AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SHRIMP FEEDS AND NUTRITION

by

Medina N. Delmendo
Project Coordinator

and

Paulina T. Zabala
Librarian/Secretary

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT

The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method of process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Project Coordinator, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, P. O. Box 1184, Makati Post Office, Makati, Metro Manila or 3rd Floor, Arcadia Building, 860 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines.

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This bibliography was prepared for the benefit of ASEAN shrimp farmers, research and extension workers.

The ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, (RAS/84/016) has a collection of technical materials in its library. Dissemination of information is one of the activities of this project. This document provides relevant information on feed technology, nutrition and feeds formulation for larvae and adult shrimps under culture and assist fish farm managers and practitioners in the shrimp farming industry in the ASEAN region.

Further information desired on the subject could be obtained from the authors of the material compiled in this bibliography.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries
Development Project
Manila, Philippines
December 1989

Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SHRIMP FEEDS AND NUTRITION

Compiled by

Medina N. Delmendo¹ and Paulina T. Zabala²

¹ Project Coordinator, RAS/84/016

² Librarian/Secretary, RAS/84/016

ABSTRACTS*

SHRIMP FEEDS AND NUTRITION

^* Selected from:  ASA Technical Bulletin
    Vol. 2AQ1-1988
    AQ/PO3 89-6
    Vol. 3AQ17 1989-6
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
    Vol. 19, No. 1, 1988

ALGAL ENRICHMENT AT A PENAEID SHRIMP HATCHERY

Kim F. Page, Amorient Aquafarm, Inc., P. O.
Box 131, Kahuku, Hawaii 96731 USA

Carbon dioxide and additional fluorescent lights were used to increase algae production at Amorient Aquafarm's Kahuku shrimp hatchery. Chaetoceros gracilis cell densities were recorded from 200 liter cylinders with and without CO₂ and light additions. Initial cell counts, counts 3 days after inoculation and 6 days after inoculation, averaged 0.3, 2.1 and 2.2 × 10⁶ cells/ml in untreated cylinders and 0.4, 3.8 and 4.4 × 10⁶ cells/ml in treated cylinders, respectively. Cultures were partially harvested and refilled daily after 3 days. Algae cell counts in flasks and carboys with added CO₂ also increased. Dense Chaetoceros cultures severely restricted light penetration into cylinders. Injection with CO₂ and increased illumination lessened required laboratory space and culture volumes for algae, and allowed greater flexibility in algae production schedules.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY AND OTHER REARING CONDITION VARIABLES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATES OF LARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI IN A COMMERCIAL HATCHERY

Daniel O'C. Lee, R. Illescas, L. Miranda, F. Escobar, J. A. Salvador, and H. Lucien-Brun, Macrobio S. A., Casilla 562, Guayaquil, Ecuador; EPHE, Station Marine d'Endoume, 7 rue de la Batterie aux Lions, 13007 Marseille, France

Growth rates, survival rates and data on feeding levels for larval Penaeus vannamei were recorded in 62 independent larval rearings. A total of 76.0 million nauplii were stocked over a period of 4 months and reared for an average of 21 days to reach a 10 day-old postlarvae (P10). Overall survival was 60.9% with mean growth of 0.239 mm/day to reach an average body length of 5.29 mm at harvest. The temperature was 28.2°C ± 1°C and the salinity 35‰.

The following factors were analyzed to reveal relationships with growth and/or survival rates: concentrations of algal feeds during the protozoea and early mysis larval substages; total number of live Artemia nauplii fed; total weight of microencapsulated artificial diet “Frippak” fed as an algae and/or an artemia supplement; shrimp nauplii stocking density and postlarval harvest density.

Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the two variables growth and survival. The value of these two factors as measures of quality is discussed.

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL PLANKTON B.P. IN PENAEUS MONODON LARVAL PRODUCTION

I-Chiu Liao, Tungkang Marine Laboratory, Tungkang, Pingtung, Taiwan 92804, R.O.C., Fumio Kumeno, Zenzo Iida, and Tadashi Kobayashi, Nippai Shrimp Feed Inc., 3–9, Moriya-Cho, Kanagawa-Ku, Yokohama, Japan.

Penaeus monodon is the major culture species in Southeast Asia. Conventional larval rearing methods rely heavily on live foods, primarily Skeletonema, rotifers and Artemia, for the various stages of growth. However, the culture of live foods is subject to such unpredictable factors as weather. Furthermore, Artemia is not indigenous everywhere. Therefore an ideal food substitute for the future is artificial feed. This study explores the applications of artificial plankton B.P. in P. monodon larval rearing.

