Table 1. Multiple uses of coastal resources: environmental and socioeconomic impacts*
USE OR ACTIVITY | POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | POSSIBLE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT |
A. Harbour, lagoon, wadi inlet, & inshore water quality impacts | ||
Domestic, industrial sewage & waste disposal | Organic pollution, particularly adjacent to urban areas | Decreased fish yields; contamination of fish, shellfish, & water contact areas; increased human health hazards. |
Domestic &/or tourism sewage disposal | Water, beach pollution | Decreased fish yields; decreased tourism & recreation attraction. |
Impoundments in wadis for flood control, agricultural development | Increased lagoon salinity; decreased water circulation through lagoons, wetlands. | Decreased fish yields. |
Coastal oil development; chronic release of oil &/or large oil spills from accidents. | Mineral pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore waters. | Decreased fish yields; tainted fish & shellfish; destruction of aquatic birdlife & habitat; decreased recreation or tourism quality. |
Port development & shipping &/or offshore shipping of oil; chronic release of oil &/or large oil spills from accidents. | Mineral pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore waters. | Decreased fish yields; tainted fish & shellfish; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat; decreased recreation or tourism quality. |
Oil refineries, chemical plants, tanneries, fish canneries, other heavy industrial development. | Toxic mineral, organic, &/or thermal pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore.waters. | Decreased fish yields; fish kills; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat. |
Agricultural pesticides. | Toxic pollution of harbours & inshore waters. | Decreased fish yields; fish kills; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat. |
Agricultural development & fertilizer. | Increased nutrient loading of harbour & inshore waters; eutrophication, pollution. | Decreased fish yields; fish kills. |
Crop, grazing, tree & bush clearing in coastal watersheds. | Watershed erosion; sedimentation & increased turbidity of harbours & inshore waters, lagoons | Decreased fish yields; increased flood hazards; sedimentation of harbours & berths; accumulation of unattractive sediments on beaches & loss of recreation, tourism quality. |
Coastal mining/quarrying | Increased sedimentation and turbidity; change in composition of bottom sediments. | Decreased fish yields; habitat degradation. |
B. Beach, salt marsh, shoreline impacts | ||
Port development. | Filling of wetlands, inlets, inshore feeding areas. | Loss of habitat; decreased fish yields; decreased fishing or mariculture areas. |
Soil disposal, solid waste dumping. | Filling of wetlands, inlets, inshore feeding areas; increased sedimentation, turbidity; change in composition of bottom sediments. | Decreased fish yields; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat; decreased recreation & tourist attraction. |
Land expansion (‘reclamation’) for agriculture, industrial, residential, other development. | Draining or diking of wetlands, salt marshes. | Decreased fish yields; destruction of habitat; loss of rare species. |
Residential/recreation &/or tourism development. | Blocked/impaired public access to shore. | Resentment amongst local inhabitants; increased recreation pressure on accessible areas; site deterioration; loss of scenic value; decreased recreational, tourism quality. |
C. Fishing effort | ||
Intensive & extensive fishing effort. | Harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield. | Decreased fish yields. |
Competition between inshore and offshore or artisanal & industrial fishers for the same stocks. | Harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield. | Decreased fish yields, social conflicts between groups. |
Trawling in shallow, nearshore waters. | Destruction of habitat; harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield. | Decreased fish yields; social conflicts. |
Fishing with explosives/dynamite. | Destruction of habitat; harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield. | Decreased fish yields; social conflicts. |
* Adapted from Barg (1992) as modified from Sorensen and McCreary (1990).
