BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING PROJECT
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BRACKISHWATER AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING PROJECT |
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
| UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME |  |  |  | FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE U N I T E D N A T I O N S |
| U N D P P. O. Box 1864 Manila, Philippines Cable: UNDEVPRO |
BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES 880 Marcelo Bldg. Quezon Blvd., Quezon City Telephone: 96-54-40 |
| Ref. | Date |
Joint project of the Republic of the Philippines, United Nations Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization cooperating.
This manual is a composite output of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and the FAO/UNDP international staff as set forth in the Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training project document. It was written to bridge the gap between researchers and producers. The ultimate goal is to increase production through training of BFAR Extension Officers followed by transfer of technology to people in the aquaculture industry.
I hope each reader will find this manual a useful tool for training and practical application of the science of aquaculture in fish farms.
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The following persons participated in the preparation of this manual:
TECHNICAL STAFF (BFAR)
TECHNICAL STAFF (FAO/UNDP)
SUPPORT STAFF (BFAR-FAO/UNDP)
RBE/ema, jr.
This manual is intended to be used primarily as an aid to extension workers in brackishwater fish culture in the Philippines. We have attempted to make this manual simple, clear, concise and useable.
We recognize that most questions asked of extension workers by fishfarmers will deal with practical rather than theoretical matter. Thus, we have tried to be as practical as possible. We also realize that some people will want to know “why” as well as “how”, so some theory has been included.
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
FISHFARM ENGINEERING
2. SITE SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF EXISTING AREAS
2.1 Water Supply
2.2 Tidal Characteristic and Ground Elevation
2.2.1 Tides
2.2.2 Tide prediction
2.2.3 Height of tide at any given time
2.3.1 Field method for identification of soil texture
2.4 Studies of Watershed and Flood Hazard
2.4.1 Watershed
2.4.2 Flood hazard
2.6 Type and Density of Vegetation
3. SITE SURVEY FOR PRE-CONSTRUCTION
3.1.1 Tapes
3.1.2 Locke hand level
3.1.3 Abney hand level
3.1.4 Self-leveling level
3.1.5 Engineer's transit
3.1.6 Leveling rod
3.1.7 Magnetic compass
3.2.1 Measurement of horizontal distances
3.2.2 Measurement of areas
3.2.3 Laying out right angles and parallel lines
3.3.1 Explanation of common terms
3.3.2 Transit-stadia method of topographic survey
3.3.3 Topographic survey by soundings
4.1 General
4.2 Specification for Different Pond Designs
4.2.1 Conventional pond system
4.2.2 Modular pond system
4.2.3 Multiple stock/harvest system
4.3.1 Gates
4.3.2 Dikes
4.3.3 Canals
5. PROJECT COST AND PROGRAMMING
5.1.1 Pre-development estimates
5.1.2 Development proper
5.1.3 Cost estimate
5.2 Program of Work and Schedule of Development
5.2.1 Program of work
5.2.2 Schedule of development
6. CONSTRUCTION OF POND SYSTEM
6.1.1 Clearing of the area
6.1.2 Gate construction and installation
6.1.3 Earth work
6.2 Protection, Repair and Maintenance
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1 - Measurement of Stream Velocity by Floats and Determination of Discharge
Annex 3 - The Surveyor's Compass
Annex 4 - Setting Up a Bench Mark at the Farm Site (Elevation based on MLLW)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Suitability of Proposed Fishpond Site Based on Tidal Characteristic and Ground Elevation
Figure 2 - Height of Tide at any Given Time for Iloilo on 23 Sept. 1979
Figure 3 - Layout of Pond Compartments Oriented to the Prevailing Wind Direction
Figure 8 - Self-Leveling Level
Figure 10 - Stadia Rod and Range Pole
Figure 11 - The Surveyor's Compass
Figure 12 - Measuring Horizontal Distance with the Use of the Stadia
Figure 13 - Area Determination Using the Triangulation Method
Figure 14 - Area Determination Using the Trapezoidal Rule
Figure 15 - Laying out Right Angles
Figure 16 - Laying out Parallel Lines
Figure 17 - Establishing Position from a Point of Known Location on the Map
Figure 18 - Transit-Stadia Method of Topographic Survey
Figure 19 - Sample Field Notes on Transit-Stadia Method of Topographic Survey
Figure 20 - Topographic (Hydrographic) Survey by Compass, Tape and Sounding Rod
Figure 21 - Sample Field Notes on Topographic Survey by Soundings
Figure 22 - Example of a Conventional Pond System
Figure 23 - Example of Modular Pond System
Figure 24 - Sample of a Pond by Multiple Stock/Harvest System
Figure 25 - Sample Design of a Concrete Main Gate
Figure 26 - Sample Design of a Wooden Gate
Figure 27 - Sample Design of a Culvert Gate
Figure 28 - Design of Different Dikes
Figure 29 - Design of Different Canals
Figure 30 - Mechanical Puller and Types of Anchor
Figure 31 - Calculation of Ground Level from Tide Observation
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - List of Primary Tide Stations and Datum Planes
