TABLES

SR# = cross–indexing to tables in Suo Ruying's book Laminaria Seafarming (1988)

Tables in the text:

Table 1.1
Table 3.7
Table 3.10
Table 4.6
Table 6.4
Table 9.1

Table 1.2. Effect of seawater temperature on growth rate in length (cm/day) of sporophyte plants following transplantation to grow–out rafts. Laminaria growth is stimulated by falling winter seawater temperatures and retarded by rising summer seawater temperatures. Early transplantation results in higher production at harvest. (SR#4)

mo/days:	N/25-D/5 →	D/15 →	D/25 →	J/14 →	J/24 →	F/5 →	F/16 →	F/26 →	M/2 →	M/20 →
water temp (oC):	10.9	7.9	6.2	5.7	5.2	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.5	4.2
TI (N/10)	1.77	2.27	2.27	2.44	2.91	2.59	2.43	2.28	2.42	2.39
TII (D/10)				1.46	1.86	1.71	2.30	2.59	2.81	2.77
TIII (J/10)							1.42	2.21	2.26	3.11
mo/days (cont'd):	M/30 →	A/4 →	A/19 →	A/29 →	M/9 →	M/19 →	M/30 →	J/10 →	J/21 →	July/1 →
water temp (oC):	5.6	6.9	7.7	9.3	11.1	12.3	13.7	14.2	18.9	20.6
TI (N/10)	1.98	1.86	1.52	0.78	0.43	0.22	0.10	0.06	0.13	0.05
TII (D/10)	2.42	2.77	1.96	1.48	0.80	0.39	0.17	0.16	0.12	0.04
TIII (J/10)	3.22	3.73	3.18	3.52	3.06	2.25	1.38	0.37	0.15	0.05

TI = first batch of early term sporophytes transplanted Nov 10
TII = second batch of middle term Dec 10
TIII = third batch of late or last term Jan 10

Table 3.1. Relation between depth of culture ropes and percentage of mature Laminaria fronds with sporangial sori. (SR#7)

water level (cm):	0			33		66		100–250
sampling date (mo/day)	mature	% mature	mature	% mature	mature	% mature	mature	% mature
4/5	1	11	0	0	0	0	0	0
4/15	8	89	7	70	2	25	0	0
4/25	9	100	8	80	-	25	0	0
5/6	-	-	-	-	-	25	0	0
5/15	-	-	-	-	-	25	0	0
5/25	-	-	-	-	4	50	0	0
total mature:	9	100%	8	80%	4	50%	0	0%

experimental design: 9 plants sampled at each depth plants transplanted: 17 Dec. 1956

[-] = no change

Table 3.2. Correlation between density of spores attached to sporeling ropes and proportion (%) of sporelings suitable for transplantation to culture ropes. (SR#10)

density of attached zoospores	no. sporelings on 1 cm of seedling cord		av length of sporelings over 2 cm	% of sporelings which can be transplanted
(no. per 100x field)	total no.	no. > 2cm	(cm)	(%)
10	94	19	11.3	6.7
20	122	27	11.7	6.9
50	171	29	14.4	6.9
100	213	21	12.6	6.0
200	185	24	12.9	4.8

Table 3.3. Effect of temperature on increase in cell diameter of female gametophyte. (SR#1)

zoospores collected (mo/day):	May 11							June 4
	increase in cell diameter of female gametophyte (μm)
	- no. days after zoospore germination -
water temp (oC)	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	4	6	8	10	12	13	24
5	6.4	8.3	9.7	11.4	13.0	14.7	16.4	10.2	12.0	13.8	15.7	17.6	18.6
10	9.3	10.9	12.5	14.2	16.0	17.7	19.4	10.6	12.9	15.2	17.6	20.0	21.1
15	10.5	12.5	14.4	16.2	18.3	20.2	22.2	10.7	13.3	15.8	18.4	20.9	22.2	22.2
20	9.4	11.2	13.0	14.8	16.5	18.5	20.3	10.7	13.3	16.8	18.4	20.9	22.2	30.6

light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C

Table 3.4. Effect of water temperature on cell division of the male gametophyte. (SR#2)
culture time (days):	5	8	10	13	20
water temp (oC)	number of cells formed
5	1	1	4	5	5
10	1	2	6	7	>10
15	1	4	6	>10	>10
20	1	3	5	5	6

light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily

Table 3.5. Rate of development of Laminaria gametophye at different water temperatures. (SR#3)
water temp	date zoospores collected	no. days to formation of zygotes	no. days until 50% transform into zygotes
5	5/11	17	24
	6/30	17	24
	11/4	15	19
10	5/11	16	21
	6/30	13	16.5
	11/4	12	15.5
15	5/11	20	--
	6/30	15	22
	11/4	14	18
20	5/11	do not develop	do not develop
	6/30	do not develop	do not develop
	11/4	do not develop	do not develop

light intensity 1000 lux 10 hours daily

Table 3.7. Standard values for main factors affecting seawater quality in indoor sporeling culture. (SR#12)
	standard values of main factors
	turbidity	specific gravity	salinity	pH
normal:	<30	1.018–1.026	24–26	7.8–8.3
warning:		<1.015	<20	>8.5

Table 3.6. Effect of light intensity on growth and development of gametophytes. (SR#5)

1.i. during embryospore germination (lux)	1.i. during gametophyte growth period (lux)	1.i. during formation of zygotes (lux)	diameter of female gametophyte cell (μm)									formation of zygotes (day)	% zygote formation after 15 days
			- no. days after germination of zoospore -
			3	6	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1,000	1,000	1,000	8.3	12.5	13.9	14.7	19.5	22.2				10	69%
500	1,000	1,000	8.3	11.1	15.3	14.7	19.5	22.2				11	48
200	1,000	1,000	8.3	11.1	15.3	14.7	19.5	22.2				11	33
1,000	500	500	8.3	9.7	11.1	13.9	13.9	16.7	16.7	19.5	22.2	12	<1
1,000	200	200	8.3	8.3	9.7	11.1	12.5	13.9	13.9	13.9	16.7	24	0
1,000	1,000	500	8.3	11.1	13.9	15.3	16.7	22.2				11	19
1,000	1,000	200	8.3	11.1	15.3	16.7	19.7					10	10

