SWIOP/WP/57 - Frame Survey of Artisanal Fisheries of the Sofala Province (Mozambique)

Table of Contents

REGIONAL PROJECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES IN THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
VICTORIA, NOVEMBER 1990

c/o UNITY HOUSE, P.O. BOX 487, VICTORIA, MAHE, SEYCHELLES

TELEPHONE: 23773

TELEX: 2254 SWIOP SZ

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Geographical coverage

Objectives of the Survey

Methodology

Results

Characteristics of the Fishing Sites
The Fishing Units

Population coverage
Gear - Fishing Unit Type relationship
Fishermen

Characteristics of the Fishing Units

Length of the boats
Age of boats
Age of boats vs. Length
Boat Propulsion
Registration of boats
Ownership of boats and Gears
Crew
Remuneration
Gears used and species caught
Commercial contacts with P.A.Cs.

Concluding comments

Acknowledgements

Many organizations and individuals contributed directly or indirectly to the planning and execution of the Sofala Frame Survey. Among others, I would like to acknowledge the help provided by the IDPPE staff and particularly Mr. E. Gonsalves (Director) and Mr. L. Fabbri (FAO Adviser) who initiated and supervised this exercise, Mr. H. Ohresser (French Cooperation) and Mr. R. Falcao who gave their large contribution in planning and preparing the logistics, Mr. E. Poiosse and Mr. O. Cunat (Survey Field Supervisors) and all the Field Recorders who endured difficult field conditions to collect the data and Mr. Said who entered the data on the computer and contributed in their processing.

Special thanks go to the director of the "Combinado Pesqueiro" of Beira, Mr. Mostisso who helped in solving material and practical problems in Beira and Mr. R. de Paula e Silva, Senior Biologist at the fisheries Research Institute (IIP) in Maputo who, thanks to his deep knowledge of the Mozambique fisheries, provided advise and counsel.

Introduction

The lack of basic information on the artisanal fisheries of Mozambique has been recognised as one of the major constraints in the planning of its future development and particularly in the use of national and international resources in development projects.

The Institute for the Development of the Small Scale Fishery, IDPPE, has the intention of progressively undertaking a series of artisanal fisheries frame surveys within the country. Priority has been given to the areas of influence of existing development projects and zones that are of particular importance for the supply of fish to the population.

The Sofala Frame Survey has been designed and executed as a pilot project. It is expected that the experience gained will be used as a basis for systematic design and execution of future similar activities.

The survey has been executed in February 1990 by the IDPPE in collaboration with other sectors of the administration and with the technical assistance of the FAO/UNDP Regional South West Indian Ocean Fishery Project.

Geographical coverage

The area covered during the survey goes from Savane, 20 nautical miles to the North East of the city of Beira, to the Save River at the southern end of the Sofala province, some 75 nautical miles to the South of Beira (see Figures 1 to 3 in Annex I). This represents only the southern half of the Sofala province. The fisheries of the northern part are of much less economic importance and, at the moment, the area is not accessible for transport and security reasons.

Objectives of the Survey

The aim of the survey was to provide on the job training to the IDPPE personnel in the design, preparation, execution and data processing of frame surveys and, at the same time provide the following information on the artisanal fisheries in the area covered:

1. Characteristics and geographical distribution of Fishing Sites¹

2. Number and distribution of Fishing Units by type².

3. Number of Fishing Units by gear type.

4. Number of Fishing Units by fishery type.

5. Estimated number of Fishermen by fishery type.

6. Characteristics of the Fishing Units (for fishing boats size, propulsion, age, working conditions), ownership, remuneration arrangements, gears used and their seasonality, main species caught, catch disposal and contacts with fisheries trading posts (PAC).

¹ A Fishing Site is defined as a temporary or permanent site where fishing boats and gears are regularly kept and where catch is regularly landed.

² A Fishing Unit is defined as a fishing boat with its crew and gears or one or more fishermen jointly using one or more gears in the absence of a boat.

Methodology

The Study can be divided in two components:

1 - A survey of the Fishing Sites and their main characteristics.
2 - A survey of the Fishing Units and their main characteristics.

All Fishing Sites existing in the Survey area were to be covered.

