ANNEXES (Contd.)

Annex III
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE REGIONAL STUDY

1. POSITION OF THE COUNTRY REPORTS

1.1 Taxonomy and ecology

Bangladesh	No report of Gracilaria spp., but it is possible that the survey done may have been limited to riverine areas. More detailed surveys towards the outer part of the bay will probably reveal some Gracilaria spp.
China	Scientific names appear to be correctly applied for three species - G. lemaneiformis, G. tenuistipitata and G. asiatica. Taxonomic description complete for three species. Gracilaria sp. needs verification, more materials and samples are needed.
	Ecological data:	Complete except for depth and habitat (exposed/not exposed during low tides).
India	Scientific names appear to be correctly applied, except for G. crassa. Taxonomic descriptions lack information on male reproductive structures.
	Ecological data:	Complete except for depth and habitat (intertidal/subtidal or exposed/not exposed during low tides.
Indonesia	Scientific names are correctly applied for G. eucheumoides and G. salicornia, but G. edulis, G. lemaneiformis and Gracilaria spp. need verification. More materials are needed.
	Ecological data:	Lacks information on habitat, type of substrate, whether intertidal or subtidal and exposed or not during low tides.
Malaysia	Taxonomic description very incomplete. Needs taxonomic description of each species. The scientific names applied have to be verified, especially G. changii and Gracilaria sp.
	Ecological data:	Notes are incomplete and should be summarised in a table.
Myanmar	Taxonomic description complete but the format should conform to the regular format used in taxonomic studies. The identity of G. verrucosa should be re-evaluated as this species is not found in Asia. G. crassa should be changed to G. salicornia.
	Ecological data:	Should be condensed in the table “Summary.....”.
Philippines	No taxonomic description of the species which should be a major part of the report. At least the species analysed for agar should be included. The species in the data sheets are all Gracilaria sp.
Thailand	Taxonomic description present but incomplete. Only gross morphology of the genus is described, a more detailed description is needed. The scientific names applied are probably correct but the lack of important taxonomic characters in the description is a source of doubt.
	Ecological data:	Lacking some ecological notes on habitat, abundance and reproductive status.
Vietnam	Taxonomic notes available but the binomids should be placed at the start of the description. The species need to be verified especially in the absence of note of the male structures.
	Ecological data:	Lack of data on habitat, type of substrate and depth.