1.i. = light intensity

light exposure 10 hours daily, water temp 10o C

Table 3.8. Effect of nitrogen concentration on gametophyte development. (SR#9)

culture time (days):	7	13	21	28
N-NO4 + N-NH4 concentration (mg/m3)	STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT REACHED
0	gametophyte	gametophyte	gametophyte	egg protruded
50	gametophyte	egg protruded	1–16 cell sporeling	4–30 cell sporeling
150	gametophyte	egg protruded	1–8 cell sporeling	2–30 cell sporeling
500	gametophyte	1–4 cell sporeling	1–16 cell sporeling	4–20 cell sporeling
5,000	gametophyte	1–4 cell sporeling	1–32 cell sporeling	100- cell sporeling
15,000	sporeling	1–4 cell sporeling	1–32 cell sporeling	100- cell sporeling

P-phosphorus = 300 mg/m3

light intensity 1,800 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C

Table 3.9. Effect of phosphate-P concentration on gametophyte development. (SR#8)

culture time (days):	7	13	21	28
P-PO4 concentration (mg/m3)	STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT REACHED
0	gametophyte	gametophyte	gametophyte	gametophyte
10	gametophyte	gametophyte	gametophyte	gametophyte
30	gametophyte	egg protruded	4-cell sporeling	2–4 cell sporeling
100	gametophyte	egg protruded	1–8 cell sporeling	4–16 cell sporeling
300	gametophyte	egg protruded	1–8 cell sporeling	2–30 cell sporeling
1,000	gametophyte	egg protruded	4–8 cell sporeling	4–12 cell sporeling

N-nitrogen = 150 mg/m3

light intensity 1,800 lux 10 hours daily, water temp 10° C

Table 3.10. Light intensity, temperature and nutrition concentrations used in the seedling station during zoospore collection, gametophyte and sporeling development.

period of development	light intensity (10 hours/day) (lux)	temperature	N	P	Fe
period of development	light intensity (10 hours/day) (lux)	(oC)	(ppm)	(ppm)	(ppm)
zoospore collection	500–1,000	8–12	2
gametophyte	500–2,000	5–15	3	.10–.20
very early sporelings (to .1 cm)	1,000–2,000	6–10	4	.15–.30	.04
early sporelings (to .5–1.0 cm)	2,000–3,000	6–10	4	.20–.40	.04
young sporelings (to 1–2cm)	3,000–4,000	6–10	4	.40	.04
young sporelings (to 2–5 cm)	4,000–5,000	8–12	4	.40	.04

Table 3.11. Comparative data illustrating the benefits of cleaning sporelings attached to culture mats. (SR#11)

	no. and size (cm) of sporelings appearing on a 2 cm section of seedling rope
	total no.	1.0-0.5 cm	%	0.5-0.3 cm	%	0.3-0.1 cm	%
culture mats not cleaned	137	0	0	32	23.4	105	76.6
culture mats cleaned	195	3	1.5	72	36.9	120	61.5

cleaning method: manual water pressure method

Table 4.1. Correlation between growth of young sporophytes and fertilizer application. (SR#14)

region	15,000 plants/mu	15,000 plants/mu	plant size	growth stage of plants	colour	beginning time of transplantation
region	total fert appl (kg)	daily fert appl (kg)	(cm)	growth stage of plants	colour	beginning time of transplantation
Longxudao	20.0	1.25	20-25	robust	dark brown	end of Oct
County MF	22.5	1.50	20-25	robust	dark brown	end of Oct
Wawushui	15.0	1.00	20-25	robust	dark brown	15% by end of Oct
N Coast Sanggouwan	7.5	0.50	10	ordinary	brown yellow	5 Nov
W Coast Sanggouwan	5.0	0.25	4.5	thin & narrow	light yellow	10 Nov
S Coast Sanggouwan	5.0	0.25	7-8		brown yellow	10 Nov

fert appl = fertilizer application MF = Mariculture Farm 1 mu = 667 m2

Table 4.2. Transplantation times and water temperatures in northern China. (SR#17)

region	First Class early term YS		Second Class middle term YS		Third Class late term YS		Fourth Class last term YS
	TP	WT	TP	WT	TP	WT	TP	WT
	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)
Dalian	10/end-11/15	14-17	11/16-11/25	11-13	11/26-12/10	8-10	12/11-12/end	5-8
Shandong Prov (Northern)	10/end-11/15	14-17	11/16-11/25	11-13	11/26-12/10	8-10	12/11-12/end	5-8
Shandong Prov (Southern)	10/end-11/15	14-17	11/16-11/25	11-13	11/26-12/10	8-10	12/11-12/end	5-8

TP = time of transplantation
WT = water temperature
YS = young sporophyte

Table 4.3. Transplantation times and water temperatures in southern China. (SR#18)

region	First Class early term YS		Second Class middle term YS		Third Class late term YS		Fourth Class last term YS
	TP	WT	TP	WT	TP	WT	TP	WT
	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)	(mo/day)	(°C)
Zhejiang	12/1-12/20	16-17	12/21-1/10	12-15	1/11-1/end	8-11	1/end-2/5	7-9
Fujian	12/1-12/20	16-17	12/21-1/10	12-15	1/11-1/end	8-11	1/end-2/5	7-9