All Fishing Units in each Fishing Site were to be covered.

Two forms were used to collect the information on the Fishing Sites and Fishing Units, respectively form S.FS.1 and form S.FS.2. (see Annex II).

Form S.FS.1 was used to collect general information on the Fishing Site by interview with the chiefs and elders in the site. The interview was generally conducted by the supervisor.

For practical reasons the total number of collectors of small shrimps, crabs and clams and operating without a boat was included in the general characteristics of each Fishing Site and not considered as Fishing Units.

Several recorders undertook the collection of the information on each Fishing Unit at the Fishing Site using form S.FS.2. Whenever possible the skipper or the owner or a crew member of each Fishing Unit was interviewed. Working arrangements between the recorders were devised to avoid double counting. Interrogative points were entered on the form for those data that could not be obtained, while dashes were used to indicate information not applicable to a particular Fishing Unit (e.g. engine power of a boat without engine.

In the case of fishing boats found on the site without skipper or other person responsible or for Fishing Units known to be out at sea the recorder was required to fill in one form with the little information available (e.g. Type of Fishing Unit).

A total of 42 Fishing Sites were identified during the survey, of which 36 were successfully surveyed. For 3 of the 8 remaining Fishing Sites, alternative estimates of the total number of Fishing Units by type were obtained from the neighboring Fishing Sites; the Fishing Site of Macique was not visited but was known to have been temporarily abandoned by the fishermen as a consequence of the presence in the area of fresh water brought by the Pungue and Buzi rivers after a period of strong rains. Most of the Macique fishermen had migrated to other localities.

No information whatsoever was obtained for the four Fishing Sites of Nova Sofala, Massaugue, Ampara and Nhabingo, the area being off limits for security reasons. These villages are probably still harboring fishermen and fishing vessels but will be considered, in presenting the results, outside the survey area.

Information on boat repair and fish processing were limited to the operations carried out directly at the Fishing Sites and do not include companies operating in Beira city.

The results presented in this report only reflect the situation found in the area at the moment of the survey. Very heavy rains had affected the area one or two weeks before the survey. It is the belief of the Survey Supervisors that some of the fishermen had reduced or stopped their fishing operations during this period.

Since important differences were found to exist between the characteristics of the Fishing Units in the area adjacent to Beira town compared to those found in more distant Fishing Sites, the survey area has been split, for processing purposes, into two geographical strata:

"Greater Beira" (GB), grouping the Fishing Sites under the direct socioeconomic influence of the main city and in particularly the Sites of Savane, Nhangau, Rio Ladrao, Rio Maria, Rio Nhamatanda, Regulo Luis, Estoril, Praia Nova and Praia Dama.

"Sofala South" (SS), grouping all the remaining Fishing Sites

Results

Characteristics of the Fishing Sites
The Fishing Units
Characteristics of the Fishing Units
Concluding comments

Characteristics of the Fishing Sites

A total of 42 Fishing Sites were identified during the survey, 9 in the "Greater Beira" stratum and 33 in the "Sofala South".

Tables 1 and 2 present the characteristics of the Fishing Sites covered. The majority of the Fishing Sites were found to be permanently occupied by fishermen though this does not exclude fluctuations in the number of Fishing Units and seasonal migrations.

Fish was marketed to outsiders of the fishing community in most of the Sites in stratum GB, while in the southern stratum only few Sites where in the same situation.

Most of the Sites in the northern stratum had access roads, while only a few had this facility in the south. The opposite situation was found for the transport boats particularly if one considers the southern part of the SS stratum.

The possibility of repairing canoes was widespread while chatas could be repaired only in a minority of the Fishing Sites and limited to the GB stratum and the northern part of the SS stratum.

Fish processing, mostly salting-drying was common and particular important in Estoril and Praia Nova in the suburban area of Beira and around Ponta Chinguno and Chiloane in the South.

The Fishing Units

Population coverage
Gear - Fishing Unit Type relationship
Fishermen

Table 3 presents the number of Units by type and Fishing Site, a total of 2,102 Fishing Units were enumerated during the survey, of these 2087 were using fishing boats.

The most important fishing craft used was the canoe (1,789 or 85% of the F.Us.) followed by the chata (277 or 13%). Less than 2% of the total number of Fishing Units used other types of boats or were fishing without a boat. No casquinha type of boat was found in the survey area.

