3.1 Number and location of landing sites.
3.2 Number of fishing units and fishermen by fishery type
3.3 Number of fishing units and fishermen by boat type
3.4 Types of boat ownership
3.5 Total length and number of gear units
3.6 Types of gear ownership
3.7 Means of propulsion and engine ownership
3.8 Seasonality of landing sites in use and mobility
3.9 Detailed descriptions by Fishery Type
The number of landing sites encountered during the census were 97 on Unguja and 109 on Pemba island. On Unguja 63 landing sites were located on the West coast and 34 on the East coast. For Pemba the figures were 87 for the West coast and 22 for the East coast. The maps in Annex 3 and 4 provide the location and name of all the landing sites.
The total number of fishing units recorded were 2,956 units on Unguja and 2,653 on Pemba. These fishing units represent a total of 8,365 and 7,199 fishermen for the two islands respectively. On both islands the majority of the fishing units, 62.1 % on Unguja and 79.8 % on Pemba, operated from the West coast.
The fishing units and fishermen were engaged in a wide variety of fishery types. The fishery type with most units, 34.0 % on Unguja and 30.4 % on Pemba, was the "other line" fishery (handlines and longlines). On Unguja the second most important fishery type was the moveable traps fishery with 22.3 % of the units whereas on Pemba octopus spearing comprised 26.5 % of the units.
Although some of the fishery types were rather evenly distributed over the islands, others appeared to be regionally concentrated. The regional concentration of fishery types will be dealt with in chapter 3.9.
On Unguja, the most frequent occurring boat type was the ngalawa (44.1 %). On Pemba, the mtumbwi was the type of boat most used (42.9 %). The dau was relatively unimportant on Pemba. On both islands, about one quarter of the fishing units (25.7 % on Unguja and 23.0 % on Pemba), operated without a boat. The number of fishermen working in association with a single boat was sometimes large particularly with respect to the mtumbwi. This can be explained (e.g. in the case of surrounding nets or demersal gillnets) by the fishermen operating the gear while wading, with the boat being used largely to carry the gear and catch.
The types of ownership of boats, gears and engines distinguished in the census are listed in Annex 1. The ownership pattern changes with the type of boat. With increasing value of the boat (from mtumbwi to mashua) the percentage of boats solely owned by the fisherman-in-charge decreases and sharing of boats and ownership by middlemen (tajiri) increases. On Unguja, 60.6 % of the mtumbwi and on Pemba 69.4 % were owned exclusively by the fisherman-in-charge. The mashua, however, was owned exclusively by the fisherman-in-charge in only 12.6 % of the cases on Unguja. On Pemba, this figure was 41.1 %. The mashua (the most expensive traditional fishing boat) were often owned by middlemen. Middlemen owned 60.4 % of the mashua on Unguja and 32.9 % on Pemba. It is also noted that, as the boats get more expensive, there is a decrease in financial participation by crew members and an increase in financial participation by family members. A typical phenomenon was that, on both islands, the dau was considerably more often owned by one or more family members excluding the skipper compared to the other boat types. The relationship between value of the boat and ownership pattern tends to indicate that the fishermen-in-charge are not able (or willing) to finance bigger boats (solely) from their own resources. With respect to all types of boats ownership by middlemen occurred more frequently on Unguja than on Pemba.
It was found most convenient to record the quantities of the various types of gears used as the number of units of gear for some gear types (e.g. lines) and as the total length in the case of other gears (e.g. gillnets). The length of nets or longlines was recorded in the local length unit 'pima'. One 'pima' is equivalent to one fathom. As far as nets are concerned, the demersal gillnets were most numerous. The total length (small mesh plus large mesh) in use was 52,440 fathoms (95.9 kilometers) on Unguja and 35,249 fathoms (64,5 kilometers) on Pemba. More drift gillnets were used on Unguja, 47,782 fathoms (87.4 kilometers) than on Pemba, 4,017 fathoms (7.3 kilometers). On the other hand, more surrounding nets (including purse seines) were in use on Pemba, 18,605 fathoms (34,0 km), than on Unguja, 16,374 fathoms (29.9 km). This is explained by the larger number of fishing units engaged in the surrounding net fishery on Pemba.