TP = time of transplantation
WT = water temperature
YS = young sporophyte

Table 4.4. Relation of growth and weight of cultivated kelp to early and late transplantation times in the Longxudao Experimental Culture Region, 1976. (SR#15)

sampling date	transplantation period	av no. plants per kelp rope	length × width	daily growth	fresh:dry weight ratio	length flat part blade	kelp rope fresh weight	kelp rope dry weight	% ET yield higher than LT yield	remarks
(month/day)	(early or late)	av no. plants per kelp rope	(cm)	(cm)	fresh:dry weight ratio	(cm)	(kg)	(kg)	(%)	remarks
3/24-4/28	early	21	323.1 × 33.0	2.32		74.9	21.0	--		2 ropes for growth measurement, 4 ropes for weight measurement for ET and LT samples
2/26-4/28	late	23	239.1 × 27.8	1.94		29.9	18.15	--
2/26-4/28	early	21	310.6 × 34.9	0.44	4.68	--	14.0	3.00
4/28–6/12	late	23	206.0 × 28.6	0.70	6.00	--	11.2	1.85	62.2	average wet and dry weight of 6 ropes for ET and LT samples

Table 4.5. Comparison of dry weight yield per plant obtained from early and late transplantation times. (SR#16)

cultivation region	transplantation time: early, late (month/day)		no. plants	av dry wt single plant (gm)	increment of ET over LT, LT=100
Rongchen County	early:	11/10	510	156.7	177.5
Aquaculture Farm (1975)	late:	11/end	2,550	88.3	100.0
Jimo County	early:	11/15	68	73.5	185.0
Yangshanhou (1978)	late:	11/end	68	39.7	100.0
Jiaonan County	early:	11/19	34	82.3	180.5
Hongshiyan (1980)	late:	12/9	34	45.6	100.0

ET = average dry weight/plant with early transplantation
LT = average dry weight/plant with late transplantation

Table 4.7. Correlation between sporophyte growth and length at time of transplantation. (SR#19)

	size of sporophytes at time of transplantation (cm)
		6–8	10–12	14–17	19–23
average daily growth in length (cm)	F	0.50	0.93	1.50	2.17
	S	0.00	0.37	0.83	2.16
	average	0.22	0.60	1.16	1.56

F = first batch transplanted sporophytes
S = second batch transplanted sporophytes

Table 5.1. Comparison of kelp growth on different parts of kelp culture ropes using the hanging kelp rope raft method of grow-out. (SR#20)

date (mo/day)	blade length x width (cm)			daily growth in length (cm)
date (mo/day)	U	M	L	U	M	L
3/3-13	292 × 30	266 × 25	221 × 21	3.53	2.98	1.60
3/13-18	306 × 31	274 × 25	224 × 21	3.65	2.65	1.60
3/18-24	323 × 33	236 × 26	236 × 22	2.87	2.29	2.17
3/24-29	341 × 33	300 × 27	245 × 20	3.70	2.95	2.30
3/29-4/9	356 × 34	321 × 29	260 × 20	2.36	2.05	1.66
dry wt per plant (g):				remarks:
	U	M	L
6/3	97.4	65.9	60.9	- kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 59.9% more than plants on lower parts
6/20	98.4	77.0	61.6	- kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 59.7% more than plants on lower parts

U, M, L = upper, middle and lower parts of kelp culture ropes

Table 5.2. Comparison of kelp growth on different parts of kelp culture ropes using the hanging kelp rope raft method of grow-out. (SR#26)

date (mo/day)	blade length x width (cm)			daily growth in length (cm)
date (mo/day)	U	M	L	U	M	L
3/3-13	202 × 29	282 × 31	234 × 31	3.65	3.15	2.60
3/13-18	303 × 30	291 × 31	245 × 32	3.50	2.75	3.00
3/18-24	322 × 33	303 × 32	256 × 32	3.83	2.25	2.29
3/24-29	336 × 34	318 × 33	269 × 35	3.25	3.65	3.05
3/29-4/9	367 × 36	340 × 35	290 × 37	3.34	2.34	2.27
dry wt per plant (g):				remarks:
	U	M	L
6/20	98.5	64.3	70.7	- kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 39.3% more than plants on lower parts
7/10	107.6	68.8	86.2	- kelp plants on upper parts of kelp ropes weighed 24.8% more than plants on lower parts

U, M, L = upper, middle and lower parts of kelp culture ropes

Table 5.3. Comparison of kelp growth using horizontal and hanging kelp rope raft culture methods. (SR#21)

transplantation period (yr/mo)	culture depth (cm) (cm)	raft culture method (hang/horiz)	rate of growth per day sampled monthly
			Jan			Feb			Mar			Apr
			E	M	L	E	M	L	E	M	L	E	M	L
1957/1,2	50	horizontal	1.36	2.67	2.51	2.80	2.73	1.66	1.77	2.05	1.84	1.57	1.57	0.84
1957/1,2	50	hanging	1.15	2.50	2.31	2.06	2.17	1.37	1.70	1.80	2.30	1.90	1.90	1.27
1958/1,2	50	horizontal	1.73	2.10	2.07	1.68	1.82	1.82	1.44	1.97	0.69	1.34	0.20	--
1958/1,2	50	hanging	1.18	1.67	1.20	1.05	1.05	1.69	1.37	0.74	0.21	0.89	1.17	--

Table 5.4. Comparison of kelp growth by weight and fresh/dry weight ratios for plants cultured using hanging and horizontal kelp rope raft methods. (SR#22)

seedlings summer (SS) autumn (AS)	transplantation date	harvest date	raft culture method	no. plants in sample	fresh weight		dry weight		fresh/dry
	transplantation date	harvest date			total wt	av wt	total wt	av wt	wt ratio
	(yr/mo/day)	(yr/mo/day)			(kg)	(g)	(kg)	(g)	wt ratio
SS	1957/1/2	1957/5/20	horizontal	17	9.30	547	1.75	103	5.3:1
SS	1957/1/2	1957/5/20	hanging	17	7.19	423	1.28	75	5.6:1
AS	1957/1/2	1957/5/20	horizontal	10	3.16	316	0.62	62	5.1:1
AS	1957/1/2	1957/5/20	hanging	11	3.00	273	0.53	48	5.7:1
SS	1957/12/27	1958/5/3	horizontal	21	6.13	292	1.22	58	4.9:1
SS	1957/12/27	1958/5/3	hanging	24	5.38	224	0.78	33	6.8:1
AS	1958/1/23	1958/5/4	horizontal	21	6.25	297	1.12	53	5.5:1
AS	1958/1/23	1958/5/4	hanging	19	3.25	171	0.56	29	5.7:1