1.2 Processing technology of Gracilaria

China	Complete analysis of agar quality in almost all of the essential parameters. In addition, different techniques of agar extraction are also reviewed and compared. Good quality agar is mostly from Gracilaria tenuistipitata collected from June to September. Although it should be noted that the values of agar content are very high and need to be verified. Due to its long experience in seaweed processing, China has a leading roles in the seaweed industry. With this expertise, they are able to help other NACA member countries to develop seaweed resources, as well as the analysis of seaweed products.
	Culture of Gracilaria:
	i.	Candidates for culture:
	•	G. asiatica
	•	G. lemaneiformis
	•	G. hainanensis
	•	G. tenuistipitata var. liui
	All of these species, especially G. asiatica and G. tenuistipitata var. liui have been studied in detail with respect to their reproduction, ecological characteristics and culture methods, as well as their agar contents and qualities.
	ii.	Culture methods
	•	Intertidal culture - Suitable for all candidate species.
	•	Floating culture - Suitable for G. asiatica, G. lemaneiformis and G. hainanensis.
	•	Pond culture - Suitable for G. tenuistipitata var. liui because it is hard to find its sexual organs and tetrasporangia over whole seasons. It is not like G. asiatica, therefore the thalli would decay after releasing the spores and gametes.
	iii.	Other aspects
	•	Genetic studies. Use the experience gained on seaweed genetic studies of Laminaria and Porphyra to introduce and select new varieties with fast growth rates and higher agar quality.
	•	Tissue culture. Develop new techniques to improve methods of spore collection.
India	Most of the agarophyte seaweed resources in India are G. edulis with low gel strength. As G. edulis is the major seaweed resource attempts should be made to improve agar extraction techniques.
	i.	Candidates for culture:
	•	G. edulis
	•	G. tenuistipitata
	The natural resource of G. edulis is abundant and the species is adapted to the local climate and other natural conditions, it is therefore much easier to promote local seaweed farming industries. The species, G. tenuistipitata var. liui is not mentioned in the country report.
	ii.	Culture methods
	Intertidal culture and pond culture are good for Indian natural conditions. Particularly using polyculture techniques to farm seaweed and shrimp or finfish together.
	iii.	Suggested projects
	Intensify studies on taxonomy and ecology of Gracilaria spp. and conduct suitable extension methods for culture.
Indonesia	From the results of analysis of agar quality, there are at least two species of Gracilaria which give good agar quality in terms of gel strength, G. edulis and G. lemaneiformis. Moreover, most of the species have low gelling temperatures, which is an important characteristic of agar quality preferred for applications in microbiological mediums. There is an opportunity to develop high-value agars. Further study should be carried out on process development as well as development of the high-value agar product. Improvement of the agar extraction process should be studied to increase agar yields and clarity.
Malaysia	The method of agar extraction in the study was done without alkali pre-treatment and with simple processing equipment which was provided by NACA after the first workshop. However, the quality of selected agar samples showed relatively high gel strength. There is a high possibility of the process development for agar extraction to obtain an agar product with high gel strength. The support of equipment as well as training of the personnel is recommended for the development of seaweed processing technology in Malaysia since local seaweed resources are readily available and there is potential for good quality agar.
Myanmar	The local available species which give a similar gel quality are G. verrucosa, G. edulis and G. crassa. More development in both processing techniques and product development is recommended. More research work is needed. Support for equipment and well trained personnel should be provided.
	Myanmar gave descriptions of 7 species: G. crassa; G. edulis; G. eucheumoides; G. foliifera; G. millardetii; G. textorii; and G. verrucosa. They also reported agar analysis from species mentioned above, except G. eucheumoides. However, ecological data was obtained from only 2 species, G. edulis and G. foliifera. Culture experiments showed that G. edulis can be grown eight months of the year with monthly harvests from April to September, suggesting commercial potential. It also grows well in the natural conditions and is suitable for culture both in inland ponds and in the open seas.
Philippines	From the results of agar extraction and analysis, there are several species of Gracilaria which give good agar quality, such as G. heteroclada, G. tenuistipitata and G. firma. With high agar yields of 16–20 %, these Gracilaria species will be important raw material sources for agar production. Systematic and well-developed experience in analysis of agar is the most important resource to facilitate the development of the agar industry in the Philippines. Funding support would aid the progress of the development of the seaweed industry in the Philippines.
	General comments on report.
	1.	Supply taxonomic description of species
	2.	Supply data on: ecological parameters; gelling temperature; seasonally in reproductive states; and abundance
	3.	Species recommended for farming include only three species G. heteroclada, G. tenuistipitata and G. firma.
Thailand	The Gracilaria which gave the best quality agar were G. fisheri and G. tenuistipitata which grows naturally in the southern coastal area of the country. However, the availability of the seaweed raw material is quite limited in Thailand. Incentives to farm seaweed are needed for the local coastal people to increase production. The seaweed processing industry is promoted by the Royal Thai government, for instance by the reduction of the import tax for seaweed raw materials and research funding for seaweed production and processing. The initiative of the seaweed processing industry needs to be promoted in terms of its economic, social and environmental benefits.
	Thailand reported 7 species collected from eastern and southern Thailand: Trat, Songkhla and Pattani. They are G. changii, G. edulis, G. firma, G. fisheri, G. irregularis, G. salicornia, and G. tenuistipitata. Only 5 species, one sample each were used for agar analysis. The results show that G. fisheri and G. tenuistipitata were the most valuable followed closely by G. firma. In contrast, G. salicornia and G. changii gave lower yields and low quality agar. It was recommended that G. fisheri and G. tenuistipitata be further studied as useful resources for agar production.
Vietnam	Gracilaria verrucosa gave high yields and high gel strength of agar. Improvement of the agar extraction method should be further studied with international support. Co-operation among local institutions to strengthen personnel and resource ability are recommended for the development of the seaweed processing industry in Vietnam.
	The resource persons questioned why this study was limited to a small region in the north of the country and the exact method of extraction. There was also no data about ecological parameters of the 3 strains of G. verrucosa.