Table 2 - Suitability of Six Tidal Station of Reference for Fish Farms
Table 3 - Relationship of Soil Classes and Suitability for Dike Material
Table 4 - Classification of Vegetation According to Kind, Size and Quantity
2. BRACKISHWATER FISHPOND MANAGEMENT
2.1 Bangus Production
2.2 Pond Preparation and Maintenance
2.2.1 Draining and Drying
2.2.2 Tilling/Cultivation of Pond Bottom
2.2.3 Leveling
2.2.4 Pond Maintenance
2.2.4.1 Repair of dike
2.2.4.2 Gate fixing/repair
2.2.5 Fertilization
2.2.6 Soil Conditioning
2.2.6.1 Source of acidity
2.2.6.2 Methods of controlling or correcting acidity
2.2.6.3 Procedures in lime application
2.2.6.4 Other important consideration
2.2.6.5 Amount of lime to be used
2.2.7.1 Lime
2.2.7.2 Oil treatment
2.2.7.3 Chemical treatment
2.2.7.4 Procedure
2.2.7.5 Pond sterilization
2.3 Milkfish (Bangus) Seedling Collection and Handling
2.3.1.1 Identification
2.3.1.2 Fry grounds
2.3.1.3 Collecting methods and gears used in collecting
bangus
2.3.2.1 Storage
2.3.2.2 Transport
2.4.1 Time and Method of Stocking
2.4.2 Stocking Rate
2.4.2.1 Rate of stocking in nurseries
2.4.2.2 Stocking rate in the rearing ponds
2.5 Supplemental Feeding
2.6 Water Management
2.6.1 Temperature
2.6.2 Dissolved Oxygen
2.6.3 pH
2.6.4 Salinity
2.7.1 Methods of Harvesting Marketable Bangus
2.7.2 Methods of Harvesting Shrimps
2.8 Fish Health
2.9 Feed Ponds
3.1.1 Bangus and shrimp Penaeus spp. and Metapenaeus sp.
3.1.2 Sugpo (Penaeus monodon)
3.1.3 Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus
3.1.4 Penaeus semisulcatus
3.1.5 Metapenaeus ensis
3.2.1 Breeding
3.2.2 Source of Fish Seed
3.2.3 Population Control
3.2.3.1 Mono-sex cultivation
3.2.3.2 Use of predators
3.2.4 Cultivation
3.2.5 Harvesting
3.3.1 Considerations and Requirements in Shrimp Culture
3.3.2 Pond Lay-out for Progression System of Management
3.3.3 Supply of Seed Stock
3.3.4 Pond Management
3.3.4.1 Pond preparation
3.3.4.2 Stocking
3.3.4.3 Transfer from nursery pond to rearing pond
3.3.4.4 Rearing shrimp
3.3.4.4.1 Water management
3.3.4.4.2 Pond management
3.3.4.4.3 Natural food in ponds
3.3.4.4.4 Supplemental feeding
3.3.4.4.5 Types of feeds used
3.3.4.5 Harvesting
3.3.4.6 Signs of trouble in ponds
3.3.4.7 Remedial measures
3.3.4.8 Other factors to be considered
3.4 Culture of Crab, “Alimango”, Scylla serrata
3.4.1 Breeding
3.4.2 Collection of Seedlings
3.4.3 Method of Culture
3.4.4 Feeding
3.4.5 Harvesting
4.1.1 Salinity
4.1.2 Oxygen
4.1.3 Water pH
4.1.4 Water Soluble Nutrients - N
4.1.4.1 Nitrogen (N)
4.1.4.2 Phosphate P
4.1.4.3 Potassium
4.2 Total Hardness/Calcium Hardness
5. WEATHER OR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
5.1 Weather Conditions
5.2 Climatic Conditions
5.2.1 Estimated Production Output (kg/ha/yr) in Each Climatic Condition
5.2.1.1 Existing areas for improvement
5.2.1.2 New areas for development
6.1 Farmhouse
6.2 Storehouse