SS = summer seedlings or summer sporelings
AS = autumn seedlings or autumn sporelings

Table 5.5. Comparison of kelp growth using hanging and horizontal raft culture methods, at Dalian in northern China. (SR#23)

		kelp rope raft culture method
		horizontal	hanging
daily growth (cm)		3.6	2.6
av growth per plant (cm)	upper part kelp rope	79	66
	lower part kelp rope	67	28
fresh wt of 20 plants (kg)		4.46	3.17
colouration of plants		even deep brown	uneven deep brown

note: measurements were taken between 30 April and 29 May 1958 from samples on culture ropes at the same depth

Table 5.6. Kelp growth using the mixed hanging/horizontal kelp rope method compared with kelp growth using the hanging kelp rope raft method alone. (SR#25)

growth period	hanging/horizontal kelp rope method		hanging kelp rope method
growth period	size of blade (length x width)	av daily growth	size of blade (length x width)	av daily growth
(mo/days)	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)	(cm)
2/11-21	209 × 27	2.68	222 × 24	2.43
2/21-26	219 × 27	2.25	228 × 24	2.03
2/26-3/3	241 × 29	3.68	239 × 25	3.00
3/3-3/13	269 × 30	3.13	266 × 25	2.70
3/13-18	279 × 31	3.08	268 × 26	2.63
3/18-24	294 × 32	2.79	285 × 27	2.44
3/24-27	308 × 34	3.32	299 × 27	2.98
3/24-4/9	332 × 36	2.27	315 × 28	2.02

Table 5.7. Comparison of dry weight yield from kelp ropes using the mixed hanging/horizontal and the hanging kelp rope raft grow-out methods. (SR#24)

harvest time (mo/day)	hanging/horizontal kelp rope method				incremental increase in output for the mixed hanging/horizontal over the hanging method of kelp rope culture (%)
harvest time (mo/day)	no. plants per kelp rope	fresh wt per plant (g)	dry wt per plant (g)	f:d weight ratio
4/30	15	713	85	8.39:1	20.4
5/19	17	588	106	5.55:1	14.7
5/26	14	821	107	7.67:1	19.0

harvest time (mo/day)	hanging kelp rope method
harvest time (mo/day)	no. plants per kelp rope	fresh wt per plant (g)	dry wt per plant (g)	f:d weight ratio
4/30	17	668	71	9.46:1
5/19	15	700	92	7.58:1
5/26	15	788	90	8.70:1

Table 5.8. Comparison of kelp growth using one-dragon and horizontal kelp rope raft culture methods. (SR#27)

	one dragon kelp rope				horizontal kelp rope
blade part	fresh wt (kg)	dry wt (kg)	f:d ratio	fresh wt (kg)	dry wt (kg)	f:d ratio
1 m basal part	2.5	0.4	7.0:1	1.9	0.3	7.4:1
1 m middle part	2.7	0.5	6.0:1	2.1	0.3	6.8:1
1-2 m apical part	3.1	0.6	5.6:1	4.5	0.6	8.1:1
average f:d ratio			6.7:1			7.4:1

f:d ration = fresh weight/dry weight ratio

Table 6.1. Comparison of Laminaria growth for different spacings between culture ropes. (SR#29)

date (mo/day)	space between culture ropes (cm)	fresh weight per rope (g)	average kelp length (cm)
date (mo/day)	space between culture ropes (cm)	fresh weight per rope (g)	upper part	middle part	lower part	average
12-7 to 1-13	100	4.75	163	180	170	171
12-7 to 1-13	80	5.15	206	183	140	176
1-13 to 2-3	100	6.90	201	255	205	220
1-13 to 2-3	80	7.85	227	225	180	210
2-3 to 3-12	100	12.0	240	250	265	252
2-3 to 3-12	80	14.0	300	230	--	265
3-12 to 4-12	100	22.5	305	--	260	283
3-12 to 4-12	80	25.0	360	280	200	280
4-12 to 6-6	100	24.0	298	248	--	273
4-12 to 6-6	80	25.0	352	280	--	316

Table 6.2. Statistics on seafarming area and Laminaria yield in the Weihai mariculture region, Shandong Province. (SR#30)

	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975
farming area (mu)	2,300	2,900	4,200	4,000	5,100	5,100	6,700	8,500	8,250	9,000	8,000
average yield per mu	1,091	1,344	1,403	1,177	1,035	941	1,163	975	776	701	895
total production	2,510	3,900	6,000	4,711	5,280	4,803	7,796	8,284	6,413	6,319	7,161

Table 6.3. Comparison of yield from increased planting density for vertical and horizontal kelp culture methods. (SR#31)

grow-out method	planting density (plants/mu)	average fresh wt/plant (g)	average dry wt/plant (g)	% increase for horiz over vert culture method
grow-out method	planting density (plants/mu)	average fresh wt/plant (g)	average dry wt/plant (g)	no plants/mu	fresh wt/plant	dry wt/plant
horiz culture	23,100	561.92	59.08	116.6	104.3	118.2
vert culture	19,800	538.6	49.73	100.0	100.0	100.0