As many fishing units were engaged in the "other line" fishery and "moveable traps" fishery (where the investment costs for gear are rather low) it was not surprising to find large quantities of handlines and moveable traps on both islands. It is noted that the small moveable trap ('towe') was more popular on Pemba than on Unguja. The average quantity of gear per fishing unit was generally higher on Unguja than on Pemba, representing higher investment costs in gear per fishing unit.
Sharing of gear was more common than sharing of boats. On Unguja, for example the dau was shared in 24 % of the cases whereas the gear carried on this type of boat was shared in as much as 72 % of the cases. Financial participation of middlemen in gear ownership in the mashua category was considerable. In other words middlemen often provided the mashua together with the gear to 'non-owner' skippers. As in the case of boats, investment in gear by middlemen occurred more frequently on Unguja then on Pemba.
A surprisingly high number of mtumbwi carried additional (small) sails supplementary to oar and/or pole. A total of 141 fishing units were encountered using engines, 133 on Unguja and 8 on Pemba. Apart from the Zafico vessels, inboard engines were not recorded. Not surprisingly engines were mostly used on mashuas, the largest traditional boat type. Some 72 % of the fishing units with an engine operated with mashua. On Unguja seven mashua were encountered with two outboard engines on board. The engine propelled mashuas carried outboard engines ranging from 8 to 40 horsepower. A few mtumbwi (19) on Unguja were propelled by a small (usually 8 to 15 horsepower) outboard engine. Taking both islands and all boat types together, a high proportion of the engines, 53.2 %, were owned by middlemen, while 18.2 % were shared between the fisherman in charge and his crew. Only in a few cases, 7.8 %, was the engine exclusively owned by the fisherman-in-charge.
During the census, the respondents were asked if they were visiting or resident at the landing site where they were interviewed. On Unguja 12.4 % and on Pemba 3.3 % of the fishermen in charge stated to be visiting the landing site. On Unguja about one quarter of the dau (24.9 %) and mashua (24.6 %) were declared to be visiting. For the units with mtumbwi and ngalawa these figures were lower, with 15.5 % and 9.2 % respectively. On Pemba 14.8 % of the units with dau were visiting while for the other boat types this figure ranged between 1.4 % for the mashua and 4.3 % for the mtumbwi.
On Unguja 584 fishing units (19.8 %) and on Pemba 304 (11.5 %) change landing site with the change of fishing season. The units with dau appeared to be the most mobile. On Unguja 231 (66.2 %) dau units and on Pemba 21 (77.7 %) claimed to change landing site. For the other boat types, these figures were much lower on Unguja, ranging between 11.6 % for the mashua to 22.4 % for the mtumbwi and on Pemba between 13.5 % for mtumbwi and 16.4 % for the mashua. The tables on declared landing region in the different seasons simply indicate the net migration of fishing units per region and do not reveal the considerable individual inter- and intra-regional mobility of the units on both islands. At the time of the census, there was indication2 of (inter- or intra-regional) mobility between landing sites for 45.1 % of the fishing units on Unguja and 40.6 % on Pemba. Roughly 100 fishing units declared to migrate seasonally from Unguja across the Zanzibar channel to the coast of Tanzania mainland. Furthermore, there is some inter-island (Unguja-Pemba) mobility of fishing units.
2
The number of cases were counted where the fishing unit was a visiting unit at the landing site and/or where the landing sites in the two fishing seasons were different and/or where the place of interview was different from one or both of the declared landing sites during the North-East or South-West monsoon.
3.9.1 Troll-Line Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 105 fishing units (3.6 % of all units on Unguja) and 317 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery. Most (89.5 %) operated from the West coast. The boat most commonly used was the Ngalawa (70.5 %) followed by the mashua (25.7 %). The majority of the units (67.6 %) were found concentrated along the West coast of the North B Region and at Zanzibar town. The target species most frequently identified by the respondents were the kingfish, yellowfin tuna, marlin, barracuda, jack and shark3.
3
The Swahili translations of all fish names used in this report are given in Annex 1.
The concentration in the North B Region consisted of 50 fishing units, all using ngalawa, manned by a total of 165 fishermen. The average number of crew (including the fisherman-in-charge) was thus 3.3 persons per boat. Sails were the means of propulsion for all the boats. The average number of troll-lines operated was 2.3 lines per boat. In addition, handlines were used from practically all the boats. Half the boats and gears were exclusively owned by the fishermen-in-charge. The remainder were either shared with the crew or family of the fishermen-in-charge. In only a few cases were middle-men involved in the ownership of the boats or gears.