1.3 General comments on the country reports

Vietnam and Indonesia

Ecological parameters are missing, for example, for Vietnam we do not know if samples come from culture or the wild.
What are the annual relationships between sexual maturation, growth rate and agar yield and quality.
It is essential to standardise the taxonomy, methods of measurement and extraction of agar (date of samples, water temperature, drying methods, gelling temperature etc.). It is necessary to make a Centre of Taxonomy and Methodology supervised by NACA as point of reference.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh reported an absence of Gracilaria but has recommended introduction of Gracilaria for culture. Also, they recommended studies of Hypnea and Sargassum.

1.4 Recommendations (Thailand, Myanmar and other countries)

Studies on taxonomy and ecological parameters which are important information for cultivation should be followed-up.
Collection must be done more frequently, at least once a month during the growing season.
For species determination, the male and female plants should be obtained.
Participants should give descriptions from the specimens they collected.

2. AGAR QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES IN THE COUNTRIES IN THE REGION

Quality of agar according to Japanese (Chandrkrachang and Chinadit, 1988)

Grade	Mean gel strength (g/cm²)	Species name	Mean Yield of Agar (%)	No of countries observations
Special grade agar	608	G. asiatica*	48.2	1
	570	G. lemaneiformis*	28.48	2
	892	G. heteroclada	20.05	1
	649	G. firma	18	2
	850	G. eucheumoides	17	1
	758	G. fisheri	12.8	1
Grade I	578	Gracilaria sp. *	51.3	1
	584	G. tenuistipitata *	22.2	4
	356	G. salicornia	11	3
	565	Gracilaria sp.	10.1	1
Grade II	278	G. blodgettii	26.5	1
	290	G. chorda	21.5	1
	257	G. changii	20.0	3
	292	G. verrucosa	20	2
	250	G. fastigiata	19.3	1
	280	G. edulis ^o	15.3	3
Grade III	34.4	G. corticata var. corticata ^o	22.4	1
	-	Gracilaria sp.	22.4	1
	47.2	G. corticata var cylindrica ^o	19.8	1
	128	G. bursa-pastoris	15.7	1
	85	G. textorii	15	1
	76	G. millardetii	14.5	1
	64.5	G. foliifera	13.9	1
	62.4	G. crassa^o	12.1	2

* These results take into account the data from China that give % yield of agar about 4 times higher than the other countries.

^o These results take into account the data from India that give gel strengths ten times higher than the other countries.

⁺ The countries involved are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.

3. SUMMARY OF RESULTS ON GRACILARIA SPECIES

Table 3.1: China
Table 3.2: India
Table 3.3: Indonesia
Table 3.4: Malaysia
Table 3.5: Myanmar
Table 3.6: Philippines
Table 3.7: Thailand
Table 3.8: Vietnam

3.1 Summary of Results on Gracilaria Species in China

Species

Date

ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY

Remarks

Abundance

Salinity (ppt)

Temp (°C)

Substrate

Depth (cm)

Rep. Stage

Yield (%)

Gel strength (g/cm²)

Gelling Temp. (°C)

Melting Temp. (°C)

Method of extraction

Code (Table IV, Country Report)

G. lemaneiformis

1-6-94

28.6–31.0

23–26

Rocky

46.4

848

93.5

5%NaOH

Quingdao

G. lemaneiformis

27-8-94

Rocky

47.6

872

91.0

Quingdao

G. asiatica

1-6-94

28.6–31.0

23–26

Rocky-sand

44.1

682

80.0

Quingdao

G. asiatica

24-7-94

Rocky-sand

52.3

534

92.0

Quingdao

G. tenuistipitata

26-6-94

+++

28.5

30.2

Muddy-sand

38.2

482

92.5

Shanyao

G. tenuistipitata

31-7-94

32.3

31.0

Muddy-sand

44.7

634

95.0

Shanyao

G. tenuistipitata

3-9-94

23.0

29.0

Muddy-sand

35.0

1001

103.2

Shanyao

Gracilaria sp.