Table 6.5. Comparison of Laminaria growth rates at different depths (60, 90, 120, 150 cm). (SR#33)

date of sampling (mo/day)	water temp (oC)	60 cm			90 cm			120 cm			150 cm
date of sampling (mo/day)	water temp (oC)	AIW (g)	DIWC (g)	IWC (%)	AIW (g)	DIWC (g)	IWC (%)	AIW (g)	DIWC (g)	IWC (%)	AIW (g)	DIWC (g)	IWC (%)
4-1	7.3	295	--	--	335	--	--	230	--	--	235	--	--
4-7	8.1	370	12.5	25.4	441	17.7	31.6	291	10.5	26.5	277	7.0	17.9
4-20	9.7	430	4.6	16.2	491	3.9	11.3	379	6.6	30.2	355	6.0	28.2
4-29	11.5	450	2.2	4.7	509	2.0	3.7	391	1.3	3.2	368	1.4	3.7
5-9	13.1	497	4.7	10.4	525	1.6	31.1	406	1.5	3.8	382	1.4	3.8
5-17	14.0	475	-2.8	-4.4	500	-3.1	-4.8	370	-4.5	-8.8	353	-3.6	-7.6
5-30	16.4	415	-4.6	-12.8	440	-4.6	-12.0	310	-4.6	-16.2	290	-4.9	-17.8
6-7	18.3	358	-7.1	-13.7	351	-11.1	-20.2	242	-8.5	-21.9	222	-8.5	-23.4

AIW = average individual plant weight
DIWC = daily individual plant weight increase or decrease
IWC = % change in individual plant weight over the sampling period

Table 6.6. Comparison of Laminaria growth and quality of product at different depths. (SR#34)

water depth (cm)	fresh wt./ culture rope (kg)	dry wt./ culture rope (kg)	fresh/dry ratio	quality of product (%)
water depth (cm)	fresh wt./ culture rope (kg)	dry wt./ culture rope (kg)	fresh/dry ratio	class 1	class 2	class 3	no class
20	16.71	2.885	5.79	59.03	27.08	9.72	4.17
40	16.2	2.77	5.84	60.33	28.67	6.00	5.00
60	16.6	2.755	6.02	55.08	30.51	9.32	5.08
100	13.85	2.01	6.89	50.47	35.05	10.74	3.74
140	13.85	1.79	7.18	38.91	45.15	11.48	4.42

Table 6.7. Comparison of fresh/dry conversion ratios for Laminaria cultured at different depths, observed at different harvest times. (SR#35)

harvest (mo/day)	water temperature (oC)			fresh/dry conversion ratio
harvest (mo/day)	av	max	min	20 cm	100 cm	200 cm
5-8	11.2	12.1	10.45	7.25	7.31	9.05
5-20	12.2	13.1	11.8	6.98	7.24	8.80
6-3	14.52	15.4	13.2	6.20	6.51	7.43
6-12	16.36	17.5	15.6	6.04	6.34	6.48
6-20	18.33	19.0	17.8	5.80	6.11	6.28
7-1	19.28	20.7	18.2	4.94	5.40	5.50

Table 6.8. Commonly used inorganic fertilizers: nitrogen content, properties and precautions for use. (SR#36)

type of fertilizer	nitrogen content (%)	descriptive properties	precautions
ammonium sulphate	21	white crystal powder, acidic, quickly. absorbed by kelp, easily dissolves in in water, absorbs moisture slowly when humid and forms lumps.	Do not mix with alkaline substances.
ammonium nitrate	33–35	white or yellowish granular powder, neutral, quickly absorbed by kelp, easily dissolved in water, absorbs moisture quickly when humid and becomes liquid, explosive when heated or impacted	Should not be hit with metal object, will explode with impact. Lumps should be removed by knocking lightly with a wooden stick.
ammonium chloride	24–26	white or yellowish granular powder, acidic, easily dissolves in water, quickly absorbed by kelp, absorbs moisture slowly when humid and forms lumps.
ammonium carbonate	17	white crystal powder, alkaline, easily dissolves in water, quickly absorbed by kel.	Care must be taken to prevent evaporation in storage.
urea	46	white crystal, neutral, quickly absorbed by kelp, dissolves easily, slowly absorbs moisture when humid.	Not suitable for seafarming
ammonia	12–18	colourless or dark green liquid, alkaline, quickly absorbed by kelp, extremely volatile, corrosive to skin and metal containers.	Avoid exposure to sunlight. Prevent evaporation in storage.

Table 6.9. Comparison of blade tip falling and weight reduction of Laminaria between fertile seawaters at Qingdao and infertile seawaters at Weihai. (SR#37)

av length of fallen blade tips (cm)							av kelp fresh wt. per culture rope (kg)
FERTILE WATERS AT QINGDAO:
date (mo/day)	4/19	4/29	5/9	5/19	5/30	date (mo/day)	5/9	5/19	5/30	6/10
length of fallen blade tips (cm)	7.0	3.8	5.2	6.0	13.0	fresh wt per rope (kg)	21.1	20.9	20.7	17.4
total length of fallen blade tips (cm)	--	10.8	16.0	22.0	35.0	reduction of fresh wt/rope (kg)	--	-0.2	-0.2	-3.3
INFERTILE WATERS AT WEIHAI:
date (mo/day)	4/12	4/22	5/2	5/12	5/22	date (mo/day)	5/2	5/12	5/22	6/1
length of fallen blade tips (cm)	2.2	13.3	18.2	36.9	26.2	fresh wt per rope (kg)	15.94	18.06	17.38	13.13
total length of fallen blade tips (cm)	--	15.5	33.7	70.6	96.8	reduction of fresh wt/rope (kg)	--	2.12	-0.68	-4.25

Table 6.10. Correlation of total growth length with fallen blade length for Laminaria plants grown at different depths. (SR#38)

depth (cm)	date of observation (mo/day)						total lengthfallen blades (cm)	% fallen blades of total length	total length (cm)	length at harvest (cm)
depth (cm)	4–6	4–20	4–29	5–9	5–17	5–30	total lengthfallen blades (cm)	% fallen blades of total length	total length (cm)	length at harvest (cm)
60	6.7	20.1	11.2	15.5	12.2	30.6	96.2	28.0	343.7	247.4
90	4.2	21.0	12.6	15.8	19.8	29.8	101.2	33.2	304.7	203.7
120	3.0	24.6	17.1	23.5	14.7	30.7	113.6	38.3	293.2	179.6
150	4.9	21.8	12.0	16.5	13.4	25.7	94.3	35.2	267.8	173.6