The concentration at Zanzibar town comprised of 23 units, including 21 mashuas, manned by a total of 60 fishermen. Almost all the mashuas were found to be propelled by outboard engines. The average number of crew was 3.2 persons per boat. The number of troll-lines per boat was 5.7 lines, substantially greater than for the North B Region. Again, the majority of units were also equipped with handlines. A particularly interesting observation was that all the mashuas (including engines and gears) were owned by middlemen.
3.9.2 Troll-line Fishery (Pemba)
A total of 94 units (3.5 % of all the units on Pemba) and 239 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery. Most (76.6 %) of the units were concentrated in the Mkoani Region. The type of boat most commonly utilised was the ngalawa (89.4 %) all of which were outfitted for use with sail. The average number of crew and the number of troll-lines used was 2.6 persons per boat and 2.8 lines per boat respectively. Handlines were also used from some (31 %) of the ngalawas. All the other units were engaged exclusively in trolling. Most commonly, the boats were owned by the fishermen-in-charge (60 %), with about half the remainder (14.3 %) shared between the fishermen-in-charge and the other crew members. Few of the boats were owned by middlemen.
3.9.3 Other Line Fishery (Unguja)
This was found to be the principle fishery type, involving 1,005 units (34 % of all units on Unguja) and 2,313 fishermen. The majority of units (64.6 %) were operated from the West coast, although their distribution between the administrative regions was fairly uniform. Handlines were used from almost all the units (99.7 %), and longlines from a much lesser number (2.6 %). Some 361 units (35.9 %) were found to be also operating with troll-lines. The most common boat type was the ngalawa (77 %), of which most (75.6 %) were propelled by sail. A few of the units (6.6 %) operated without a boat. The target species most commonly identified were emperor, threadfin bream, grouper, silver biddy, parrotfish, trevally and snapper.
3.9.4 Other Line Fishery (Pemba)
This was also found to be the principle fishery type in Pemba, involving 806 units (30.4 % of all Units on Pemba) and 1,810 fishermen. Again most of the units (85.6 %) operated from the West coast. Handlines were used from almost all the units (99.1 %) and longlines from a much lesser number (1.0 %). The ngalawa was the most common boat type (63 %) with the mtumbwi next (31.9 %). The extent of propulsion by sail was substantial for both the ngalawa (86.6 %) and for the mtumbwi (64.6 %). The majority of the boats and gears (about 63 %) were found to be owned exclusively by the fishermen-in-charge. Few (3.5 %) of the units in this fishery operate without a boat. The main target species were as given above for Unguja.
3.9.5 Fixed Traps Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 82 units (2.8 % of all units on Unguja) and 462 fishermen operated with fixed traps. On the West coast there were 53 units with 113 traps, compared with 29 units and 30 traps on the West coast. The main concentrations of units occurred on the West coast of the North A Region (26 units and 30 traps) and the East coast of Central Region (20 units and 20 traps). An additional 4 traps on the West coast and 18 traps on the East coast were operated by units as a secondary activity to other types of fishing. Only a minority of the trap fishing units utilised other gears. These other gears include octopus irons, demersal (small mesh) gillnets and beach seine nets. Most units (90.2 %) were found not to use a boat. Where a boat was used this was either an ngalawa or a mtumbwi. In most cases (52.4 %) the gear was owned jointly by the fishermen-in-charge and the other crew. The target species most commonly identified were the silver biddy, trevally, emperor, rabbitfish, mackerel and grouper.
3.9.6 Fixed Traps Fishery (Pemba)
Only 33 units (1.2 % of all units on Pemba) and 120 fishermen were found to be included in this fishery type. As in Unguja, the majority (28 units and 31 traps) operated from the West coast, with the remainder (5 units and 8 traps) operating from the East coast. Only occasionally were the traps used in association with other gears. In such cases the other gears included octopus irons, demersal gillnets, moveable traps and handlines. An additional 5 traps were recorded for the West coast as secondary gear used by units engaged in another type of fishery. In contrast to Unguja, most units (73 %) included a boat, either an ngalawa, mtumbwi or mashua. The principle owners were the fishermen-in-charge (41.6 %) in respect to the boats, and the fishermen-in-charge jointly with the other crew (62.5 %) in respect to the gears.