A larger proportion of chatas was found in the "Greater Beira" than in the "Sofala South" area (25% against 13%).

Population coverage

For those sites for which information on the Fishing Units was available, the degree of coverage by type of information is presented in Table 4 for each Fishing Site.

The lower rate of coverage was obtained for the boat age information that was given for only 925 (44%) of the Fishing Units. For all other basic information, data were obtained for more then half of the population.

Gear - Fishing Unit Type relationship

Table 5 presents the number and percentage of boats by gear type and by boat type for each of the two strata and for both strata combined.

Hand lining was the predominant gear in the GB stratum (39% of the Fishing Units, 55% used by canoes and 12% by chatas) while beach seining was the dominant gear in the SS stratum (39%, 36% by canoes and 69% by chatas).

For both strata combined the most important gears used were the beach seine (37%) and the hand line (34%), followed by the surface gill net (23%).

Five main fishery types could be distinguished. In order of importance they were, canoes using hand lines (33%), canoes using beach seines (28%), canoes using surface gill nets (16%), chatas using beach seines (9%) and chatas using surface gill nets (6%).

Collectors (covered under form S.FS.1) formed another three fishery types, small shrimp collectors, crab collectors and clam collectors.

Table 6 summarises the available information on the number of Fishing Units and Collectors by fishery type. Since total population coverage of the "gear used" information was not achieved (72.5%), the number of Fishing Units for which no gear information was available has been allocated to different gear groups in the same proportion as for the Units of known gear. Canoes using beach seines, hand lines and surface gill-nets made up 71% of the combined units and Collectors.

Fishermen

The average number of crew (including skipper) has been used, together with the data presented in Table 6, to estimate the number of fishermen by fishery type. The results are presented in Table 7. It is estimated that a total of 8,163 fishermen were active during the period of the survey of which 3,601 (44%) were on board canoes using beach seines, 1,340 (16%) on chatas using the same gear, 984 (12%) on canoes using surface gill-nets, 924 (11%) on the same boat using hand lines and 602 (7%) on chatas using surface gill-nets.

Characteristics of the Fishing Units

Length of the boats
Age of boats
Age of boats vs. Length
Boat Propulsion
Registration of boats
Ownership of boats and Gears
Crew
Remuneration
Gears used and species caught
Commercial contacts with P.A.Cs.

A summary of the characteristics of the Fishing Units by type for each of the two strata is given in Tables 8a and 8b respectively. Similar information are given for each gear type used in Tables 9a and 9b.

Length of the boats

The total length of canoes varied from around 2 to 8 metres in most of the cases being between 3 and 5 m. The average length of the canoes was calculated at 4.3 m in the GB stratum and 4.7 m in the SS stratum. Figure 1 and Table 10 show the frequency distribution of the length of canoes for the two strata. A statistical test (Student's T) indicates that on average canoes were significantly longer in the southern stratum.

The same situation was found when comparing chatas in the two strata where the average length is of 7.4 m in stratum GB and 7.9 m in the other stratum (Figure 2 and Table 10).

Differences in the length of canoes and chatas using different gears also exist. As shown in the table below, canoes and chatas using beach seines were longer than those using gill nets. Canoes using hand lines appeared to be shorter then those using nets in general.

Average length (m) of boats by stratum and gear used.

	ALL STRATA		GREATER BEIRA		SOFALA SOUTH
	CANOES	CHATAS	CANOES	CHATAS	CANOES	CHATAS
BEACH SEINE	5.0	7.9	4.6	7.7	5.1	8.0
GILL NET	4.5	7.2	4.2	6.8	4.6	7.6
HAND LINE	4.2	-	4.1	-	4.3	-

As expected, bigger gears, requiring larger crews, were used on larger boats.

Differences in the length of boats in the two strata were noted also when considering separate gear categories. This consistent difference in length could be due to differences in the availability of tree trunks (canoes) and wood (chatas) in the two strata.

Age of boats

Canoes of up to 40 years of age and chatas of up to 16 years were recorded during the survey. The average age for canoes in the GB stratum was 5.6 years while in the southern stratum they averaged 6.6 years. Chatas in the northern stratum average 5.2 years of age while in the SS stratum the average age was 3.8 years.