17-7-94

+++

28.3

37–39

Muddy-sand

V.P.

48.7

609

96.8

Dongshan Island

Gracilaria sp.

17-7-94

+++

24.2

37–39

Muddy-sand

V.P.

57.5

578

93.0

Dongshan Island

Gracilaria sp.

20-8-94

+++

23.1

28–29

Muddy-sand

V.P.

47.6

549

94.0

Dongshan Island

G. tenuistipitata v. liui

26-6-94

+++

11.7

34.7

Muddy-sand

V.P.

49.7

363

93.5

Quiantou

G. tenuistipitata

15-6-94

+++

20.4

Muddy-sand

V.P.

38.0

720

99.2

Diancheng

G. tenuistipitata

18-8-94

27.2

Muddy-sand

V.P.

33.3

446

97.2

Diancheng

G. tenuistipitata var. liui

16.-8-94

+++

7.33-8.62

29.2-31.0

Sandy-mud

V.P.

44.9

373

92.8

Rongshan

G. tenuistipitata var. liui

12-6-94

22.1

33–36

Muddy

V.P.

42.8

360

94.5

Beihai

Y	=	Reproductive structures present
V.P.	=	Vegetative propagation.

3.2 Summary of Results on Gracilaria Species in India

Species	Date	ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS						AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY					Remarks
Species	Date	Abundance	Salinity (ppt)	Temp (°C)	Substrate	Depth	Rep Stage	Yield (%)	Gel strength (g/cm²)	Gelling Temp. (^oC)	Melting Temp. (^oC)	Method of extraction
G. edulis	4-6-92	+++	31.5	30	Sand/coral		Y	17	34.69		95	5% NaOH
G. edulis	14-8-92	+	35.84	28.4	Sand/coral		N	15.4	62.69		95	"
G. edulis	29-9-92	+	34.62	29.2	Sand/coral		Y	20.8	58.69		94	"
G. edulis	24-12-92	+	32.46	27.4	Sand/coral		N	13.6	34.69		95	"
G. edulis	6-2-93	+++	34.56	26.0	Sand/coral		Y	16.4	31.69		95
G. edulis	23-4-93	+	35.86	32.4	Sand/coral		Y	10.6	58.69		94
G. edulis	28-5-94	+++	30.8	29.6	Sand/coral		Y	14.8	52.69		97
G. edulis	24-6-94	+++	35.2	27.6	Sand/coral		Y	14.2	52.69		98
G. edulis	12-7-94	+++	34.6	27.4	Sand/coral		Y	19.4	113.69		98
G. edulis	10-8-94	+++	35.6	28.6	Sand/coral		Y		93.69		98
G. edulis	6-9-94	+++	34.6	29.2	Sand/coral		Y	19.8	98.69		98
G. corticata var. corticata.	27-5-94	+++	32.4	29.4	Rocky		Y	18.8	32.69		98	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	23-6-94	+++	35.2	27.6	Rocky		Y	30.8	44.69		98
G. crassa	23-7-94	+++	34.6	27.6	Rocky		Y	17	34.62		98
G. corticata var. corticata	24-8-94	+++	34.8	28.4	Rocky		Y	25.0	38.69		98	5% NaOH
G. corticata var. corticata	15-9-94	+++	34.26	29.6	Rocky		Y	15.8	31.69		95	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	28-5-94	+++	30.8	29.6	Sand/rock		Y	18.4	36.69		98	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	24-6-94	+++	31.2	27.6	Sand/rock		Y	24.6	65.69		98	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	12-7-94	+++	34.6	27.4	Sand/rock		Y	25.2	58.69		98	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	10-8-94	+++	35.6	28.4	Sand/rock		Y	14.8	36.69		98	"
G. corticata var. cylindrica	6-9-94	+++	34.62	28.6	Sand/rock		Y	20.8	40.60		98	"
G. crassa	27-5-94	+++	32.4	29.4	Stone pieces		Y	5.6	28.69		98	5% NaOH
G. crassa	29-6-94	+++	33.6	27.8	Stone pieces		Y	5.4	27.69		98	"
G. crassa	12-7-94	+++	33.8	28.2	Stone pieces		Y	7.8	28.69		98	"
G. crassa	10-8-94	+++	35.4	28.4	Stone pieces		Y	5.1	29.69		98	"
G. crassa	7-9-94	+++	34.42	28.8	Stone pieces		Y	6.2	29.69		98	"