6.3 Working Shed
6.4 Boats
6.5 Pumps
7. MANPOWER AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
2.1 The Background and Meaning of Extension
2.2 Objectives of Extension
2.3 Philosophy of Extension
2.3.1 Extension is an economic necessity
2.3.2 Extension is based upon research
2.3.3 Extension bases its programs on people's need as
well as technical and national economic needs
2.3.4 Extension is education process
2.3.5 Extension cooperates with others which aims to develop
individuals, community and nation
3. EXTENSION AS AN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
3.1.1 Extension teachers and teaching
3.1.2 Requirements of extension teaching
3.1.3 Learning experience and learning situations
4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN EXTENSION
4.1.1 Sex division
4.1.2 Religious and ceremonial groups
4.1.3 Division based on age
4.1.4 Kinship/kinship groups
4.1.5 Grouping on the basis of common residence
4.3.1 Innovators
4.3.2 Contact with other culture
4.3.3 Communications
4.3.4 Other factors
4.3.5 Extension of the rural development work
4.4.1 Culture based barriers
4.4.2 Social barriers to change
4.4.3 Psychological barriers to change
5. EXTENSION PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
5.1.1 Data gathering
5.1.2 Situation analysis
5.1.3 Problem identification
5.1.4 Objective setting
5.2.1 Action plan development
5.2.2 Execution of action plan
1.1.1 Economic systems are geared to our wants
1.1.2 Production satisfies wants
1.1.3 Risk
1.1.4 Interest
1.1.5 Relationships between economic factors
1.2.1 General
1.2.2 Farm size
1.2.3 Subsidies
1.3.1 General
1.3.2 Choice of production systems
1.3.3 Some constraints in tropical aquaculture
1.3.4 Output and input costs
1.3.4.1 Output factors causing change of slope
1.3.4.2 Input factors
2.1 Procedure in Securing 25-Year Fishpond Lease Agreement
2.1.1 Who are qualified to apply
2.1.2 Filing of applications to lease public forest lands for
fishpond purposes (for new areas)
2.1.3 Referral of applications to Land Classification
Committee (Bureau of Forest Development
2.1.4 Certification of availability of the area for fishpond
purposes by the Secretary of Natural Resources
2.1.5 Investigation and inspection of the area duly certified
as available for fishpond purposes
2.1.6 Requirements for the issuance of a 25-year fishpond
lease agreement
2.1.7 Evaluation of the project feasibility study
2.1.8 Preparation and submission of 25-year fishpond lease
2.1.9 Approval of 25-year fishpond lease agreement
2.2.1 Size of fishpond area
2.2.2 Rentals, cash bond, surcharges and other fees
2.2.3 When equity is required (per Project Feasibility Study)
2.2.4 Obligation of fishpond lessee
2.2.5 Procedure in converting existing 10-year fishpond lease
agreements into 25-year fishpond lease agreements
2.2.5.1 Who are authorized to request for conversion