3.9.7 Moveable Traps Fishery (Unguja)
This is the second most important fishery type, involving 658 units (22.3 % of all units on Unguja) and 1,612 fishermen. Most of the units (77.7 %) were found to operate from the West coast. The main concentrations were along the West coasts of each of the North A and West Regions, and the East coast of the Central Region. The principle boat type used was the ngalawa (45.9 %), followed by the dau (27.5 %). Some of the units (10.8 %) were without boats. The principle target species identified were the parrotfish, rabbitfish, emperor and goatfish.
The concentration of units on the West of the North A Region (24.6 % of all units in this fishery type) comprised 162 sail propelled daus manned by 681 fishermen. The type of trap most commonly used was the larger dema. Few of the smaller towe were in use. The average number of dema per boat (15.4) was found to be substantially higher than the average for all of Unguja for this fishery type (8.5). The secondary gear most often used (46.3 %) were demersal longlines.
The concentration on the West coast of the West Region comprised 106 ngalawas manned by 265 fishermen. Most of the ngalawa (84.9 %) were with sails. The average quantity of gears in use was 9.1 dema per boat. Some of the boats (13.2 %) were being used exclusively with the smaller towe. In contrast with the North A Region the units did not use other gears in association with trap fishing.
A second concentration was noted on the West coast of the North A Region, comprising 75 mtumbwi manned by 125 fishermen. Surprisingly, it was claimed that the majority of these mtumbwi were propelled by sail. Roughly half the boats (53.3 %) were fished exclusively with dema, and the remainder exclusively with towe. The average number of dema and towe on mtumbwi were 6.8 and 4.5 respectively. Handlines were used as a secondary gear from many (40%) of the boats, but never demersal longlines. All the mtumbwi were exclusively owned by the fishermen-in-charge.
The concentration on the East of the Central Region comprised 73 ngalawa and 138 fishermen. The means of propulsion was indicated as sail (68.5 %), then oar and pole. Most of the boats (65.8 %) were exclusively operated with dema, some (15.1 %) exclusively with towe, the remainder (19.1 %) combining the two types of trap on the same units. Many of the units (29 %) included handlines as a secondary gear.
3.9.8 Moveable Traps Fishery (Pemba)
This is the third most common fishery type on Pemba. It comprised 481 units (18.1 % of all the units) and 872 fishermen. Most of the units (85 %) operated on the West coast. In contrast to Unguja the most common boat type was the mtumbwi (85 %), many of which (65 %) were propelled by sail. Few units (1.7 %) were without boats. Most of the boats (76.5 %) were operated exclusively with dema, and some (13.5 %) exclusively with towe. Of the secondary gears handlines were the most common (on 27 % of ngalawa and 5.4 % of mtumbwi) followed by octopus irons (on 9 % of ngalawa and 6.1 % of mtumbwi). Occasionally, a demersal gillnet or longline was used as a secondary gear. The mtumbwi were usually owned by the fishermen-in-charge (90 %) as were the gears (60 %). The fishermen-in-charge owned about half the boats (47.2 %) including ngalawa, although substantially less of the gears (27.3 %).
3.9.9 Purse Seine Fishery (Unguja)
Only 19 fishing units (0.6 % of all fishing units on Unguja) involving 223 fishermen were recorded in the purse seine fishery on Unguja. Apart from the 4 Zafico vessels, 10 mashua and 5 mtumbwi4 were encountered. All operate from Zanzibar town. The boat, gear and engines of the Zafico vessels are owned by the Zanzibar Fishing Corporation. The boats of the remaining units are mainly owned by middlemen (73.3 %). The main target species of this fishery are the indian mackerel, the spotted sardinella, and the goldstrip sardinella.
4
In view of the number of crew engaged on these mtumbwi, as well as their gear and propulsion, there is strong reason to believe that these boats are misidentified daus or mashua.
3.9.10 Purse Seine Fishery (Pemba)
On Pemba, one of the two ZAFICO vessels was the only purse seine unit. Seven fishermen were employed on this vessel.