Table 2. Possible sites and options for Libyan coastal aquaculture development*
F/Survey Code No. | Site Name | Lat/Lon (Approx.) | Access/ Description | Recommendations/ Remarks |
ZONE 1: ZUWARA (TUNISIA BORDER TO SABRATHA) | Mainly beaches backed by dunes, sabkha areas, and sandy plains. | Flat sites with sandy/sandy-clay soils suitable for small-scale pond or raceway culture, depending in individual site surveys. | ||
10 100 | FARWA | 33°05' N 11°44'E | Lagoon 20 km east of Tunisia border line, 150 km west of Tripoli. Site has been proposed for cage/pen culture activities in past. Ttrial mussel rearing failure in 1988; new trials reported underway. Waters extremely shallow, poor flushing times by currents. Pollution hazard potential from nearby chemical plant. |
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-- | ABU KAMASH SABKHA | -- | Extensive saltmarsh straddling Libyan-Tunisian border area. Natural Artemia population. |
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10 110 | ZUWARA | 32°56' N 12°05' E | Modem harbour 57 km east of Tunisia border line, 113 km west of Tripoli. Pollution hazards. | Facilities suitable for offshore cage operations, but problems posed by insufficient water depths within convenient service ranges, maritime traffic, and trawling activities. |
-- | ZUWARA SABKHA | -- | Extension of Abu Kamash saltmarshes. Natural occurrence Artemia reported. |
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ZONE 2: TRIPOLI (SABRATHA TO MISRATAH) | Stretch of coastline with relatively high rainfall and developed agriculture. Shore alternates between low rocky areas, cliffs, and sandy beaches. Extreme environmental degradation due to quarrying between Sabratha to Janzour, and to pollution and shoreline destruction from Janzour to Tajura - the Tripoli metropolitan area. |
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10 370 | WADI EL MASSID (Garabulli) | 32°48'N 13°45'E | From Garabulli village on west entrance tarmac road to north for ca. 10 km. Very good, long beach (2 km); tonnara. Reported sewage pollution of wadi channel. Threatened with overuse, urban, tourist development. |
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10 380 | WADI TURGHLAT | 32°48' N 13°50' E | Leave main coastal road and take small road near east Garabulli bridge, turn north after 11 km on asphalted/dirt road for 3.5 km to the shore. Beach near wadi mouth. Permanent estaurine pond, shallow. Surrounded by forest area. Potential threat overuse. |
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10 390 | WADI BSIS &. WADI QIRIM (GEREEMA) | 32°47 N 13°51'E | Parallel wadis running into sea ca. 1.5 km apart. About 95 km East of Tripoli tarmac road to the north for 10 km. Popular weekend visitor spots. Wadi channels surrounded by date palms. Estuarine ponds host local, migrant waterfowl. Overuse, tourist development threats. Designated GADA site for aquaculture project study. |
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10 410 | MINA AL KHUMS | 32°41' N 14°14' E | Newly constructed harbor with jetties 5 km west of city, deep water port. Localised pollution risks. | Offshore cage culture a possibility for waters beyond the 35 m isobath, using new harbour as shore service base. |
10 430 | AIN KAAM | 32°31' N 14°28' E | GADA/ADC farm established 1990, about 130 km east of Tripoli, and 10 east of Khums. Brackish water lagoon at mouth of Wadi Kaam. Pilot/trial floating cage culture for mullet, red tilapia. Hatchery for shrimp on farm compound eastern bank. Sea bass, bream, and amberjack brood stock also recently acquired. In general well equipped for intended purpose, though rehabilitation/upgrading of some plant and equipment needed especially with regard to seawater supply (proper intake; borehole installation), electrical work. Management programme could be strengthened in a number of significant respects. [More details main text.] |
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20 100 | ZLITEN | 32°30' N 14°43' E | Modern harbour facility 156 km east of Tripoli; entrance shallow, difficult in heavy seas. | Offshore cage fanning an option to study using harbour as shore base. |
ZONE 3: GULF (MISRATAH TO BENGHAZI) | Flat and generally arid coastline with sandy beaches backed by extensive saltmarsh and scrubland. Numerous marine turtle nesting sites. Pollution hazards from oil spills, terminals, solid waste and chemical waste dumping in some sabkha areas. |