Half ton fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks containing 450 1 of water and constantly aerated were used to culture P. monodon from nauplius to PL 1. Water temperature and salinity were maintained at 30 ± 1°C and 31 ± 3 ppt, respectively, and pH ranged from 8.0 to 8.4; the tanks were covered with black orchid net and the larvae were feed every 6 hours. The optimal larval density and combinations of B.P. and live food were studied. Results of this study show that the initial stocking density of 80 to 100 nauplii/1, and 1.0 to 1.5 g B.P./4501/feeding combined with 2,000 cells/ml of Skeletonema given once a day, produced the best result. Although Skeletonema was found to be still essential, results are encouraging.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LEACHING RATE IN SHRIMP FEEDS: MEASUREMENTS OF LOSS IN WEIGHT AND ORGANIC MATTER

S. Divakaran and Eirik O. Duerr, The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanolo, HI 96795 USA

The rate of leaching and consequent loss of macronutrients from five commercial shrimp feeds was determined by measuring their loss in weight and non-volatile organic matter. Weight loss and leaching matter from the feed material into water containing 32 ppt sodium chloride was measured at eight time intervals (from 4 to 48 hours). Loss of non-volatile organic matter was measured by colorimetry as the amount of dichromate reduced from a 5% solution of potassium dichromate in 95% sulfuric acid. A close correlation was observed between weight loss (which included the loss of both organic and water-soluble inorganic and water-soluble constituents) and the loss of organic matter. The method described above can be useful in determining the total loss of water-soluble organic macronutrients (e.g., soluble proteins, crystalline and amino acids, soluble carbohydrates, vitamins) from shrimp feeds.

CHOLESTEROL REQUIREMENT OF POSTLARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI

Ann E. Clark and Addison Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, Texas 78373

A purified diet was used within an innovative experimental system to determine the cholesterol requirement of Penaeus vannamei. Cholesterol is a dietary essential due to its inability to be synthesized de novo. Post-larval shrimp averaging 63 ± 14 mg and 58 ± 7 mg were fed casein-gelatin based purified diets containing varying levels of cholesterol. The levels tested were 0%, .5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%. Data suggests that the minimum requirement for good growth is .5%. Growth at this level after 14 days averaged 679 ± 64% and 672 ± 103%; survival averaged 93 ± 5% and 92 ± 12%.

COMPARISON OF LIVE AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR REARING THE LARVAE OF PENAEUS VANNAMEI IN A SMALL-SCALE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM

Kenneth C. Stuck, John T. Ogle, and Adeline A. Barrett, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS39564 USA

A series of larval diet studies was conducted with a small-scale rearing system utilizing 1-liter Imhoff settling cones. Each cone was initially stocked with 100 stage I protozoeae of P. vannamei and maintained for 11 days. Upon termination of each experiment, growth parameters such as dry weights, survival, and stage of development were determined for larvae reared on each diet. Larvae were reared using 10 combinations of live foods including nematods, rotifers, brine shrimp, and diatoms. There were significant differences in growth between larvae reared on the various diets. It was found that larvae of P. vannamei can be reared from protozoea I through postlarva solely on nematods and rotifers; however, these larvae had lower survival, lower weight gains, and retarded development compared to larvae reared on diets including diatoms and brine shrimp. Best growth was always obtained with diets which included brine shrimp. The greatest weight gains were obtained with a diet which included a combination of diatoms, nematods, and brine shrimp. The highest survival was obtained with a diet consisting only of diatoms and brine shrimp. Larvae reared on live diets were also compared with larvae reared on three commercially available artificial feeds. Although these artificial diets can be used as a partial or total replacement for diatoms, the supplemental use of brine shrimp is required to obtain good growth.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN PROTEIN-NUCLEIC ACID LEVELS OF PENAEUS VANNAMEI TAIL MUSCLE

Kimiaki Maruyama, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1800 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA, Anthony C. Ostrowski, and Warren G. Dominy, The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA

Marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were raised in Taiwanese-type growout ponds at the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii. Samplings of animals were made at weekly intervals for four consecutive weeks, starting from the estimated age of approximately 16 weeks. A total of 20 animals per week were randomly selected for the determination of tail weights and tail muscle weights to study, allometric growth of tail muscle in marine shrimp. Animals were sexed to study sexual dimorphism, as well as variations within a population regarding body weights and muscle development.

In addition to gross measurements of body weights, tail weights, and tail muscle weights, tail muscle samples were subjected to tissue fractionalism by a modified method of Wannemacher et al. to determine protein, RNA, and DNA contents. Protein and nucleic acid contents were then used to estimate physiological changes associated with age and sex in the course of muscle growth. Physiological changes are discussed in terms of accumulation of muscle nuclei, protein accretion, DNA space, and translational capacity of nuclei for protein synthesis.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FEED PROCESSING METHODS ON SHRIMP PERFORMANCE

Warren G. Dominy, Linda S. Gusman, and Mark A. Cattey, The Oceanic Insistute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA

Experimental diets were produced by making a single feed mix from the Oceanic Institute's S861 basal shrimp growout feed formulation, adding 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder, and processing it four different ways. The processing methods were: 1) Cooking extrusion with an Insta-Pro extruder; 2) pelleting with a California pellet mill; 3) cold extrusion with a Hobart meat grinder; 4) semi-moist cold extrusion with a Hobart meat grinder. The third and fourth methods differed only in the amount of water added to the mix before processing. All feeds except the semi-moist version were dried at ambient temperature with a forced-air dryer, and had approximately the same moisture content.

THE EFFECT OF FORMULATED FEEDS ON THE PLANKTONIC MICROBIAL POPULATIONS OF SHRIMP POND SYSTEMS IN HAWAII

Vernon T. Sato, Warren G. Dominy, Christine M. Bolis, and Howard Deese, The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA

Feeds applied to shrimp pond systems are generally selected to provide for the nutritional requirements of the shrimp. There is a recycling of nutrients via the shrimp and the heterotrophic food web which has a secondary effect of stimulating primary productivity. Various commercial shrimp feeds have been shown to leach specific nutrients at varying rates. In this study, growth responses of the algae and protozoans present in shrimp ponds were evaluated to determine how the specific feeds influenced the microbial biota in the water column.

