
Brood/0.2 | - | - | 20 | 4 | 10 | 34 |
Larvae/0.5 | - | - | 5 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
Algae/0.8 | - | - | 32 | 8 | 16 | 56 |
Wet lab/0.1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | - | 6 |
Quarantine/0.1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | 2 |
Holding/0.1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 |
Recycle* | 2 | 5 | 20 | 6 | 11 | 44 |
Additional/0.1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 15 |
TOTAL | 5 | 11 | 79 | 24 | 53 | 172 |
* Equals total for brood, wet lab, quarantine, holding.
Table 28 - Air supply dimensioning
SYSTEM | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
Air supply | -Roots or equivalent blower, 140 m3/hr, 2m head, 4kW | ||||
Main distributor | 25 mm | 25 mm | 40 mm | 40 mm | 40 mm |
Sub-branches | 12 mm | 12 mm | 25 mm | 25 mm | 25 mm |
Heavy use offtakes | 5–8 mm | 5–8 mm | 8–12mm | 8–12mm | 8–12mm |
Normal use offtake | 2–3mm | 2–3mm | 2–3 mm | 2–3 mm | 2–3 mm |
Dispersion: | -heavy | -Porous tubing, large ceramic diffusers, perforated pipe | |||
- normal | -Small aquarium diffusers, var. shapes. |
(78) Blower air is normally oil-free. Care must be taken to ensure intake air is abstrcted from a clean environment, and that filters are kept clean. Specialized supplies for algal culture, etc. will be filtered further at point of use, and may also possibly be enriched with CO2. Distribution lines should be sloped downwards slightly and provided with collection traps for bleeding off condensation.
Higher pressure compressed air will be supplied locally at the service units for workshop purposes. This would be provided by a standard workshop compressor, and does not have to be oil-free.
(79) As much use as possible should be made of natural ventilation, by ensuring adequate window and/or vent area. This will be sufficient for most areas, supplemented by fan cooling. Specific areas require air-conditioning; either for cooling or dehumification. Laboratory areas with specialized, sensitive equipment such as microscopes, balances, spectrophotometers, instruments with optical, electronic and/or precision mechanical components should be housed in areas with constant air-conditioning. It is thus convenient to group these together as much as possible. If desired, a simple thermostat or humidity switch can be used to control the use of the air-conditioner.
(80) The algal culture rooms will normally require air-conditioning to disperse the heat from the lighting units, and maintain temperatures to 25 'C or less. Specific cooling is not likely to be necessary in other areas, beyond ‘comfort’ cooling in individual laboratories and offices. In the few instances where heating is required, this can be provided with simple electrical heaters, for which no specific provision need be made.
(81) Cold storage and freezer storage will be provided by using conventional domestic deep freezers, and a freezer/cold store room, housed in the analytical laboratory. This will be of conventional walk-in type with externally mounted condenser unit.
(82) An ice making machine should be considered, most conveniently housed in the demonstration/field laboratory, if supplies are not available locally. The simplest installation would require it to be mounted within a simple plywood/polystyrene (50–75 mm thick) box, in which surplus ice was stored. A maximum of 100 kg/day should suffice for immediate needs.
(83) Laboratory buildings should be constructed if possible, with the minimum of internal load-bearing walls, to allow simple rearrangement of internal space. Distribution of main services will normally be by ovrhead routing, with an adequate number of offtake points and the means to isolate individual sectors to alter layouts if required. Thus in laboratory areas, a network of fresh water, saline water, power, and air will be provided, with local supply piping and wiring dropping down to the individual work points. Figures 24–28 illustrate typical lay-outs. Tables 29 and 30 summarize overall service specifications.
Table 29 - Summary of laboratory services
SERVICES | ANALYTICAL LAB (1) | PATHOLOGY LAB(2) | HATCHERY LAB(3) | DEMONSTRATION LAB(4) |
Air | local | local/gen | generated | generated |
Recycle | ad hoc | installed | installed | ad hoc |
Fresh water | normal/DI | normal/DI | normal | normal |
Salt water | wetlab | recycle/stopup | normal & high quality | normal |
Special disposal | - | yes | - | |
Dirty waste | yes | yes | yes | possible |
Septic tank | yes | yes | yes | - |
Power | normal/stable | normal/stable | normal/stable | normal |
Airconditioning | yes | yes | yes | - |
Fume cupboard | yes | - | - | - |
Sterile | - | yes | yes | - |
(84) A number of items of specialized equipment are required for the installation. As these will have to be imported, and as procedures must be started early to ensure their availability, these have been identified in Table 31, which also summarises the cost. Further details, including specifications, are given in Annex G.