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20 170 | MINA QASR AHMED | 32°23' N 15°13' E | Deep water harbor for medium size boats, 210 km east of Tripoli. Localised pollution hazards. | Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base. |
-- | AL HISHA RESERVE: TAWARGHAH SABKHA; SMEDA SABKHA; Al HISHA SABKHA. | From: 32°13' N 15°I9' E To: 31°28' N 15°44' E | See main text for details of reserve area for New Hisha Project. Tawarghah Sabkha reached 19 km south of Mina Qasr Ahmed. Follow tarmac road south around steel factory complex, staying close to sea, then continue on dirt road due south. Main sabkha plain lies to south and west. Smeda lies along coast, same route, 47 km south Mina Qasr Ahmed. Al Hisha Sabkha lies in the southern part of the reserve. Tawarghah Springs are a major source of freshwater and are exploited for an irrigation scheme. Smeda is being developed as a GADA/APC project site. Low-lying sabkha lands are generally not suitable for commercial fish production because of the extreme conditions. |
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-- | BUERAT EL HASSUN TO BENGHAZI | Major sabkhat areas include those of Sultan, Besher, Kweim, Shwerab, and Karkora. Refuge areas for migratory waterfowl. Salt extraction at Karkora. Extensive waste dumping at Besher. Artemia recorded only at Kweim. Most floodplains dry out in summer months. |
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20 230 | SULTAN SABKHA | 31°08' N 17°08' E | About 55 km east of Sirt, before the antiquity site take north along the fence, take right at the end of the fence near the sea (all = 3 km). Beach sheltered by reef barrier | See above. |
20 360 | BESHER SABKHA | 30°24' N 19°32' E | About 16/17 km east of Bishr village, palm trees and old industrial camp and houses, dirt road towards north, go down and cross the sabkha between garbage dump and chemical complex fence, go west on the dunes for 2/3 km. Two landing sites very close to each other hardly any shelter. | See above. |
-- | KWEIM SABKHA | 30°25' N 19°35' E | Adjacent to Brega, 148 km east of Ben Jawad, 80 km west of Ajdabiya. | See above. |
30 100 | SHWERAB (AZZUAYTINA) | 30°57' N 20°02' E | 15/18 km north of Ajdabiah, west on tarmac road for 8 km cross the town site is in the direction of refinery. Landing site sheltered by reef barrier. | See above. |
-- | KARKORA SABKHA | 31°28' N 20°00' E | About 11 km north of Al Maqrun, 14 km south of Gminis, take west tarmac road signed El Mteiflah, continue 11 km first tarmac road to wind mill, then dirt road through sabkha. Local saltworks. Landing site on small bay with sandy/rocky beach. | See above. |
ZONE 4: JABAL AKHDAR (BENGHAZI TO BUMBA) | A generally narrow coastal plain broadening to the west and east, narrowing in between around the base of the Jabal Akhdar (Green Mountains) escarpments. Farmland/pastures on flatter terrain. Coast rugged and seabed shelves steeply around El Kouf -Susan and east. Numerous wadi cuts, inlets, marsas also. |
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30 230 | BENGHAZI | 32°36' N 20°03' E | Libya's second largest city, major deep sea harbour and industrial centre. Pollution hazards. |
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-- | ABOU DZIRA LAKE COMPLEX | -- | Complex of freshwater small lakes located southeast of Benghazi. Largest, Abou Dzira, about 10 km along main highway to Al Bayda. Family recreation area. Planted with carp in 1984; GADA trial cage culture with tilapia since early 1994. Pollution problems from sewage, rubbish, Disease outbreaks in cultured fish. Area an important refuge for birds, as are other smaller lakes in region. Overuse, pollution threats. |
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30 250 | AIN ZIANA | 32°13' N 20°10' E | Spring-fed lagoon of about 50 ha located 15 km northeast of Benghazi. Recreation area, small fishery. Unique wetland environment, bird refuge in urgent need protection as now under threat from urban expansion, pollution, rubbish dumping. Site of ambitious hatchery and large-scale pond production scheme now under construction by firm in contract with GADA/ADC. |