Four commercial shrimp diets (Nippai, Hanaqua, Purina MR-25, and Waldron) and one experimental formulated diet (OI S861) were incubated in water from a shrimp pond under ambient daytime conditions for 9 hours. An additional treatment consisting of a standard inorganic nutrient solution was incubated along with a control. The feed material and pond water were contained in clear plastic tissue culture tubes suspended in the shrimp pond. Changes in the number of microorganisms were noted for each treatment at the end of the incubation period. Diatom species responded similarly to all of the treatments (either increased in biomass in all treatments or in none of the treatments). However, the flagellated algal and protozoan species showed growth responses that varied with the feed treatment. It was concluded that the type of feed applied to aquaculture ponds, at least in the short term, will influence the microbial composition of those ponds.

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS BINDERS ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAL KURUMA SHRIMP, PENAEUS JAPONICUS, FED MICRO-PARTICULATE DIETS BASED ON CRAB PROTEIN

Shunsuke Koshio, Shin-Ichi Teshima, John D. Castell, and Akio Kanazawa, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890 Japan

Nutritional values of crab protein as a dietary protein source have been recognized suitable for juvenile crustaceans. However, those for larvae are not fully understood. Therefore, the availability of crab protein for microparticulate diets to larval Penaeus japonicus was examined in this study.

Six binders such as carrageenan, glutens (Gluten M and activated gluten), zein, gelatin, CMC were mixed with microparticulate diet. None of the groups showed good growth and survival compared with the groups fed control diets, indicating the leaching of nutrients due to poor bindings and/or insufficient nutritional values of crab protein for larval shrimps. The next experiment was therefore, conducted to examine the effect of casein supplement to crab protein and leaching by employing the microcoated diets.

The good performance was obtained from the diet which has 20 and 40% supplement of casein, and there was no effect of coating in those groups. We can conclude that although crab protein is not a superior single protein source for larval P. japonicus, it will be better when other protein source such as casein is supplemented. In such a case, carrageenan is one of the best binders for microparticulate diet.

EVALUATION OF DRIED DISTILLER'S GRAINS AS AN EXCLUSIVE AND PROCESSED AQUACULTURE FEED

Christopher C. Kohler and H. Steven Killian, Fisheries Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6511

Dried distiller's grains, a by-product of corn-ethanol production, is presently being evaluated as an ingredient of a complete diet for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and as a sole artificial feed for golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). An extruded diet (32% crude protein) containing 15% dried distiller's grains was formulated by adjusting ingredients used in a commercial feed. The experimental and commercial (control) feeds were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Two 1.8 m³ cages each stocked with 250 catfish (42.7 g mean weight) were placed in each of three 0.1 ha ponds in late May 1987. The ponds were also each stocked with 150 adult golden shiner (13.5 g mean weight) and 2,500 freshwater prawn (30 day PL's). Six other 0.1 ha ponds were also each stocked with 2,500 30-day PL prawn.

Catfish in one cage of each of the ponds used for polyculture were fed the experimental extruded feed while those in the coinciding cages received the commercial feed. Catfish were fed approximately 3.0% dry weight feed to wet weight fish daily for four months while shiners and prawns in the same ponds were fed by broadcasting from 0.9 to 2.0 kg dried distiller's grains. Prawns in three of the six ponds used for monoculture were provided daily with 0.9 to 2.0 kg dried distiller's grains while the others received 0.9 to 2.0 kg chicken feed starter mash (17% crude protein). Results of all feeding trials will be discussed as they relate to the potential of utilizing dried distiller's grains in aquaculture.

FEEDING REGIMES FOR ENHANCED PENAEUS VANNAMEI PRODUCTION IN INTENSIVE NURSERY RACEWAYS

Leslie N. Sturmer and Addison A. Laurence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, 4301 Waldron Road, Corpus Christi, Texas 78418

The potential of enclosed nursery systems for “head-starting” penaeid postlarvae in temperate climates has been demonstrated in 65 m² raceways. Several feeding experiments were conducted in 1987 to further evaluate these intensive systems and to enhance Penaeus vannamei juvenile production. The effects of continuous feeding, accomplished by six automatic feeders per raceway, versus interval feeding on shrimp growth and survival were compared at stocking densities of 3,000 and 6,000/m² for 45 and 30 days, respectively. Supplementation of the dry diet (50% crude protein) with Artemia nauplii was also tested in replicated raceways at the lower stocking density for 30 days.

Shrimp growth and survival were not significantly influenced by the continuous or interval feeding regimes at either density. A 0.85 g juvenile (overall mean harvest weight) was produced at a harvest density of 1,668/m², whereas a 0.59 g juvenile was produced at a harvest density of 3,324/m². Corresponding harvest yields were 1,418 and 1,960 g/m² for the low and high densities, respectively. Artemia supplementation also did not affect P. vannamei production. Overall mean harvest weight and survival were 0.71 g and 70%, respectively, for the 30-day nursery period.

These results, coupled with low feed conversion ratios (0.9 to 1.2:1) obtained in each feeding experiment, implied utilization of the high natural productivity associated with artificial habitats installed in the raceways (240 m² of substrate area per raceway). The contribution of these “fouling” communities to P. vannamei production, determined by stable carbon isotope analysis, is discussed.