3.3 Summary of Results on Gracilaria Species in Indonesia

Species	Date	ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS							AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY				Remarks
Species	Date	Abundance	Salinity (ppt)	Temp (°C)	Substrate	Depth (cm)	Rep Stage	Yield (%)	Gel strength (g/cm²)	Gelling Temp. (°C)	Melting Temp. (°C)	Method of extraction
G. edulis	20-9-92	++	28	29				8.13	610	36	68		SW 01
G. edulis	8-10-92	+++	29	29				13.61	840	39	90		SW 03
G. edulis	15-6-93	+++	29	28				15.77	575	32	79		SW 10
G. lemaneiformis	20-9-94	+++	28	29				9.96	880	34	85		SW 02
Gracilaria sp.	9-10-92	++	29	29				8.18	780	28	86		SW 04
Gracilaria sp.	4-6-93	+	33	28				12.12	550	28	89		SW 09
G. saliconia	21-5-93	++	31	28				5.47	580	32	75		SW 05
G. saliconia	4-6-93	+	33	28				11.07	625	31	72		SW 08
G. eucheumoides	21-5-93	+	31	28				16.99	850	29	32		SW 06

3.4 Summary of Results on Gracilaria Species in Malaysia

Species		Date	ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS						AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY					Remarks
Species		Date	Abundance	Salinity (ppt)	Temp (°C)	Substrate	Depth (m)	Rep Stage	Yield (%)	Gel strength (g/cm²)	Gelling Temp. (°C)	Melting Temp. (°C)	Method of extraction	Remarks
G. changii	001	13-5-92		28	28				41.7				Non alc treat
G. changii	002	28-5-92		32	28		4m		39				"	T = 90 cm
G. changii	003	9-7-92		32	28		4m		35.8				"	T = 85 cm
G. changii	004	9-9-92		32	30		1.5m		30.5				"	T=115cm
Hypnea sp.	005	9-9-92		28	29		1.5m		13.5				"	T=115cm
G. changii	006	24-4-93		28–32	28–30	sandy/muddy			20				"	Sheltered, not exp.
G. fastigiata	007	24-4-93		30	29		2.5m		15.8	89			"	Sheltered, exp. (T=28 cm)
G. changii	008	14-5-93		28–32	28–30		3.8m		25.4	174			"	Sheltered, not exp. (T=80 cm)
Gracilaria sp.	009	14-4-94				muddy			20.4				"	Sheltered, exp.
Gracilaria sp.	010	27-7-94				muddy			24.4				"	Sheltered, exp.
G. changii	011	17-9-94			28–30	shrimp pond			25.2				"	Sheltered, not exp.
G. changii	012	8-10-94				shrimp pond			22.1				"	Sheltered, not exp.