Table 6.11. Relationship between blade tip cutting at different times and production rate per mu. (SR#39)

cutting time	av temp (oC)	av prod/mu (kg/mu)	dry wt of blade tips per mu (kg)	% blade tips of total dry wt (%)
mid-March	3.5-4.0	1,000	120	12.0
late-March	5.0-6.0	1,150	200	17.4
early-April	7.0-8.0	800	110	13.8

Table 7.1. Comparison of fresh weight and dry weight of Laminaria at different harvest times and comparison of yield and production value per plant. (SR#41)

harvest time (mo/day)	water temp. (oC)	fresh wt per rope (kg)	average kelp length (cm)	fresh:dry wt ratio	dry wt per rope (kg)	Class quality (% of total yield)				productvalue (yuan)
harvest time (mo/day)	water temp. (oC)	fresh wt per rope (kg)	average kelp length (cm)	fresh:dry wt ratio	dry wt per rope (kg)	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	no class	productvalue (yuan)
4/25	8.1	21.75	326	10:1	2.175	7.7	33.3	27.3	31.7	2.02
5/10	10.3	24.375	337	9:1	2.715	17.1	35.4	37.4	10.1	2.97
5/26	13.2	24.625	311	7.9:1	3.115	21.5	31.6	45.3	1.6	3.77
6/11	15.2	22.0	288	6.6:1	3.33	49.4	16.0	30.3	4.3	4.12
6/29	17.8	17.625	233	5.7:1	3.015	81.0	19.0			4.45
7/14	21.0	14.5	154	5:1	2.885	80.3	19.7

Table 7.2. Effects of water depth and water temperature on blade thickening of Laminaria. (SR#42)

harvest time (mo/day)	period (mo/day)	average water temp (oC)	maximum water temp (oC)	minimum water temp (oC)	water depth (cm)	fresh:dry ratio		average fresh:dry ratio
harvest time (mo/day)	period (mo/day)	average water temp (oC)	maximum water temp (oC)	minimum water temp (oC)	water depth (cm)	high density	low density	high density	low density
first crop	5/1 to	12.5	14.1	11.0	60	8.1	6.62	8.2	6.96
5/15	5/15				120	8.51	7.28
second crop	5/16 to	14.12	16.0	13.2	60	6.16	5.85	6.73	6.26
5/30	5/30				120	7.23	6.65
third crop	5/31 to	18.87	19.7	15.3	60	5.68	4.57	5.73	4.73
6/20	6/20				120	5.76	4.81

Table 7.3. Comparison of individual plant dry weights for 15 kelp plants grown at different positions and water depths on kelp ropes. (SR#43)

position of 15 kelp on culture rope fm top to bottom (cm)	1–3	4–6	7–9	10–12	13–15
average fresh weight/ individual kelp plant (g)	845.6	906.0	884.0	869.0	763.0
average dry weight/ individual kelp plant (g)	131.8	123.0	108.48	106.13	97.78
fresh:dry weight ratio	6.42	7.37	8.15	8.19	7.80
% decrease in dry weight/ plant with depth (g) (top plants = 0)	0.00	6.70	17.72	19.57	25.82

Table 7.4. Classification of fresh-dried kelp plants.

plant characteristics	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	substandard
total length of plant (cm)	100	80	60	40
length of flat blade portion (cm)	70	50	40	15
width of flat blade portion (cm)	12.5	9.5	6.0
water content maximum (%)	22	22	22	22
impurities maximum (%)	2	2	2	2–4

Table 7.5. Classification of salt-dried kelp plants.

plant characteristics	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	substandard
total length of plant (cm)	100	80	60	40
length of flat blade portion (cm)	70	50	40	15
width of flat blade portion (cm)	14.0	11.0	7.0
water content maximum (%)	32	32	32	32
impurities maximum (%)	4	4	4	4–6

Table 8.1. Comparison of output and market value per mu between monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#44)

LAMINARIA (dry weight):		monoculture	polyculture I	polyculture II
fresh/dry wt ratio		7.22	6.95	5.84
mean dry wt kelp + mussels (kg)		96.50	108.60	119.10
mean yield per mu	dry wt (kg)	1,073	1,317	1,336
mean yield per mu	increased yield over MC (MC=100)	100	123	125
class ratios (%)	class I	59.3	74.0	80.0
	class II	22.6	12.7	9.6
	class III	8.8	5.5	4.8
	substandard	9.3	7.8	5.6
value/mu (yuan)	output value/mu	1,021	1,291	1,333
value/mu (yuan)	increased value over MC (MC=100)	100	127	131

MUSSELS (fresh weight):		monoculture	polyculture I	polyculture II
mean yield per mu fresh wt (kg)	mussel rope wt	11.65	13.9	14.3
	wt per mu	3,495	4,172	4,290
	increased yield over MC (MC=100)	100	119	123
value/mu	output value	419	501	515
value/mu	increased value over MC (MC=100)	100	119	123

MC = monoculture
1 mu = 667 m2 = approx. 1/6 acre (1 acre = 4000 m2)

Table 8.2. Comparison of market returns from monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#50)

culture method	yield of Laminaria (kg)	yield of mussels (kg)	total yield (kg)	market value of total yield (yuan)	total investment (yuan)	profit (yuan)
LM	900	--	900	684	442	242
P	1,300	2,800	4,100	1,940	1,000	940
increase of P over LM	400	2,800	3,200	1,256	588	698

LM = Laminaria monoculture
P = polyculture of Laminaria and mussels

Table 8.3. Market returns obtained from monoculture of Laminaria (L) compared with polyculture (PI-PIV) of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#49)

system used	species composition	no. culture ropes per raft rope	sea area (24 raft ropes) (mu)	mkt. value by species (yuan)	total mkt. value (yuan)	increase total mkt. value of P over M ML = 100
ML	L	50	3.0	3,061	3,061	100
PI	L	20	1.2	1,550	3,152	103
PI	M	40	3.2	1,602	3,152	103
PII	L	40	2.4	3,198	4,845	158
PII	M	40	3.2	1,647	4,845	158
PIII	L	30	1.8	2,325	3,927	128
PIII	M	40	3.2	1,602	3,927	128
PIV	L	30	1.8	2,398	3,634	119
PIV	M	50	2.4	1,235	3,634	119