HISTOLOGIC RESPONSE OF A PENAEID SHRIMP TO DIETARY VITAMIN C

R. F. Sis and D. L. Lewis, Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, A. L. Lawrence and F.L. Castille, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q Port Aransas, TX 78373

This is a report of a study utilizing a purified diet in evaluating vitamin C effects on histopathology of tissues of post larval shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The study was conducted utilizing 20 liter circular tanks in a recirculating system, over a period of four weeks. Vitamin C levels of .071 to 11.31 g/kg were used and the tissue response was evaluated among eight shrimp from each treatment. The animals were fixed in Davidson's solution and evaluated at the light microscopy level. The dietary effects of vitamin C levels were evaluated in terms of pathologic changes observed in the shrimp tissues. The histology and histopathology of the tissues will be described.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FATTY ACIDS IN A DRY FEED USED AS A COMPLETE REPLACEMENT FOR ARTEMIA

Linda L. Smith and Addison L. Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, Texas 78373

Two semi-purified experimental feeds were formulated to include 100% menhaden oil or 100% corn oil as the primary lipid source. Growth of Penaeus vannamei larvae fed each of the dry formulations plus algae was compared to that of larvae fed Artemia plus algae or only algae. All feeding regimes included 100,000 cells/ml Chaetoceros gracilis and 30,000 cells/ml Tetraselmis Chuii. Dry feeds were presented in four equal allotments/day at six hour intervals beginning from the third protozoeal substage until termination at the fifth postlarval substage. Artemia was presented in a single feeding/day.

The addition of dry feed to an algae regime significantly improved growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei over that obtained on an algae-only regime. Larvae fed the dry feed containing menhaden oil were larger than those fed the feed containing corn oil; however, the difference was not significant at alpha = .01. Growth of larvae fed either formulated feed was inferior to that of larvae fed Artemia.

LECITHIN REQUIREMENT OF POSTLARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI

Ann E. Clark and Addison Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, Texas 78373

The lecithin requirement of Penaeus vannamei was evaluated using a casein-gelatin based purified diet. Lecithin is a questionable essential lipid in shrimp diets, especially because of its various fatty acid composition. Postlarval shrimp averaging 63 ± 14 mg and 58 ± 7 mg were fed diets containing different levels of soy lecithin. The levels tested were 0%, 5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. Results suggests that the requirement is between 2% and 8%. Growth at these levels after 14 days ranged from 596 ± 120% to 688 ± 126%. Survival ranged from 68 ± 4% to 91 ± 9%.

NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF POSTLARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI TO DIFFERENT SOYBEAN LEVELS

Renita R. Fernandez and Addison L. Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, TX 78373

This paper investigates the nutritional response of 0.04 g Penaeus vannamei to different levels of soybean meal using 19 liter tanks in the laboratory. At 25% and 35% protein levels, 15%, 25%, 45%, and 53% and 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean levels were tested, respectively. Survival at the 25% protein level was significantly better than survival at 35% protein. Survival of shrimp fed 25% and 35% protein diets was 76–95% and 86–96%, respectively. Differences in survival between soybean levels within each of the two protein levels tested were not significant. Growth, in terms of final mean weight, over a 14 day experimental period was not significantly different for the two protein levels tested. Comparisons of the various diets tests on P. vannamei suggest that in diets containing soybean meal, feeding at a lower protein level (25%) gives better survival with no significant decrease in growth. Furthermore, for 35% protein diets, 45% to 60% soybean meal can be added without significantly affecting growth. Adding 75% soybean meal causes slight decrease in weight. The presence of 25–53% soybean meal is advantageous in feeds containing 25% protein. This study complements previous studies done in juvenile and subadult penaeid shrimp.

NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF MARINE SHRIMP TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOYBEAN MEAL IN FEEDS

by Addison L. Lawrence, Frank L. Castile, Jr., Leslie N. Sturmer, and Dean M. Akiyama, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, U.S.A.

Presented at the USA-ROC and ROC-USA Economic Councils' Tenth Anniversary Joint Business Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, December 1986. Edited by Dean M. Akiyama, Ph.D. American Soybean Association, 541 Orchard Road, #11-03 Liat Towers Republic of Singapore 0923

Soybean meal has been used extensively in animal feeds though its use in marine shrimp feeds has been limited. This paper summarizes the nutritional responses for three sizes (initial and final sizes were approximately 0.04 to 0.5 g, 0.4 to 0.5 g, and 4.0 to 10.0 g) of several species of marine shrimp (Penaeus aztecus, P. duorarum, P. setiferus, P. schmitti, P. vannamei, P. stylirostris) to different levels of soybean meals (15% to 75%) in feeds containing either 25% or 35% protein. Also, the nutritional responses of P. vannamei to a commercial feed containing 10% soybean meal to one containing 40% soybean meal in ponds were compared. Results indicated that 20% to 50% of the feed could contain soybean meal without significantly decreasing growth and survival of shrimp in laboratory tanks. The nutritional response to feed containing 15% to 75% soybean meal varied with different species, age of shrimp and protein level in the diet. Growth and survival of P. vannamei fed a commercial feed containing 10% soybean meal versus a commercial feed containing 40% soybean meal were not significantly different after 12 weeks in earthen ponds. The substitution of soybean meal for the more expensive marine animal meals (e.g. fish, shrimp) could significantly reduce shrimp feed cost in some countries.