Key: exp. = exposed at low tide.

not exp.: = not exposed at low tide. T = turbidity

3.5 Summary of Results on Gracilaria Species in Myanmar

ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY

Species

Date

Abundance

Salinity (ppt)

Temp (°C)

Substrate

Depth (cm)

Rep Stage

Yield (%)

Gel strength (g/cm²)

Gelling Temp. (^oC)

Melting Temp. (°C)

Method of extraction

Code: NACA-

G. verrucosa

9–22

62–120

27–40

52–70

2–6%NaOH

001

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G. edulis

10–22

60–120

27–39

52–73

002

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G. crassa

12–21

70–120

28–40

55–73

003

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G.foliifera

11–19

60–98

18–39

50–82

004

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G. millardetii.

10–19

60–92

29–39

50–80

005

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G. textorii

11–19

60–110

27–39

52–73

006

Rakhine/ Thanithari

G. edulis

23-8-92

Dominant

26.0

Rocky

18.22

92.51

64–69

wild

Mushwe-key, Rakhine 9/92

G. edulis

24-11-92

Dominant

18.87

polythene rope

0–100

18.87

116.5

45–62

cultured

3/92.

Mushwe-key, Rakhine

G.foliifera

18-2-92

Dominant

12.85

Rocky

inter-tidal

12.85

50.07

73–74

wild

1/93. Martin Point, Rakhine

G. edulis

18-2-92

Dominant

22.18

Rocky

inter-tidal

22.18

116.91

68–71

wild

2/93 Martin Point, Rakhine

3.6 Summary of results on Gracilaria species in the Philippines

Species

Date

ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY

Abundance

Salinity (ppt)

Temp (°C)

Habitat

Depth (cm)

Rep Stage

Yield (%)

Gel strength (g/cm²)

Gelling Temp. (°C)

Melting Temp. (°C)

Method of extraction

Remarks

% SO₄^2-

G.fastigiata

25–35

open reef flat Sandy/rocky

not?

19.24

250

5%NaOH

3.28

G. saliconia

25–35

open reef flat Sandy/rocky

c.c.

20.07

287

5%NaOH

1.86

G. changii

open reef flat Coral

c.c.

20.67

583

5%NaOH

0.56

G. tenuistipitata

10–25

25–33

Brackish. Sandy-mud

c.c

16.18

726

5%NaOH

1.26

G.firma

+++

25–35

Mangrove Sandy-mud

c.c (nov)

17.61

606

5%NaOH

0.22

G. heteroclada

10–25

25–33

Brackish pond -mud.

n.o.

20.05

892

5%NaOH

0.45

Key: n.o = not observed;

c.c = cystocarpa

3.7 Summary of results on Gracilaria species in Thailand

Species	Date	ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS						AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY					Remarks
Species	Date	Abundance	Salinity (PPO	Temp (°C)	Substrate	Depth (cm)	Rep Stage	Yield (%)	Gel strength (g/cm²)	Gelling Temp. (°C)	Melting Temp. (°C)	Method of extraction	Code: NACA-
G.firma	28-4-93		31	34	Sandy-mud	-		-	-			3%NaOH	001	Trat
G. changii	28-4-93		33	37	Sandy-mud	exposed		-	-			"	002	Trat
G. irregularis	28-4-93		33	37	Sandy-mud	exposed		-	-			"	003	Trat
G. edulis	28-4-93		33	37	Sandy-mud	10–20		-	-			"	004	Trat
G. salicornia	28-4-93		31	34	Sandy-mud	30–50		-	-			"	005	Trat
G. salicornia	8-6-93		-	-	Sandy-mud	30–50		4.75	180		88	"	006	Trat
G. changii	8-6-93		32	-	Sandy-mud	-	F	9.50	190		90	"	007	Trat
G. firma	4-4-94		33.5	36	Sandy-mud	30	F	19.96	692		93	"	008	Songkhla
G.fisheri	21-8-94		11	-	Muddy sand	100	F	12.84	758		94	"	009	Songkhla
G. tenuistipitata	20-8-94		31	-	Muddy sand	30	F	12.70	768		98	"	010	Songkhla