Figure 24 - Distribution outline for water supply
Figure 25 - Recycle systems
Figure 26 - Distribution outline for drainage
Figure 27 - Power supplies
Figure 28 - Air supplies
Table 30 - Dimensioning and specification
SERVICE | LABS:(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | Others | Notes | |
1 | Mains freshwater | |||||||
Storage | 0.5m3 | 0.5m3 | 0.5m3 | - | 1 m3 | As building standards | *1 | |
Distribution | 25 mm | 25 mm | 25 mm | - | 38 mm | 25 mm to 2 floor, 38 mm to 3 floor | ||
Offtakes | - conventional 22 mm, 15 mm fittings- | |||||||
2 | Field water | |||||||
Saline storage | 5 m3 | 5 m3 | 2×3m3 | 2×3m3 | 120m3 | - main reservoirs | *2 | |
Fresh storage | 2 m3 | 3 m3 | 5 m3 | 3 m3 | 20 m3 | - main service tank | *3 | |
Distribution | 50 mm | 50 mm | 75 mm | 75 mm | 50 mm | |||
Offtakes | 25/12 | 25/12 | 50/25/12 | 50/25/12 | 25/12 | *4 | ||
3 | Distilled/DI water | x | x | x | - | - | Uses 1 at local points | |
4 | High quality salt water | - | - | × | - | treatment2 m3 | Slow and filter, etc. | *5 |
Distribution | - | - | 38 mm | - | - | |||
Offtakes | - | - | 12 mm | - | - | |||
5 | Recycle systems | × | × | × | × | - | Locally provided | |
6 | Drainage/Disposal | |||||||
Normal | × | × | × | optional | × | Plus others. 150, 100 mm drain pipe; floor taps, drains to septic tank | ||
Laboratory | × | × | × | × | - | Similar as above, best to drain to separate tank | ||
Special | chem. | biol. | - | - | - | Needs separate holding/containment/disposal | ||
7 | Power | 40 KW | 20 KW | 40 KW | 20 KW | 30 KW | Others to local standards | |
Notes: *1 Should be run through water treatment for drinking supplies, with separate feed. Should also be available to clean out other water systems. *2 2× 50m3 Concrete storage tanks, ground level, 2× 10m3 storage tanks, with 2× 100mm lines to large tanks, pumped (2×2.4 kW) via 50 mm lines to upper storage. *3 2×10m3 Storage, 32 mm supply to buildings, 2×2.4 kW pumps. 5–10,000 m2 pond could supply years need. *4 Ideally this system should be duplicated, to provide separated fresh and saline offtakes. At the minimum, a distributor for each supply should enter each building served. Individual header tanks are not absolutely necessary, but desirable to equalize pressures. *5 Uses slow sand or pressure sand filter, cartridge filter, pump 2× 0.75 kW, 20 – 30 m head. |
Table 31 - Specialized equipment
DESCRIPTION | APPROX. COST $ | |
Generators: | 2×45 kW, diesel, water cooled continuous rated; with instrument panel, hour meter | 15,000 |
2×5 kW diesel/petrol, air cooled, movable | 1,000 | |
Blowers: | Roots or equivalent, supplying 140 m3/hr at min delivery pressure of 2 m (± 19 Pa) continuous rated, electrically driven, approx. 4 kW, with intake filters. | 6,000 |
Pumps: | 2× diesel drive,, axial pumps 35–40 kW | 25,000 |
2× tubewell pumps 1.7–2 kW | 5,000 | |
4× field saline water pumps 2,4 kW | 6,000 | |
2× hatching supply pumps, 0,75 kW | 1,000 | |
4 × transfer pumps 100–150 W | 600 | |
2× field transfer pumps 1.2 kW | 2,000 | |
circulating pumps: 6×300 W | 1,800 | |
12×150 W | 1,800 | |
12×75 W | 1,900 | |
Tanks: | 12×100 litre cylindroconical glassfibre (GRP) | 600 |
12×200 " " " " | 900 | |
8×500 " " " " | 800 | |
8×1000 " " " " | 1,200 | |
4×2000 " " " " | 1,200 | |
12×2000 " " " " | 3,600 | |
24×200 litre HDPE high-density polythene | 1,200 | |
24×100 litre, PP, PE polypropyline | 600 | |
24×50 litre, PP,PE | 400 | |
48×100 litre, polycarbonate | 720 | |
24×50 litre, " | 240 | |
20×20 litre, " | 150 | |
Algal culture vessels: 30×20 litre, ‘Pyrex’ or equivalent | 600 | |
50×5 " " " " | 100 | |
Mechanical filters: | 1×swimming pool type pressure, fitted with backwash valving, 800 litre volume | 1,500 |
4× cartridge fitter assemblies | 3,000 | |
24 spare cartridges 1 micron @ 50 with bypass valving, cartridges 5 and 1 m | 1,200 | |
2×1 millipore, ‘bacteriological’ fitted assemblies for filtration to 0.22 u | 600 | |
UV sterilization; 2 units, at 10 l/m each | 1,000 | |
Airconditioners (for essential use only) 4×1600 W | 2,400 | |
Coldroom/freezer unit; 15 kW (± 4 tons) | 8,000 | |
Ice making machine, up to 100 kg/day | 6,000 | |
2 Main gate steel sluices, 1 m2 fully open ×2 | 3,000 | |
Aquarium sundries - airline tubing | 300 | |
aerators | 500 | |
battery air compressors | 300 | |
power filter units | 600 | |
air, water valves | 200 | |
4 m3 biorings for biological filters | 800 | |
6 Stainless steel screen plates 2×l m, dia 6×1 mm/2×3 mm | 1,600 | |
1 Main switchboard, incl. alarm | 2,000 |