THE NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF POSTLARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI TO MEAT AND BONE MEAL

Addison L. Lawrence and Frank C. Castille, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, Texas 78373

Nutritional response of postlarval Penaeus vannamei to meat and bone meal was evaluated. There was no significant reduction in survival for the four week test period for shrimp fed diets containing 27.6% and 40% protein (dry weight basis) as percent meat and bone meal in the diets was increased from 0% to 20% and 0% to 40%, respectively. Regression of growth in terms of percent weight gain per animal onto percentage of meat and bone meal indicated that growth is decreased as percentage of meat and bone meal in the diet is increased from 0% to 20% and 0% to 40% in 27.6% and 40% protein diets, respectively. Percent reduction of growth for 27.6% protein diets containing 10% and 20% meat and bone meal versus 0% was 8.8% and 42.9%, respectively. The 8.8% decrease in growth was not but the 42.9% was significantly less than growth of shrimp fed diets not containing meat and bone meal as determined by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Percent reduction of growth for 40% protein diets containing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% meat and bone meal versus 0% was 6.4%, 14.8%, 34.0% and 56.7%, respectively. The 6.4% and 14.8% were not but the 34.0% and 56.7% decreases in growth were significantly less than growth of shrimp fed diets not containing meat and bone meal. Data indicate that meat and bone meal could be cost-effectively used in diets for Penaeus vannamei depending upon the relative costs of meat and bone meal versus the more expensive marine animal meals.

NUTRITIONAL RESPONSES OF THREE SPECIES OF POSTLARVAL PENAEID SHRIMP TO COTTONSEED MEAL

Renita R. Fernandez and Addison L. Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, TX78373

This study investigates the use of cottonseed meal, a low-cost high protein source, in the diets of postlarvae for three penaeid shrimp species, Penaeus setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei. Four cottonseed meal levels, 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%, for two protein levels, 20% and 30%, were evaluated using 19 liter tanks in the laboratory. Survival ranged from 91–100% for P. setiferus, 84–95% for P. stylirostris, and 98–100% for P. vannamei. For all three shrimp species tested, shrimp fed the higher protein level of 30% exhibited significantly higher final mean weights, average weight gains and percent weight gains than those fed the lower protein level of 20%. For feeds containing 30% protein, both P. vannamei and P. stylirostris showed no significant differences in final weights for all cottonseed meal levels tested. However, P. setiferus showed a significant decrease in growth when fed diets containing 20% cottonseed meal at 30% protein. For feeds containing 20% protein, up to 10% cottonseed meal may be added to P. vannamei and P. stylirostris feeds without significantly affecting growth. Adding 5% or higher levels of cottonseed to 20% protein diets for P. setiferus causes a significant decrease in weight gain. The data indicate that different levels of cottonseed meal can be used in the diet of penaeid shrimp depending upon the shrimp species and protein level in the diet.

OPTIMAL DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL FOR JUVENILE FRESHWATER PRAWN MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII

Louis R. D'Abramo and Laurieann Reed, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State MS 39762

Juvenile freshwater prawns M. rosenbergii were fed purified isoenergetic diets containing protein levels of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%. Purified crab protein served almost exclusively as the protein source. After 90 days and at least 12 molts survival and weight gain was determined. The mean wet weight increased with increasing protein levels. Significant differences in wet weight existed between all groups except those that were fed the 25 and 30% protein levels. The observed significant reductions in weight gain were the result of decreases in wet weight increase/molt rather than a protraction of the time interval between each successive molt. The optimal dietary protein level for juvenile freshwater prawns is estimated to be between 33 and 35% (dry weight).

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIET OF PENAEUS VANNAMEI

Julia S. Lytle, Thomas F. Lytle, and John T. Ogle Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach, Ocean Springs, MS 39564 USA

Studies have suggested that bloodworms provide nutritional components in diets of tank-reared shrimp that are essential for maturation and cannot be provided by conventional diets. Omega-3 fatty acids have been implicated as target compounds needed to trigger maturation. Because the link between fatty acids and shrimp maturation has not been firmly established, an investigation was undertaken to characterize fatty acids in bloodworms and contrast levels and distributions with those in other food materials used in shrimp rearing. Included were pellet foods, live foods such as squid, oysters, algae and brine shrimp; live foods enriched with the PUFA boosters, Marila or Selco; and two species of bloodworms, one from the Maine coast and one from Panama. Because bloodworms are usually purchased from a limited supply, other worms which might be grown locally have also been analyzed for fatty acids. Wide variations in fatty acids were observed among tested foods. Variables derived from this fatty acid data provide information for future investigations of dietary factors essential to shrimp maturation. Several food materials proved to equal or exceed bloodworms in absolute quantities of PUFAs and may offer an alternative to the bloodworm diet.

Bloodworms typically are frozen for prolonged use. Fatty acid analyzes made of worms stored for one year indicated little degradation in fatty acids as long as food remained frozen at 4°C until use. Seasonal variations in fatty acid content for bloodworms purchased in January and August have also been assessed.