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30 310 | EL KOUF NATIONAL PARK (JARJARUM) | 32°47' N 21°24' E | At Qasr Libya follow tarmac road to north and down for 20 km. El Kouf Park includes about 20 km of shoreline around the mouth of Wadi Jarjarumah. Park established through legislation of General People's Committee in 1978. Marsh and pond areas. Turtle nesting sites on beaches. |
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30 360 | SUSAH | 31°54' N 21°58' E | About 25 km north of Al Bayda. Harbour with poor shelter by old jetty; protection by reef barrier. Moorage for small artisanal fishing craft, medium gillnetters. Deep waters >35 m close offshore. | Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base. |
30 410 | DARNAH | 32°16' N 22°39' E | 164 km west of Tubruk; 91 km east of Al Bayda. Modern harbour with jetties and piers. Shared between commercial, navy, and fishing craft. Deep waters >35 m close offshore. | Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base. |
30 420 | WADI KHALIJ | 32°40' N 22°56' E | At pumping station 5km east on Derna-Tubruk main road, turn on tarmac road leading to Sidi Awn for 27km. Scenic wadi mouth opening between high cliffs, deep gorge with brackish water lagoon running back from sandbar barrier at beach. Popular picnic/recreation spot for Darnah residents. Seasonal landing site for artisanal fishers. Important wetland habitat and bird/ waterfowl refuge for both resident and migrant populations. Under threat from use pressures, sand quarrying. | As for Wadi El Hamassah below. |
30 430 | WADI EL HAMASSAH | 32°39' N 23°00' E | 30km east of Derna pumping station on Derna-Tubruk road, take tarmac road towards north for 13km (straight goes to view point above wadi), turn east and proceed to next tarmac road going north for 1–2km and winding down to wadi bottom. Very impressive wadi mouth opening between high cliffs, good shelter from north and east, deep gorge with estuarine lagoon continues inland. As with Khalij, lagoon and fringing vegetation provide rare wetland habitat for bird populations. Less use pressure than Khalij, but some recreational, sheep herding, and seasonal landing site activities. |
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30 450 | WADI ABOU EL AGIG | 32°38' N 23°06' E | 3.5 km west of Ras Ettin. Wadi mouth between cliffs, exposed to north. Seasonal landing site. | Not suitable for projects. |
30 460 | RAS ETTIN | 32°37' N 23°07' E | At Um ar Rzam take tarmac road north for 15 km. Sandy beach sheltered by reef barrier. Landing site for artisanal fishers. Marshy area lies bafrom beach. Shallow water and seasonal fluctuation, drying. | Little/no prospects for aquafarming projects. |
ZONE 5: TUBRUK (BUMBA TO EGYPTIAN BORDER) | Mainly rocky shoreline with coastal plain broadening out after skirting Jabal Akdhar. Flatter expanses of wetland and sabkha around Gulf of Bumba. Cliffs, headlands, wadi bays and gorges to east. | Flat sites with sandy/sandy-clay soils suitable for small-scale pond or raceway culture, depending in individual site surveys. | ||
30 480 | KHALIJ BUMBA | 32°25' N 23°06' E | Bumba village is 16.6 km east of Umm ar Rzam and 14km north of At Timimi. At 3.6 km southeast of petrol station, go east on dirt road for 4.5km. Very shallow lagoon not suitable for any cage/pen aquafarming development, though useful as fry collection point. Marsh areas around shoreline important wetland habitat for birdlife. Waters in gulf outside of lagoon relatively well sheltered for nursery cages, and offshore waters of sufficient depth exist within convenient operating ranges, so site offers one of most suitable locations for open sea cage projects anywhere along coast. |
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30 510 | AIN EL GHAZALA | 32°12' N 23°18' E | At 30 km southeast of At Tamimi village, concrete road leads to GADA/APC project buildings. Deep inland lagoon; fishing boats stay at the entrance. Existing cage culture operations for sea bass, sea bream, mullet, and eel. Mussel culture attempted in past, with apparent good results. Need to strengthen project operational and maintenance routines, data recording systems. Capacity of lagoon to sustain further expansion cage culture not determined, though likely very limited. On-shore installations more promising area for emphasis, as well as possible tie-in with offshore trial operations out of Khalij Bumba. [More details main text.] |