2.2.5.2 Filing of a duly accomplished fishpond
application (under oath)
2.2.5.3 Processing of application and evaluation of
project feasibility study
2.2.5.4 Preparation and submission of 25-year fishpond
lease agreement for approval
2.2.5.5 Approval of 25-year fishpond lease agreement
2.2.6 Procedure in the transfer and issuance of 25-year lease agreement
2.2.6.1 Who are authorized to apply for transfer
2.2.6.2 Filing of duly accomplished fishpond application
(under oath)
2.2.6.3 Processing of application and evaluation of
project feasibility study
2.2.6.4 Preparation and submission of 25-year fishpond
lease agreement for approval
2.2.6.5 Approval of 25-year fishpond lease agreement
3. FACTORS INFLUENCING FISHPOND ECONOMICS
3.1.1 Climate
3.1.2 Soils
3.1.3 Elevation
3.1.4 Topography
3.1.5 Vegetative cover
3.1.6 Flood
3.1.7 Accessibility
3.1.8 Size of area
3.2 Procurement of Materials and Supplies
3.3.1 Method of sale
3.3.2 Manner of pricing
3.3.3 Term of sale
3.3.4 Marketing channels
3.3.5 Geographic flow
3.3.6 Marketing cooperatives
3.4 Abilities and Desires of Personnel Concerned
3.4.1 Abilities
3.4.2 Priority
4.1 Bookkeeping
4.2 Amortization of Loans
4.3 Cash Flow
5.1 Economic Feasibility
5.2 Financial Feasibility
5.2.1 Net present value
5.2.2 Benefit cost ratio
5.2.3 Internal rate of return (IRR)
5.2.4 Procedure for estimating IRR
5.2.5 Cash pay back period
5.2.6 Accounting rate of return or investment
5.2.7 Financial analysis
5.2.8 Break-even point analysis
5.3 Sample Outline of a Project Feasibility Study
6.1 DBP Implementing Guidelines for Fishpond Loan Program
6.1.1 Qualification of a borrower
6.1.2 Purposes of the loan
6.1.3 The amount of loan
6.1.4 Equity contribution
6.1.5 Loan securities
6.1.6 Repayments
6.1.7 Interest rate
6.1.8 Checklist of requirements
6.2 CB Implementing Guidelines for Fishpond Development
6.2.1.1 Loan limit and maximum area
6.2.1.2 Eligible borrower
6.2.2 Security of the loans
6.2.3 Policy on guarantees
6.2.4 Restructuring of loan
6.2.5 Fishery plan and budget
6.2.6 Loan application
6.2.7 Loan budget and releases
6.2.8 SSD and savings deposit withdrawals
6.2.9 Purchase orders (PO) and coupons
6.2.10 Special time deposit
6.2.11 Guarantee of loans
6.2.12 Maturity
6.2.13 Repayment
FISH HANDLING MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
1.1 Principles of Fish Spoilage
1.1.1 Why fish spoils
1.1.2 Characteristics of fresh and spoiled fish and shellfish
2.1 Handling Fish and Shellfish After Catch
2.1.1 Cardinal rules in handling fresh fish
2.1.2 Principles of icing
2.1.2.1 Why cool fish with ice
2.1.2.2 Nature and properties of ice
2.1.2.3 How ice cools fish
2.1.2.4 Kinds of ice
2.1.3 Pre-chilling and packing in ice
2.1.4.1 Handling live fish
2.1.4.2 Handling live crabs
3.1.1 Responsibilities of the broker
3.1.2 Responsibilities of the wholesaler
3.1.3 Responsibilities of the retailer