PRACTICAL FEEDS AND FEEDING SCHEDULES FOR POSTLARVAL FRESHWATER PRAWNS, MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII

Michael J. Menzi, Jr. and John M. Heinen, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, P. O. Drawer LW, Mississippi State, MS 39762

To achieve profitable pond culture in temperature regions, M. rosenbergii must apparently be stocked as juveniles which have been raised in a temperature-controlled nursery facility. This study investigated some commercially available feeds, feeding schedules, and feed supplements for growing postlarvae to a juvenile size of about 0.5 g. Postlarvae were grown for nine weeks at a density of 2.0/L and a water temperature of 28 ± 0.5°C in 76-L aquaria equipped with outside biological filtration. Feeding rates were adjusted daily so that generally only a little uneaten food remained at the next feeding time. Uneaten food was siphoned out once daily just before a feeding time. There were three or four replicates per treatment. Experiment 1 tested four commercially available feeds: MFC Clover Brand Catfish Fingerling Crumbles (38% protein), Purina Trout Chow No. 2 (50% protein), Silver Cup Fish Feed - Salmon (49% protein), Rangen No. 2 Postlarval Shrimp Diet (45% protein), and a reference diet (EXD-86). Purina No. 2 Trout Chow gave the best survival and yield and was used as the sole or main food in subsequent experiments. Experiment 2 tested four feeding schedules: once per day (at 1600 h), twice per day (at 0800 h and 1600) twice per day (at 0800 h and 2000 h), and three times per day (at 0800 h, 1600 h, and 2400 h). The once-per-day treatment gave the best growth, survival, and yield. Experiment 3 tested the effects of supplementing trout chow with several fresh or frozen foods; no results were available at the time of this writing.

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS ON THE ENERGETIC REQUIREMENTS OF P. MONODON LARVAE USING ENCAPSULATED DIETS

K. Kurmally, A. Yule, and D. A. Jones, University College of North Wales, School of Ocean Sciences, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd LL59 5EY United Kingdom.

Ingestion rates for P. monodon larval stages have been measured using algae, Artemia and microencapsulated diets. Respiration rates have also been measured for different larval stages over a range of temperature. These data have been used together with assimilation and growth rates to calculate preliminary energetic requirements for for the larvae.

PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF LARVAL PENAEUS VANNAMEI

Linda L. Smith and Addison L. Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q, Port Aransas, Texas 78373

A semi-purified feed was used to examine the protein requirement of Penaeus vannamei. Protein levels examined were: 37.6, 44.6, 51.6 and 58.6%. Lipid was constant at 12.4%. Energy varied between 4763 and 5078 KCal/kg. Feeds were presented in four equal allotments/day at six hour intervals from the third protozoeal substage until termination at the fifth postlarval substage. Algae (100,000 cells/ml Chaetoceros gracilis and 30,000 cells/ml T. Chuii) was added to all dry feed regimes and to the two control regimes (algae-only and algae plus Artemia).

There was no significant difference in survival, rate of metamorphosis or final weight/PL-5 of larvae fed feeds containing any level of protein, suggesting that within this series of formulated feeds, a protein level of 37.6% is sufficient. Final weight of Artemia-fed larvae was equal to that of larvae fed dry feeds.

STOCKING DENSITY AND FEED LEVEL EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE PENAEUS VANNAMEI AND P. STYLIROSTRIS IN POND CAGES

Jack R. Luszynski, Frank L. Castille, and Addison L. Lawrence, Shrimp Mariculture Project, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University System, P. O. Drawer Q Port Aransas, TX 78373

A formulated shrimp feed containing 30% protein was tested on juvenile Penaeus vannamei and P. stylirostris held in bottomless cages. Desired feed levels ranging from 0 to 15% wet body weight per day were used for stocking densities of 10, 20, and 40 per M². Further experiments used desired feed levels ranging from 0 to 5% wet body weight per day with stocking densities of 20.40 and 60 per m².

Growth of P. vannamei and P. stylirostris was inversely related to stocking density. In addition, growth of shrimp fed the 30% protein feed was better than that of unfed shrimp. No significant differences in growth of P. vannamei occurred between desired feed levels ranging from 5 to 15% or between desired feed levels ranging from 1.25 to 5%. Growth of P. stylirostris was better at desired feed levels of 2.5% when compared to 1.25% and did not differ from that of shrimp fed at 5%. The results suggest (1) that in ponds, low feed levels can increase the growth of 1 to 5 g shrimp, (2) that feed rates above 2.5% do not give any additional benefit, and (3) that supplemental feeding may be more important to P. stylirostris than to P. vannamei.

VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF FRESHWATER PRAWNS, MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII

John M. Heinen, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, P. O. Drawer LW, Mississippi State, MS 39762

Postlarval M. rosenbergii were reared on purified diets for 12 weeks in individual cages. Deletion of fat-soluble vitamins did not significantly affect growth rates. Deletion of trace minerals significantly reduced growth rates, but the effect was small. Deletion of water-soluble vitamins caused great mortality. Ten water-soluble vitamins were individually deleted in subsequent experiments, and deletion of vitamin C was found to be responsible for the mortality. Other symptons of vitamin C deficiency were a somewhat higher incidence of small sub-cuticular black or dark brown lesions, molting of only the abdomen (or only the posterior part of it) for prawns dying while trying to molt, and the presence of subcuticular blotches in the rostrums and in other parts of non-molting animals, these blotches usually being white in living animals and brown in dead ones. Deletion of pyridoxine was found to significantly reduce growth rates. Deletion of riboflavin significantly increased growth rates, indicating that riboflavin was present at a detrimentally high level.