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30 540 | QARDABAH - EL KUZ -EL MHETAH - MRASSAS AREA | 32°11' N 23°39' E (Mrassas) | 25km west of Tubruk, tarmac road to north for 9km to sandy track. Open sandy beaches backed with dunes and sabkhat marshlands. Marine turtle nesting sites. |
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30 570 | ABOU DOUAISSAH | 32°07' N 23°51' E | 3km east of Wadi Sahal (32°08' N, 23°50' E as distinct from the Wadi Sahal east of Tubruk) rough road branches right just before diving down to Wadi Sahal. Wadi mouth with sandy beach between cliffs. |
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30 580 | TOUBBEIRG | 32°07' N 23°55' E | 5km west of Tubruk on Darnah road turn north asphalted road for 6km. Wadi mouth with dyke separating cultivation area from sandy beach, freighter wreck on eastern side. | Wadi mouth; with little/no prospects for projects. |
30 620 | TUBRUK | 32°05' N 23°55' E | Excellent natural harbour. Commercial port, fishing craft, oil terminal. Severe pollution problems in harbour and around whole of Tubruk peninsula. Deep waters >35m close inshore. |
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30 630 | MARSA OUM ESHAOUCH | 32°05' N 23°55' E | 1–2 km east of Tubruk police gate. Go north on tarmac road to Nadi Bayad, turn west just before reaching onto dirt road. Follow old pipeline and turn north to marsa by black & white oil terminal line beacons. Very good sheltered anchorage with several beaches and wadi mouths. Potential pollution hazards from oil terminal. | One of few sites along coast where inshore cage fanning operations could conceivably be mounted. Warrants investigation. |
30 640 | EL AGHEILA | 32°00' N 24°15' E | 5 km east of AL Qarah, go north on asphalted road starting near watch tower, becomes a dirt road in towards the end. Sheltered anchorage by rocky point. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 650 | MARSA ABOU EL AFARIT | 32°00' N 24°25' E | 19 km east of Al Qarah and 8–9 km west of Kambut, see coffee shop standing middle nowhere with Italian milestone in front. Go north on asphalted/dirt road for 500m, then west after the little hill for 1 km, then north before reaching the farm, heading towards a watch tower near sea. Very well protected deep wadi bay. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 660 | WADI SAHAL | 31°58' N 24°32' E | 22 km west of Marsa Lucch at the end of the asphalted road, turn north towards the end to reach the wadi mouth, then turn west and cross two wadi mouths, there is a isolated big house on the hill (fishers). The marsa further down west. Wadi mouth with sand beach. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 670 | MARSA GABES | 31°59' N 24°35' E | 17 km west of Marsa Lucch, dirt road going north on west side of village. Open beach with dunes | Little/no prospects for projects. |
30 680 | MARSA LUCCH | 32°01' N 24°26' E | 38 km west of Bardiyah, turn north of 16 km asphalted road. Breakwater, pier and boat ramp reportedly built 1979, but inadequate protection from northern & eastern winds, seas. Pierside depth ca. 3 m. |
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30 690 | MARSA EL AWRAH | 31°58' N 24°54' E | 10–12km east of Marsa Lucch after passing Wadi Shuwaymarah, turn north on dirt road then cross sand dunes (4x4 must). Beach on wadi mouth and sand dunes | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 710 | MARSA AL MARAIYSSAH | 31°54' N 25°02' E | 3.7km W of Bardiyah police check point (El Jefen), turn north on 16 km asphalted road, last km rough track Small open bay to the east | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 720 | MARSA HAREGAH | 31°48' N 25°04' E | 100m east of Bardiyah/Egypt road junction, turn north on 5km of rough track. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 730 | WADI ABOU KHALIFA | 31°46' N 25°05' E | Among the first houses of Bardiyah, turn north-east on 1 km of dirt road. Wadi mouth with small little island in the middle of the entrance | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 740 | MARSA BARDIYAH | 31°45' N 25°05' E | End of El Bardiyah tarmac road going down the cliff. Natural sheltered harbor, pier space. Exposed east and northeast. Bay subject to silting and flooding from feeder wadis. Deep waters >35m close inshore. |
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30 750 | WADI EL KWEFIA | 31°44' N 25–06' E | 2 km straight line from Bardiyah. Border area. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