3.9.11 Scoop Net Fishery (Unguja)
The scoop net fishery is of minor importance. Only seven fishermen in charge reported to exclusively operate scoop nets. Six of these units operated in South district from an ngalawa and one from a mashua on the West coast of North A district. Although scoopnets are rarely reported to be the main gear of a fishing unit, these nets were reported on 125 units (4.2% of all fishing units) as a secondary gear. The units on which they were reported as secondary gear were mainly engaged in the other line fishery (71.2%) and the troll line fishery (15.2 %).
3.9.12 Scoop Net Fishery (Pemba)
The scoop net fishery on Pemba is also of minor importance. Scoop nets were reported as main gear on only two units (0.07 %). Only 16 units (0.7 %) used scoop nets as secondary gear of which 93.4 % were engaged in the other line fishery and 6.3 % in the troll line fishery.
3.9.13 Drift Gillnet Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 169 units (5.7 % of all units on Unguja) and 664 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery type. Nearly all (90.5 %) were operating on the West coast. The principle boat types in use were the mashua (55.5 %) and dau (36.1 %). The main concentrations of units were found on the West coast of the North A Region and to a lesser extent at Zanzibar town and South along the West coast of the Central and West Regions. The target species identified by the respondents were kingfish, skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna.
The concentration on the West coast of the North A Region comprised 78 units (46.2 % of all units in this fishery type on Unguja) and 350 fishermen. The boats most commonly used were dau (73.1 %) and mashua (24.4 %). On both types of boat, the use of drift nets was occasionally associated with using other gears such as handlines, a longline or a few dema traps. The extent of boat ownership by middlemen was relatively high (36 %) and in such cases they usually also provided the fishing gear. There were no cases of middlemen owning only the gear.
The second concentration mentioned comprised of 66 units and 238 fishermen along the West coast of West and Central district and Zanzibar town. Most of these (83.3 %) used mashua, roughly a quarter of which were propelled with outboard engines and the remainder by sail. No secondary gears were identified. The majority (56.4 %) of the boats and gear were owned by middlemen.
3.9.14 Drift Gillnet Fishery (Pemba)
Only 16 units (0.6 % of all units on Pemba) and 84 fishermen were engaged in this fishery type. They were mainly operated from the West coast. Sail propelled mashua were the principle boat type (56.3 %), with some mtumbwi, ngalawa and dau also included. On a few boats (12.5 %) troll-lines and demersal gillnets (12.5 %) were used as secondary gear. About half the boats and gear were owned by the fishermen-in-charge.
3.9.15 Demersal Gillnet (Small Mesh) Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 173 units (5.9 % of all units on Unguja) and 908 fishermen comprise this fishery type. The average number of crew was 5.2 persons per unit. In contrast to most of the other fisheries, the majority of the units (61.3 %) operate from the East coast. The main concentrations occurred on the East coast of the South Region, the West and East coasts of the North A Region, and the East coast of the Central Region. Most units (42.2 %) used mtumbwi, although many (33.5 %) were without a boat. The target species most commonly identified were rabbitfish, emperor, parrotfish, silver biddy and goatfish.
The concentration in the South Region comprised of 65 units (37.6 % of units for the fishery on Unguja). On the West coast most units included a boat, either a mtumbwi (60.0 %) or ngalawa (25.0 %). Most of the units on the East coast (57.7 %) were without a boat, of which about half combined this type of fishing with octopus spearing. Many boats were owned by the fisherman in charge (27.7 %) or shared with the crew (27.7 %) and about half of the gillnets (47.7 %) were found to be owned by the fisherman-in-charge.
In the North A Region there were 52 units (30.1 % for the fishery on Unguja). Along the West coast all included boats (dau, ngalawa and mtumbwi) whereas the units on the East coast were without boats. Only the dau and ngalawa were powered with sail. No boats were motorised. The use of secondary gears was not reported. The boats were often owned by the fisherman-in-charge (28.0 %) or shared with the crew (28.0 %). The gear was most frequently found to be either owned exclusively by the fishermen-in-charge (56.9 %) or jointly by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew (21.6 %).
The concentration on the East coast of the Central Region comprised 32 units (18.5 % of all units for the fishery of Unguja) and 227 fishermen. Mtumbwi were the only boat type. Units without boats were not encountered. Surprisingly, 13 of the mtumbwi (40.6 %) were equipped with small outboard engines (10 HP). In most cases (77.0 %) these engines were owned jointly by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew, as were the boats (56.3 %). Nine mtumbwi (28.1 %) were owned by middlemen. The use of secondary gears was not reported.