INDEX

Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubacea) -
32

Algae production
page 19 (abstract)

Asia
49

Brachionus plicatilis
43

Brine shrimp
16

Cottonseed meal
page 29 (abstract)

Chaetoceros calcitrans
71

Chanos chanos (Forsskal)
64

Feed ingredient
49

Feed ingredient survey
02

Feed manufacture
01
17

Feed manufacturers
(Philippines)
10

Feed milling industry
03
15

Feed processing
page 22 (abstract)

Feed supplies
02

Feeds
02
03
04
29
30
32
33
34
35
39
48
49
52
55
65
66
page 20 (abstract)
page 21 (abstract)
page 23 (abstract)
page 24 (abstract)

Finfish feeds
33

Fish feed survey
02

Formulated feed
02
03
49
52
55
65
66

Leucaena leucocephala
72

Macrobrachium rosenbergii
09
13
19
27
29
32
43
58
60
page 29 (abstract)
page 32 (abstract)

Malaysia - 15, 25

Malva parviflora (Malvaceae)
32

Manual - Shrimp feed and feeding
48

Manual - Finfish feed and feeding
48

Metapenaeus ensis
16

Mytilus edulis
62

Penaeus aztecus
12

Penaeus duorarum
12

Penaeus esculentus
23

Penaeus indicus
20
57

Penaeus japonicus
18
22
34
38
59
63
66
70
page 23 (abstract)

Penaeus merguiensis
61
62

Penaeus monodon
06
07
08
11
14
24
26
28
31
36
41
44
45
50
51
53
54
55
56
64
68
69
72
page 20 (abstract)
page 31 (abstract)

Penaeus setiferus
12

Penaeus stylirostris
page 32 (abstract)

Penaeus vannamei
05
18

Penaeus vannamei
page 19 (abstract)
page 21 (abstract)
page 22 (abstract)
page 25 (abstract)
page 26 (abstract)
page 27 (abstract)
page 28 (abstract)
page 30 (abstract)
page 31 (abstract)
page 32 (abstract)

N. graminea
56

Philippines
10

R. maritima
56

Shrimp bibliography
47

Shrimp farming/management
25

Singapore
17

Squid protein extracts
22

Soybean
42

Soybean meal
page 27 (abstract)

Sri Lanka
19

Tetraselmis chuii
71

Vitamin C
page 25 (abstract)

PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE
ASEAN/UNDP/FAO REGIONAL SMALL-SCALE COASTAL FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(RAS/84/016)

Working Papers

ASEAN/SF/86/WP/1 Rabanal, H. R. Seafarming as alternative to small-scale fishing in ASEAN region. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 55p.

ASEAN/SF/86/WP/2 Soeyanto, T. The status of Bali Strait fisheries with special reference to Muncar, Kedonganan and Jimbaran coastal villages. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 36p.

ASEAN/SF/86/WP/3 Boongerd, S. and S. Chitrapong. Small-scale fishing for squids and related species in Thailand. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 44p.

ASEAN/SF/89/WP/4 Guerrero, C.V. An evaluation of the socio-economic viability of the introduction of set net on small-scale fishermen in Botolan, Zambales. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 50p.

ASEAN/SF/89/WP/5 Guerrero, C.V. An evaluation of the socio-economic viability of “payaw” on small-scale fishermen using hook and line in Masinloc, Zambales. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/ FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 42p.

ASEAN/SF/89/WP/6 Guerrero, C.V. An evaluation of the socio-economic viability of set net operation on small-scale fishermen in Antique and Aklan. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 47p.

ASEAN/SF/90/WP/7 Chitrapong, S. Demonstration of squid fishing in Indonesia. Manila, ASEAN/ UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. 20p.

ASEAN/SF/90/WP/8 Guerrero, C.V. Assessment of the socio-economic impact of artificial reefs on small-scale fishermen in the Philippines. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. (In preparation).

Workshop Reports/Other General Reports

ASEAN/SF/86/GEN/1 Report of national consultative meeting on aquaculture engineering held in Tigbauan Research Station, SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, Iloilo City, Philippines, 2–5 October 1985. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 186p.

ASEAN/SF/86/GEN/2 Zabala, P. T. (Comp.) Preliminary annotated bibliography on small-scale fisheries in the ASEAN Region. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 41p.

ASEAN/SF/87/GEN/3 Report of the training course on shrimp culture held in Jepara, Indonesia, 2–19 December 1987. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1987. 63p.

ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/4 Report of the training course on small-scale fisheries extension held in Semarang, Indonesia, 26 January-14 February 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 130p.

ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/5 Report of the training course on fisheries extension methodology held in Penang, Malaysia, 13–26 March 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 266p.

ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/6 Report of the training course on seaweed farming held in Manila, Philippines, 2–21 May 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 169p.

ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/7 Report of the training/study tour on fishing with “payaw” held in Manila, Philippines, 16 May-4 June 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 87p.

ASEAN/SF/88/GEN/8 Report of the workshop on artificial reefs development and management held in Penang, Malaysia, 13–16 September 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 188p.

ASEAN/SF/89/GEN/9 Report of the training course on seabass breeding and culture, Satul, Thailand, 1–22 August 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 85p.

ASEAN/SF/89/GEN/10 Report of the training course on marine finfish netcage culture, Singapore, 5–24 September 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 193p.

ASEAN/SF/89/GEN/11 Report of the workshop on shrimp and finfish feed development, Johore Bahru, Malaysia, 25–29 October 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 163p.