Table 11 contains the age frequency distribution for both canoes and chatas in the two strata. Figures 3 and 4 show the age frequency distribution of canoes and chatas respectively for all strata combined. The shape of the distributions could be determined by a combination of two factors, variation in the number of boats built per year in the past and the average longevity of the boats.

No information is available on the rate of construction of canoes and chatas in the past years.

Assuming that the rate of construction has remained fairly stable during the past years then the slope of the curves is determined mainly by the longevity of the two boat types, that is, the steeper the curve the shorter is the average life-span of the craft.

If the above assumption is met, it is possible to calculate for each boat type the instantaneous rate of attrition "Z" (rate at which the boats are lost from the fishery) through a regression analysis of the function:

N_t1 = N_t0 e^-Z(t1-t0) or

Ln(N_t1) = Ln(N_t0)-Z(t₁-t₀)

Where N_t0 is the Number of boats at time 0, N_t1 is the Number of boats at time 0+1 and Z is the rate of attrition expressed in the unit of time t.

The plot of the regression line is shown in figures 7 and 8 for canoes and chatas respectively.

The calculated Z for canoes and chatas are 0.20 and 0.26 (yr) respectively corresponding to 18.5% of the canoes and 22.7% of the chatas of one age class being "lost" per year.

Age of boats vs. Length

Theoretically, the length of dug-out canoes is partly related to the size of the tree trunks available for their construction. Increasing scarcity of large trunks would be reflected by an increase in length with increasing age.

Although a positive trend was found between age and average length, particularly in the first 10 years of age, this correlation did not prove to be statistically significant (Table 12a and Figure 5).

No variation of average length with age was found for the chata boat type (Table 12b and Figure 6).

Boat Propulsion

The main system of propulsion used on the canoes was paddles. Sails were used only occasionally and were never considered by the fishermen interviewed to be the main mean of propulsion.

On the contrary, chatas used several propulsion systems, sails, oars or paddles and outboard engines. In GB stratum the sail was considered the dominant propulsion system while in the other stratum oars or paddles were predominant. Generally speaking sails are used to cover long distances while paddles or oars are used during fishing operations.

Practically only outboard engines were used to motorise artisanal boats in the area studied with most of the engines being found in the GB stratum.

Registration of boats

Registration of artisanal fishing boats is compulsory in the Province of Sofala. The registration of boats falls under the responsibilities of the Maritime Administration.

Since the recorders where trying, whenever possible, to obtain the boat registration number, an attempt has been made to estimate the percentage of boats being registered from a sub sample of the boat population, in fact those boats for which a complete interview of skippers or owners was carried out.

As it can be seen from the following table, only 20% of the boats appeared to be registered, with the higher registration rates in the GB stratum (near the Provincial capital) and for the chata type of boats in both strata.

Percentage of boat registered by type and stratum.

	CANOES	CHATAS	OTHERS	TOTAL
GREATER BEIRA	25%	81%	71%	46%
SOFALA SOUTH	3%	35%	-	7%
TOTAL	9%	60%	67%	20%

Ownership of boats and Gears

Approximately half of the canoes, in both strata, appeared to be owned by the skipper and half by an outsider. Share ownership appeared to be very rare.

In the case of chatas, a more expensive type of craft, 76% of the boats in GB stratum had non-skipper owners (6% only in shared ownership) while skippers owned 22% of the crafts. In the SS stratum 92% of the chatas where the property of a non-skipper owner with the rest being owned by skippers.

Skippers living around the main town seem therefore more capable of purchasing their own chata than those living in more remote areas.

Though no information on the number of boats owned by each proprietor was collected, enquiries by the Supervisors revealed many cases of persons owning a small fleet of fishing boats.

When ownership of gears is considered, some 75% of the more expensive gears, (beach seines and gill nets) where owned by non-skippers while most of the lines where owned by skippers.

Crew

The number of crew was found to be related both to the size of the boat and to the type of gear used. The average number of crew for the main boat/gear categories are shown in the following table:

Average number of crew by main boat and gear categories and by startum.