3.9.16 Demersal Gillnet (Small Mesh) Fishery (Pemba)
This fishery type was found to be relatively more important on Pemba, with a total of 226 units (8.5 % of all units on Pemba) and 1,663 fishermen. The average number of crew at 7.2 persons per unit was higher than on Unguja. Concentrations of units were found along the West coast of the Micheweni and Mkoani Region and the East coast of the Wete Region. The mtumbwi was the most common boat type (81.9 %) of which the majority (60 %) were with sail. Relatively few units (9.3 %) were without a boat. The mtumbwi were largely owned by the fishermen-in-charge (40.9 %) or jointly by the fishermen-in-charge with the other crew (20 %). Only a small number of mtumbwi (5 %) were reported as owned by middlemen. In respect to the gear, about half was owned by the fishermen-in-charge, and much of the rest (24.8 %) jointly by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew. A few units (5 %) were used with secondary gear, including mosquito nets, handlines and octopus irons.
3.9.17 Demersal Gillnet (Large Mesh) Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 79 units (2.7 % of all units on Unguja) and 338 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery type. About half the units (54.4 %) operated with dau along the West coast of the North A Region. All these dau were equipped with sail. Many dau were owned by the fishermen-in-charge (34.9 %), or jointly with the family (23.3 %) and many of the others by middlemen (20 %). In the case of about half the dau (46.5 %), the gear was owned jointly by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew. Only for a few of the dau (6.9 %) were secondary gear used, including the longline and handline. The target species identified in respect to all the units involved in this fishery type were ray, rabbitfish, mackerel, silver biddy, skate, catfish and shark.
3.9.18 Demersal Gillnet (Large Mesh) Fishery (Pemba)
Here, 73 units (2.8 % of the units on Pemba) and 223 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery. Almost all the units (94.5 %) operated from the West coast. Secondary gears were used with some of the units (28.8 %) and included handlines, troll-lines, octopus irons, fixed traps and a few demersal (small mesh) gillnets. The most common boat types were sail propelled mashua (42.1 %), mtumbwi (26 %) and ngalawa (17.8 %). Two mashua were equipped with outboard engine. Many of the mashua (40 %) and associated gear were owned by middlemen.
3.9.19 Surrounding Net Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 68 units (2.3 % of all units on Unguja) and 389 fishermen were engaged in this fishery type. Only one beach seine, owned by a middleman and used from a mtumbwi5, was found. The remaining 67 units used surrounding nets. Most of the units (72 %) were operated from the West coast, and mostly concentrated in the North A Region. The most common boats were the mtumbwi (41.2 %) and Ngalawa (30.2 %). Few units (10.4 %) were operated without a boat. The target species were identified as mainly sardine, silver biddy and an assortment of coral reef species.
5
This may be a biassed result due to the use of beach seine nets being illegal.
The concentration in the North A Region was comprised of 26 units (38.2 % of all units in this fishery type) and 193 fishermen. The common boat types on the West coast were the mtumbwi (71.0 %), dau (19.9 %) and mashua (10.0 %); and on the East coast the ngalawa (60.0 %) and mashua (17.0 %). The boats and gear were usually owned by the fishermen-in-charge or shared. Some of the boats including gear (11.7 %) were owned by middlemen.
3.9.20 Surrounding Net Fishery (Pemba)
This fishery type is relatively more important in Pemba, were it comprises 162 units (6.1 % of all units on Pemba) and 857 fishermen. Two units operated with beach seines manned by 12 fishermen, and the remainder used surrounding gillnets. Most of the units (86.9 %) operated from the West coast, with concentrations in the South in the Chake Chake and Mkoani Regions. The most commonly used boat was the mtumbwi (70 %), of which many (81.5 %) were equipped with sail. Many of the mtumbwi were owned exclusively by the fishermen-in-charge (40.2 %) or shared with the other crew (20.5 %). Some were owned by middlemen (14.3 %).