M = mussels
L = Laminaria
ML = monoculture of Laminaria (:50)
PI = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (40:20)
PII = polyculture with equal number of culture ropes (40:40)
PIII = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (40:30)
PIV = polyculture with mussel ropes dominant (50:30)

Table 8.4. Increase/decrease (+/-) in dissolved N and P levels over a twenty-four hour growing period for monoculture and polyculture of mussels and Laminaria. (SR#46)

date (mo/day)		total N			N-NH3			N-NO3			N-NO2			PO4-			total P			water temp (°C)
date (mo/day)		M	P	L	M	P	L	M	P	L	M	P	L	M	P	L	M	P	L	water temp (°C)
12/15–16	base level (mg/m3)	454	407	400	62	61	66	69	65	65	12	13	12	37	38	34	36	36	31	7.0
12/15–16	increase/decrease	61	37	-30	16	16	-2	-2	6	-5	-4	1	-1	15	5	2	28	1	0
12/27–28	base level (mg/m3)	942	862	836	57	43	53	108	102	103	8	12	12	50	50	48	66	62	54	6.0
12/27–28	increase/decrease	133	-18	-36	55	31	--	--	-51	-54	5	-4	-6	11	2	-5	5	2	0
1/10–11	base level (mg/m3)	485	433	461	45	35	59	114	53	54	10	6	5	45	47	35	52	53	43	1.5
1/10–11	increase/decrease	33	-71	-263	71	10	-14	4	-28	-34	6	-2	-2	7	-4	-5	9	0	0
1/31–2/1	base level (mg/m3)	413	368	400	76	40	30	28	12	15	4	4	3	42	28	13	44	39	25	5.0
1/31–2/1	increase/decrease	345	36	-246	6	-1	18	0	-10	-12	2	-2	1	23	-1	4	10	4	-4
3/3–4	base level (mg/m3)	263	257	250	50	42	44	44	32	34	5	5	5	36	30	30	31	29	26	8.0
3/3–4	increase/decrease	173	96	-107	8	-22	-37	4	-21	-23	0	-2	-2	2	1	-10	6	--	-2
3/14–15	base level (mg/m3)	245	168	247	34	35	25	23	22	20	3	3	3	25	25	18	28	19	29	7.7
3/14–15	increase/decrease	318	203	-85	46	-2	-19	7	-13	-15	1	-1	-1	27	10	-6	30	24	-9
3/29–30	base level (mg/m3)	237	235	212	36	23	38	24	16	15	3	3	3	31	26	17	39	46	22	10.4
3/29–30	increase/decrease	397	118	-47	58	13	-32	27	-10	-9	1	-1	0	73	14	-4	57	8	1

base level = concentration at beginning of experiment (mg/m3)

increase/decrease (+/-) = change from base level after 24 hour growing period (mg/m3)

M = monoculture of mussels
P = polyculture of Laminaria and mussels
L = monoculture of Laminaria

Table 8.5. Comparison of dissolved nitrogen-N concentrations in seawaters supporting monoculture polyculture of Laminaria and mussels. (SR#45)

date (mo/day)	total N (mg/m3)				N-NO3- (mg/m3)				N-NH4 (mg/m3)				inorganic N (mg/m3)				water temp (°C)
date (mo/day)	ML	MM	PI	PII	ML	MM	PI	PI	ML	MM	PI	PII	ML	MM	PI	PII	water temp (°C)
12/8	293	322	309	49	49	49	59	55	29	30	30	30	19	23	18	10	7.2
12/21	409	444	373	340	51	55	41	40	33	37	33	34	17	19	13	15	4.5
1/25	189	245	200	179	63	66	65	67	75	68	72	68	9	12	14	17	2.0
2/24	242	290	235	245	12	14	10	9	11	11	10	12	5	9	2	3	1.0
3/9	284	329	295	293	11	18	30	20	10	8	9	11	24	25	32	28	2.0
3/25	204	212	204	195	27	28	31	29	20	15	18	18	31	31	29	26	4.3
4/7	178	172	188	182	25	25	28	25	18	16	17	16	12	14	13	8	8.0

ML = monoculture of Laminaria
MM = monoculture of mussels
PI = polyculture of L and M (LCR:MCR ratio of 1:1)
PII = polyculture of L and M (LCR:MCR ratio of 1:2)
LCR = Laminaria culture rope MCR = mussel culture rope

Table 8.6. Comparison of levels of dissolved O2 and CO2 between monoculture of mussels, polyculture of Laminaria and mussels, and monoculture of Laminaria. (SR#48)

date (mo/day):		12/15–16		12/27–28		1/10–11		1/31–2/1		3/3–4		3/14–15		3/29–30
	(ml/1):	BC	I/D	BC	I/D	BC	I/D	BC	I/D	BC	I/D	BC	I/D	BC	I/D
02	Mussels	6.6	-0.4	6.36	0.12	7.61	-0.24	7.3	-0.96	7.16	-1.12	7.6	-3.03	6.73	-3.29
	Polyculture	6.68	0.36	6.35	1.14	8.02	0.32	8.14	0.62	9.04	1.26	7.6	1.12	8.02	0.76
	Laminaria	8.67	0.86	6.52	1.55	8.12	1.21	8.30	0.55	8.23	1.82	7.98	3.92	8.43	2.89
CO2	Mussels	46.66	0.86	53.58	-1.90	47.83	2.18	43.10	4.09	45.34	4.15	44.09	5.81	46.80	6.35
	Polyculture	46.17	-0.62	51.51	-3.06	46.92	-0.06	41.11	1.23	41.23	-4.42	43.36	-3.37	44.31	-7.62
	Laminaria	44.35	-2.61	51.51	-5.52	46.92	-3.41	40.31	-1.79	41.44	-6.08	42.25	-11.53	43.24	-13.17
water temp (oC):		8.0		6.0		1.5		5.0		8.0		7.7		10.4