F = Female

3.8 Summary of results on Gracilaria species in Vietnam

Species		Date	ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS						AGAR YIELD AND QUALITY					Remarks
Species		Date	Abundance	Salinity (ppt)	Temp (°C)	Substrate	Depth (cm)	Rep Stage	Yield (%)	Gel strength (g/cm²)	Gelling Temp. (°C)	Melting Temp. (°C)	Method of extraction
G. verrucosa		20-6-92	+++	15–16	23		50	Nov–Jul	29.5	516		-	2–4%NaOH	Dinh vu, Haiphong
G. blodgettii		27-5-93	+++	23	24	Muddy-sand	70	Mar–Jul	26.5	278		85–87	"	Phulong, Haiphong
G. tenuistipitata		21-6-92	+++	16	22–24	Rocky	50	Jan–Jun	19.7	338		89–92	"	Lienvi, Quangninh
G. chorda		28-5-93	++	23	22	Rocky	85	Jan–Jul	21.5	290		85–87	"	Haininh, Quangninh
G. arcuata		7-5-93	++	22	23	Rocky	85	Mar–Jul	17.6	258		92–93	"	Dovon, Haiphong
G. bursa-pastoris		7-5-93	++	26	23	Rocky	85	Jan–Jul	15.7	128		92–93	"	Quanlan, Quangninh
G. verrucosa	(1)	20-6-92	++	16	23	Rocky	50	Nov–Jun	29.5	516		82–85	"	Dinh vu, Hai Phong
	(2)	20-6-92	++	16	23-			-	27.0	456		-	"	Bang la, Haiphong
	(3)	-	-	-	-			-	24.5	319		-	"	Cathai, Hiaphong
	(4)	20-6-92	++	15	23	Rocky	45	Jan–Jul	31.0	474		82–85	"	Yin hung, Quang Ninh
	(5)	20-6-92	-	15	23-	Rocky	50	-	28.0	396		-	"	Thai thuy, Thai binh
	(6)	20-6-92	-	-	-	Rocky		-	26.9	387		-	"	Hai hau, Nam Ha.
G. gigas		28-5-93	++	25	23	Rock/sand	80	Jan–July						Campha, Quangninh

4. SEAWEED PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY IN PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

4.1 China

Methods used for Agar Extraction

G. tenuistipitata

First Method of Extraction

Second Method of Extraction

25% NaOH treatment, the rest same as 1st method

Third Method of Extraction

4.2 India

Gracilaria species¹
G. edulis	(11)
G. crassa	(6)
G. corticata var. cylindrica	(9)

Method of Extraction

¹ Numbers within brackets indicate the number of samples

4.3 Indonesia

Gracilaria species
G. edulis	(3)
G. lemaneiformis	(0)
G. spp.	(2)
G. salicornia	(2)
G. eucheumoides.	(0)

Method of Extraction

Adopted from Chandrkrachang, 1992

Water extraction as the first step, then alkali treatment to the agar afterwards.

4.4 Malaysia

Gracilaria species
G. changii	(8)
G.fastigiata	(1)
G. spp.	(2)
Hypnea sp.	(1)

Method of Extraction

4.5 Myanmar

Gracilaria species
G. verrucosa
G. edulis
G. crassa
G.foliifera
G. millardetii
G. textorii

Method of Extraction

4.6 Philippines

Gracilaria species
G. fastigiata	(8)
G. salicornia	(2)
G. spp.	(3)
G. changii	(9)

Method of Extraction

4.7 Thailand

Gracilaria species
G. salicornia	(1)
G. changii	(1)
G.firma	(1)
G. fisheri	(1)
G. tenuistipitata	(1)

Method of Extraction

4.8 Vietnam

Gracilaria species
G. verrucosa	(7)
G. blodgetti	(1)
G. tenuistipitata	(1)
G. chorda	(1)
G. arcuata	(1)
G. bursa-pastoris	(1)

Method of Extraction

ANNEXES (Contd.)

Annex III SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE REGIONAL STUDY

Annex III
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE REGIONAL STUDY