30 760 | WADI EL MREGAH | 3!°45' N 25°07 E | 6 km straight line from Bardiyah. Border area. | Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects. |
* F/Survey Code No. derived from 1993 LIBFISH Frame Survey (Reynolds et. al. 1994)
Table 3. Libyan coastal site suitability for various aquafarming production modalities *
F/Survey Code No. | Site Name (Type) | Lat/Lon (Approx.) | Ponds / Raceways | Production Enhancement | Cage Culture | Remarks | ||||
Large-Scale | Small-Scale | Extensive | Hydraulics/ Traps | Shellfish | Inshore | Onshore | ||||
ZONE 1: ZUWARA (TUNISIA BORDER TO SABRATHA) | ± | ± | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study. | ||
10 100 | FARWA | 33°05' N 11°44' E | N/A | N/A | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Very shallow, hydraulic studies needed. Projects not recommended at present. |
-- | ABU KAMASH SABKHA | ≠ | ≠ | ± | ≠ | N/A | N/A | N/A | Artemia populations; possible R & D. | |
10 110 | ZUWARA | 32°56' N 12°05' E | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | Pollution. Operating range too great for offshore. |
-- | ZUWARA SABKHA | ≠ | ± | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | Artemia populations; possible R & D. | |
ZONE 2: TRIPOLI (SABRATHA TO MISRATAH) | ≠ | ≠ | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ± | Severe pollution and coastal zone degradation problems. Pilot pond/raceway facility work possible at MBRC Tajura. East of Tajura pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study. Offshore possibilities to study at Khums and Zliten. | ||
10 370 | WADI EL MASSID (Garabulli) | 32°48' N 13°45' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Likely best use as recreation/nature area. |
10 380 | WADI TURGHLAT | 32°48' N 13°50' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Likely best use as recreation/nature area. |
10 390 | WADI BSIS & WADI QIRIM (GEREEMA) | 32°47' N 13°51' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Likely best use as recreation/nature area. |
10 410 | MINA AL KHUMS | 32°41' N 14°14' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ± | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
10 430 | AIN KAAM | 32°31' N 14°28' E | ± | + | + | ≠ | ≠ | + | ≠ | GADA/APC site. Existing cage culture in wadi lagoon. Hatchery facility. |
20 100 | ZLITEN | 32°30' N 14°43' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ± | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
ZONE 3: GULF (MISRATAH TO BENGHAZI) | ± | ± | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Offshore not suitable except possibly Misratah. Extensive sabkha areas. | ||
20 170 | MINA QASR AHMED | 32°23' N 15°13' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ± | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
-- | AL HISHA RESERVE: TAWARGHAH SABKHA; SMEDA SABKHA; Al HISHA SABKHA. | From: 32°13' N 15°19' E To: 31°28' N 15°44' E | ± | ± | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | Investigate for possible large-scale pond development on drainable sites. Study possibilities enhanced brine shrimp production. |
-- | BUERAT EL HASSUM TO BENGHAZI | ± | ± | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Extensive sabkha areas. Investigate for possible large-scale/ small-scale pond development on drainable sites. Study possibilities enhanced brine shrimp production. | |
20 230 | SULTAN SABKHA | 31°08' N 17°08' E | ≠ | ≠ | ± | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | Study for Artemia populations; possible R &D. |
20 360 | BESHER SABKHA | 30°24' N 19°32' E | ≠ | ≠ | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | Study for Artemia populations; possible R & D. Dumping, industrial wastes. |
-- | KWEIM SABKHA | 30°25' N 19°35' E | ≠ | ≠ | ± | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | Artemia populations; possible R & D. |
30 100 | SHWERAB (AZZUAYTINA) | 30°57' N 20°02' E | ≠ | ≠ | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | Study for Artemia populations; possible R & D. |
-- | KARKORA SABKHA | 31°28' N 20°00' E | ≠ | ≠ | ± | ± | N/A | N/A | N/A | Study for Artemia populations; possible R & D. |
ZONE 4: JABAL AKHDAR (BENGHAZI TO BUMBA) | ± | ± | ± | ± | ≠ | ≠ | ± | Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study. Offshore possibilities to study at Susah and Darnah. | ||
30 230 | BENGHAZI | 32°36' N 20°03' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Not suitable for offshore operations. Service ranges too far. |