BC = base concentration
I/D = increase (+) or decrease (-)

Table 8.7. Comparison of outputs and market values between monoculture of Laminaria and polyculture of Laminaria and Undaria (SR#51)

	yield (kg/mu)		value of Laminaria		value of Undaria		total output value (yuan/mu)	% increase in output value of polyculture over monoculture (monoculture = 100)
	Laminaria dry wt	Undaria fresh wt	(yuan/kg)	(yuan/mu)	(yuan/kg)	(yuan/mu)	total output value (yuan/mu)
Laminaria monoculture	1,105	--	1.00	1,105			1,105	100
Laminaria and Undaria polyculture	722	4,409	1.00	722	0.20	882	1,603	145

Table 8.8. Growth of Undaria plants cultivated at different depths. (SR#52)

depth of culture rope (cm):	80	160	220
average size of plants at transplantation length x width (cm):	20 x 4.5	21.4 x 7	19.5 x 6
average size of plants 63 days after transplantation length x width (cm):	74.75 x 66.5	80.5 x 58.1	81.5 x 44
increase in length (cm):	54.75	59.10	62.00
no. times length greater than original length (%):	3.74	3.74	4.18
increase in width (cm):	62.00	51.10	38.00
no. times width greater than original width:	14.73	8.15	7.33
average fresh weight per plant at end of growth period (g):	116.70	89.60	71.80
comparison of weight per plant at different depths (%):	162	115	100

time of transplantation: 17 January 1962
growth period: 17 January to 21 March (63 days)

Table 8.9. Comparison of dissolved levels of nitrates and phosphates in seafarming areas supporting different monoculture (L or S) and polyculture (L and S) systems. (SR#54)

seafarming system	dissolved nitrates N-NO3- (mg/m3)	dissloved phosphates P-PO4- (mg/m3)
no seafarming	12.5	8.3
L monoculture	8.1	8.0
polyculture with L dominant	11.6	8.6
polyculture withS dominant	12.9	12.4
S monoculture	13.1	10.5

L = Laminaria
S = scallops

Table 8.10. Comparison of dissolved levels of 02, N and P between monoculture (L or S) and polyculture (L and S) system. (SR#55)

culture method	tank volume (1)	water temp (oC)	scallop size			size of kelp plants		DO	inorg-N	N-NH4-	N-NO3-	P-PO4-
culture method	tank volume (1)	water temp (oC)	length (cm)	width (cm)	weight (g)	length (cm)	width (cm)	(ml/l)	(mg/m3)	(mg/m3)	(mg/m3)	(mg/m3)
PI	8,000	6–8	7.74	7.31	63.8	161	12.3	-0.43	-0.6	+13	-13.6	+15.4
MI	8,000	6–8	7.77	7.20	62.1	--	--	-2.97	+586.6	+568.3	+18.3	+49.1
MII	4,000	6–8	--	--	--	73	3.6	+1.33	-567.7	-518.5	-49.2	-55.7

+/- = increase/decrease in levels of O2, N and P

L = Laminaria S = scallops

Experiment design:

PI = polyculture system (4.3S:1.7L), 3 trials using 6 tanks each trial,total of 26 scallops and 10 Laminaria plants.
MI = monoculture (av. 4.3S per tank), 3 trials using 6 tanks each trial,total of 26 scallops.
MII = monoculture (3L), 1 trial using 3 plants.

Table 8.11. Comparison of yield and market returns per mu between Laminaria monoculture and polyculture of Laminaria and scallops. (SR#53)

LAMINARIA
culture method	fw:dw ratio	dw/plant (kg)	yield per mu		class of product (total = 100%)				market value/mu
			dw % over M		I	II	III	sub	value (yuan)	% increase (M=100)
			(kg)	(M=100)	I	II	III	sub	value (yuan)	% increase (M=100)
M: L	7.4:1	63.5	1,068	100	29.9	57.7	10.3	2.3	669	100
PI: L dominant	7.2:1	70.5	1,272	119	31.2	48.1	16.0	4.7	788	118
PII: S dominant	6.8:1	78.5	1,458	133	43.2	38.5	10.8	7.5	911	136

SCALLOPS:
	av length shell (cm)	yield per mu		market value/mu
	av length shell (cm)	dw (kg)	% over M (M=100)	value (yuan)	% increase (M=100)
M: S	5.5	87	100	3,583	100
PI: L dominant	5.8	111	127	4,357	121
PII: S dominant	5.67	67	76	2,605	72

M = monoculture
L = Laminaria
“over M” = increase over monoculture
P = polyculture
S = scallops
dw = dry weight
fw = fresh weight
sub = substandard (no class)

Experimental design: seafarming area = 1 mu = 667 m2

culture systems used:

M:L = 420 kelp culture ropes
M:S = 504 scallop net cages
PI: = 420 kelp culture ropes + 210 scallop net cagesratio 2L:1S (Laminaria dominant)
PII: = 210 kelp culture ropes + 500 scallop net cagesratio 2L:5S (scallops dominant)

total annual market	ML - 669
income per mu (yuan):	MS - 3,583
	PI - 5,145 → preferred system
	PII - 3,516

Table 9.2 Correlation between occurrence of red tides and incidence of sporeling disease in three hatcheries. (SR#60)

occurrence of red tide (mo/day)	duration of red tide (days)	examination of sporelings in seedling stations (mo/day)	% of diseased sporelings in three seedling stations
occurrence of red tide (mo/day)	duration of red tide (days)	examination of sporelings in seedling stations (mo/day)	#1	#2	#3
9/26	2	9/28	42	62.5	40.8
9/30	3	10/2	62	66	52
10/4	4	10/5	41	43	38

year: 1981