ASEAN/SF/89/GEN/12 Delmendo, M.N. and P.T. Zabala (Comp.). An annotated bibliography on shrimp feeds and nutrition. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 34p.

ASEAN/SF/89/GEN/13 Delmendo, M.N. and P.T. Zabala (Comp.). An annotated bibliography on finfish feeds and nutrition. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. (In preparation).

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/14 Zabala, P.T. (Comp.). Annotated bibliography on women in fisheries in the ASEAN region. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. 24p.

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/15 A report of the training/study tour on squid fishing, Rayong and Chonburi, Thailand, 17–24 April 1990. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. 43p.

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/16 Report of the workshop on fishery cooperatives management, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 20–15 August 1990. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. (In preparation).

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/17 Report of the workshop on assessment of the contribution of women in post harvest processing and marketing of fish and fishery products, Philippines, 15–19 October 1990. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. (In preparation).

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/18 Report of the training course on home-made feeds preparation for small-scale aquaculture use, Philippines, 19–25 November 1990. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. (In preparation).

ASEAN/SF/90/GEN/19 Report of the training course on set net fishing, Philippines, 3–19 December 1990. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. 36p.

ASEAN Fisheries Manuals

ASEAN/SF/86/Manual No. 1 Suprayitno, H. Manual of running water fish culture. Manila, ASEAN/ UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 34p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Manual No. 2 Juanich, G.L. Manual on seaweed farming: 1 Eucheuma spp. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 25p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Manual No. 3 Trono, G.C., Jr. Manual on seaweed culture: 2. Pond culture of Caulerpa. 3. Pond culture of Gracilaria. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 20p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Manual No. 4 Aguilar, E.R. A manual on set net fishing based on Philippine conditions. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 29p.

ASEAN/SF/90/Manual No. 5 Santos, G.A. A manual for the processing of agar from Gracilaria. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. 34p.

ASEAN/SF/90/Manual No. 6 Legaspi, A.M. Fish processing: Tuna ham making and boneless milkfish. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1990. (In preparation).

ASEAN/SF/91/Manual No. 7 Pascual, F. P. A practical guide to the preparation of home-made feeds for aquaculture. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1991. 28p.

Periodic Progress Reports

ASEAN/SF/86/PR-1 Soesanto, V. Project progress report of the ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 5 October 1985-5 April 1986. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 9p.

ASEAN/SF/86/PR-2 Soesanto, V. Project progress report of the ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 6 April-6 October 1986. Manila, ASEAN/ UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 11p.

ASEAN/SF/88/PPER-3 Delmendo, M.N. Project performance evaluation report of the ASEAN/UNDP/ FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 31 July 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 23p.

Technical Reports Contributed to Symposia/Meetings, etc.

ASEAN/SF/85/Tech. 1 Rabanal, H.R. and V. Soesanto. The world fishery and culture of Macrobrachium and related prawn species. Contributed to the National Conference on Prawn Technology, sponsored by the Philippine Fishfarmers Technical Assistance Foundation, Inc., Manila, Philippines, 27–28 November 1985. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1985. 16p.

ASEAN/SF/86/Tech. 2 Rabanal, H.R. and V. Soesanto. Commercial species of shrimps and prawns, their sources and export markets. Contributed to the Seminar on Quality Control in the Production, Processing and Marketing of Frozen Shrimps for Export, sponsored by Food Research Department, Food Terminal Incorporated, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines, 29–31 July 1986. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 64p.

ASEAN/SF/86/Tech. 3 Rabanal, H.R. Status and prospects of shrimp farming in the Philippines. Contributed to the Monthly Seminar Series on Timely and Related Fisheries Issues, sponsored by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development, (PCARRD), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 5 November 1986. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1986. 24p.

ASEAN/SF/87/Tech. 4 Delmendo, M.N. Fishery administration and policy in the Philippines: Past and present. Contributed to the National Conference on Fisheries Policy and Planning, Baguio City, Philippines, 16–20 March 1987. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1987. 35p.

ASEAN/SF/87/Tech. 5 Delmendo, M.N. Milkfish culture in pens: An assessment of its contribution to overall fishery production of Laguna de Bay. Paper read in the Seminar on the occasion of the Fish Conservation Week, BFAR, October 1987 and lecture material used in the NACA Senior Aquaculture Training Course, SEAFDEC, Tigbauan, Iloilo. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/ FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1987. 17p.

ASEAN/SF/87/Tech. 6 Delmendo, M.N. and B.H. Delmendo. Small-scale aquaculture operations in the ASEAN countries. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1987. 49p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Tech. 7 Rabanal, H.R. History of aquaculture. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 13p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Tech. 8 Rabanal, H.R. and M.N. Delmendo. Organization of the aquaculture industry. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 10p.

ASEAN/SF/88/Tech. 9 Rabanal, H.R. Report on the World Aquaculture Society, 19th Annual Conference and Exposition, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4–10 January 1988. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/ FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1988. 99p.

ASEAN/SF/89/Tech. 10 Delmendo, M.N. Some advances attained in shrimp farming research and management practices: Insights to future prospects for expansion of production. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 60p.

ASEAN/SF/89/Tech. 11 Delmendo, M.N. Bivalve farming: An alternative economic activity for small-scale coastal fishermen. Manila, ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project, 1989. 45p.