-- | ABOU DZIRA LAKE COMPLEX | N/A | N/A | + | ≠ | N/A | + | N/A | Existing GADA cage trials, free stocking. Environmental protection needed. | |
30 250 | AIN ZIANA | 32°I3' N 20°10' E | + | + | ± | + | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | Major GADA/APC hatchery and pond scheme under construction. Environmental protection needed. |
30 310 | EL KOUF NATIONAL PARK (JARJARUM) | 32°47' N 21°24' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | National park. Establish marine reserve portion. Environmental protection needed. Turtle nesting sites. |
30 360 | SUSAH | 31°54' N 21°58' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | + | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
30 410 | DARNAH | 32°16' N 22°39' E | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ≠ | ± | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
30 420 | WADI KHALIJ | 32°40' N 22°56' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Best use nature area. Environmental protection needed, with marine reserve portion. |
30 430 | WADI EL HAMASSAH | 32°39' N 23°00' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Best use nature area combined with Wadi Khalij. Environmental protection needed, with marine reserve portion. |
30 450 | WADI ABOU EL AGIG | 32°38' N 23°06' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 460 | RAS ETTIN | 32°37' N 23°07' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Little/no prospects. |
ZONE 5: TUBRUK (BUMBA TO EGYPTIAN BORDER) | ± | ± | ± | ± | ± | ± | ± | Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasibility study. Offshore possibilities to study especially at Khalij Bumba. Inshore cage possibilities to study at Marsa Oum Eshaouch. | ||
30 480 | KHALIJ BUMBA | 32°25' N 23°06' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | + | ≠ | + | + | Existing fry collection. Strong consideration to offshore cages and inshore nursery cage operations. Needs environmental protection. |
30 510 | AIN EL GHAZALA | 32°12' N 23°18' E | ± | ± | ± | ± | ± | + | ≠ | Existing GADA/APC site for cage culture. Fry collection. Hydraulic study needed. Possible pond construction on suitable drainable land western shore. |
30 540 | QARDABAH-EL KUZ-EL MHETAH - MRASSAS AREA | 32°11' N 23°39' E (Mrassas) | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Little/no aquafarming prospects. Needs environmental protection. Turtle nesting sites. |
30 570 | ABOU DOUAISSAH | 32°07' N 23°51' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 580 | TOUBBEIRG | 32°07' N 23°55' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 620 | TUBRUK | 32°05' N 23°55' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ± | Serious pollution, coastal zone degradation problems. Offshore cage possibility to study. |
30 630 | MARSA OUM ESHAOUCH | 32°05' N 23°55' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ± | ± | ± | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 640 | EL AGHEILA | 32°00' N 24°15' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 660 | MARSA ABOU EL AFARIT | 32°00' N 24°25' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 660 | WADI SAHAL | 31°58' N 24°32' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 670 | MARSA GABES | 31°59' N 24°35' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Little/no aquafarming prospects. |
30 680 | MARSA LUCCH | 32°01' N 24°26' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Little/no aquafarming prospects. |
30 690 | MARSA EL AWRAH | 31°58' N 24°54' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 710 | MARSA AL MARAIYSSAH | 31°54' N 25°02' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 720 | MARSA HAREGAH | 31°48' N 25°04' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 730 | WADI ABOU KHALIFA | 31°46' N 25°05' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 740 | MARSA BARDIYAH | 31°45' N 25°06' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ± | Offshore cage possibility to study. |
30 750 | WADI EL KWEFIA | 31°44' N 25°06' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
30 760 | WADI EL MREGAH | 31°45' N 25°05' E | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | N/A | ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | Wadi mouth, little/no prospects. |
* F/Survey Code No. derived from 1993 LIBFISH Frame Survey (Reynolds et al 1994)
±: Undetermined / For further studies;