3.9.21 Mosquito Net Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 24 units (0.8 % of all units on Unguja) and 183 fishermen (all women) were found to comprise this fishery type. The concentrations of units were found on the West coast in the North B, the East coast of Central Region and both the West and East coasts of the South Region. Most units were without boats (83.3 %). The gear were either owned by the fishermen-in-charge (50 %) or jointly with the other crew. No secondary gears were found to be in use. The target species were identified as sardine, silver biddy trevally and small crustaceans..
3.9.22 Mosquito Net Fishery (Pemba)
Here 31 units were encountered (1.2 % of all units on Pemba) and 191 fishermen (all women). About half the units included mtumbwi (48.4 %) while the remainder were without boats. Many of the mtumbwi were equipped with sail. The majority of the mtumbwi and associated gear (67 %) were owned by the fishermen-in-charge. In the case of units without boats, about half of the gear were owned by the fishermen-in-charge. The greatest concentration of units was on the West coast of Wete Region. No secondary gears were in use, other than octopus irons in a few units (12.9 %).
3.9.23 Lobster Diving Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 129 units (4.4 % of all units on Unguja) and 276 fishermen are engaged in this fishery type. Most of the units (75.2 %) operated from the East coast, and without a boat (62.8 %). Those units with a boat had ngalawa (77.0 % of units and 60.0 % of fishermen), mashua (20.8 %) or mtumbwi (2.1 %). Two concentrations of units were noted.
On the East coast of the North A Region, there were 21 sail propelled ngalawa manned by 71 fishermen, and 33 units without boat involving 42 fishermen. Most of the ngalawa (71.4 %) were found to be jointly owned by the fishermen-in-charge and the crew. Several boats (23.8 %) were equipped with lights, possibly to facilitate night-time fishing. Secondary gears included octopus irons, handlines, troll-lines, and in one case a surrounding gillnet. In respect to the units without boats, the secondary gears also included octopus irons, and handlines, and one case of a demersal (small mesh) gillnet. None were equipped with lights.
The other concentration was found on the East coast of the South Region, where there were 27 fishermen operating without boats. The gear was always owned by the fisherman-in-charge. The secondary gears included octopus irons and handlines.
3.9.24 Lobster Diving Fishery (Pemba)
Only 25 units (0.9 % of the units on Pemba) and 60 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery type. Most units were concentrated on the West coast of the Micheweni Region and the East coast of the Mkoani Region. Many of the units (40 %) and fishermen (58 %) operated with sail propelled ngalawa. About half the units and a third of the fishermen were without boats. Half the boats were owned by the fishermen-in-charge, and the remainder jointly with the other crew. About a third of the units also engaged in octopus spearing, with handlines, troll-lines and demersal (small mesh) gillnets also being used occasionally.
3.9.25 Octopus Spearing Fishery (Unguja)
A total of 435 units (14.7 % of all units on Unguja) and 646 fishermen were found to be engaged in this fishery type. The majority (71.5 %) operated on the East coast. The main concentrations were on the East coasts of the North A, Central and South Regions. Most of the units (86.5 %) and fishermen (65.3 %) were without boats. In respect to the units with boats, those with sail propelled ngalawa were most common (76.3 %). The majority of ngalawa (62.6 %) were jointly owned by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew and many of the remainder (26.7 %) exclusively by the fisherman-in-charge. The units with ngalawa were often equipped with lobster spears (31.1 %) and handlines (24.4 %). Occasionally a few demersal (small mesh) gillnets and dema traps were also used. The units without boats did not often combine octopus spearing with other fishing activities. A small number of units (3 %) engaged in handlining, lobster diving, and the use of fixed traps.
3.9.26 Octopus Spearing Fishery (Pemba)
Here a total of 703 units (26.5 % of all units on Pemba) and 1,068 fishermen (14.8 % of fishermen on Pemba) were engaged in this fishery type. Unlike Unguja, the majority of units (72.8 %) operated from the West coast. The main concentrations were found on the West coasts of the Micheweni and Wete Regions. The majority of units (69.2 %) and many of the fishermen (47.1 %) operated without boats. The remaining units included mtumbwi (16.1 %) and ngalawa (13.9 %), of which most of the latter (90.8 %) were equipped with sails. The units including mtumbwi were mostly owned by the fishermen-in-charge (70.2 %). About half the ngalawa were owned by the fishermen-in-charge, with the remainder jointly owned by the fishermen-in-charge and other crew.