	ALL STRATA		GREATER BEIRA		SOFALA SOUTH
	CANOES	CHATAS	CANOES	CHATAS	CANOES	CHATAS
BEACH SEINE	5.8	7.9	5.7	9.0	5.8	7.2
GILL NET	2.8	6.1	2.2	6.4	3.0	5.8
HAND LINE	1.3	-	1.3	-	1.2	-

As expected beach seines and gill nets required large crews while hand lining was carried by one or sometimes two persons.

Remuneration

In the case of Fishing Units fishing with beach seines and gill nets, the crew was usually remunerated with a fixed salary (80% of the cases in GB and in almost all cases in SS). In most cases a bonus proportional to the catches was also provided by the owner. A few cases (10%) of profit sharing was found in the northern stratum.

In the case of handlining the situation is reversed, in 80 to 90% of the cases the profits were shared.

Gears used and species caught

As it is shown in the table below, beach seines were generally used to catch small demersal schooling fish dwelling in the estuarine and sandy beach areas. Only 7% of the Fishing Units declared catching prawns as the main species. In the GB stratum the percentages of prawn catches by beach seines was higher at 21%.

Surface gill nets were normally used to surround schools of small pelagic fishes that are then driven into the net (93% of the Units catching small pelagics). Some large pelagic fishes were also caught with this gear probably when using it as a drifting gill net.

Hand line catches were mainly made-up of large demersal fishes.

SPECIES CAUGHT (CATEGORIES) BY TYPE OF GEAR USED FOR ALL STRATA COMBINED
SPECIES CODE	BEACH SEINE	SURFACE GILLNET	BOTTOM GILLNET	SHARK NET	HAND LINE	B. TRAP CRAB	B. TRAP FISH	STAKE	OTHER
1	89%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	17%	6%
2	7%	1%	25%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
3	3%	93%	75%	0%	1%	0%	0%	0%	19%
4	0%	0%	0%	0%	99%	0%	0%	13%	75%
5	0%	6%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
6	0%	1%	0%	100%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
7	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	71%	0%
8	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	0%	0%	0%
TOTAL	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%

LIST OF THE SPECIES CODES
CODE	SPECIES
1	Mapape, Mapula, Magaraje with some prawns.
2	Prawns with some fish.
3	Marora, Carapau, Tainha.
4	Large demersal fishes (Corvina, Peixe-Pedra, Bagri, etc.).
5	Large pelagic and surface fish.
6	Sharks and rays.
7	Mix demersal fish (Parrot fish and others).
8	Crabs.

Commercial contacts with P.A.Cs.

When looking at the importance of the PACs. (see table below) it can be noted that in the GB stratum these were mainly used for buying equipment although in general only a minority of the Fishing Units had commercial contacts with the P.A.Cs. This was probably due to the easy access to markets and shops in this area.

In the southern stratum the P.A.Cs. appeared to have a much greater importance in all their activities since the majority of the Fishing Units declared to have contacts with these institutions.

PERCENTAGE OF THE FISHING UNITS HAVING COMMERCIAL CONTACTS WITH THE P.A.Cs. BY STRATUM AND FISHERY TYPE
STRATUM		CANOES									CHATAS						OTHERS
		B. SEINE			G. NET (S)			LINE			B. SEINE			G. NET (S)
		SALE	BUY	GOODS	SALE	BUY	GOODS	SALE	BUY	GOODS	SALE	BUY	GOODS	SALE	BUY	GOODS	SALE	BUY	GOODS
GREATER BE IRA		9%	36%	8%	0%	23%	5%	29%	54%	28%	0%	19%	1%	15%	31%	19%	28%	44%	28%
SOFALA SOUTH		54%	55%	54%	55%	56%	63%	52%	68%	63%	28%	33%	28%	6%	10%	6%	93%	93%	93%
TOTAL		44%	51%	44%	45%	50%	51%	42%	62%	48%	14%	27%	15%	12%	23%	14%	56%	66%	56%
SALE	= SALE OF FISH TO THE PAC
BUY	= PURCHASE OF FISHING MATERIAL FROM THE PAC
GOODS	= PURCHASE OF INCENTIVE GOODS FROM THE PAC

Concluding comments

Reports prepared after completion of the field work and discussions held after data processing indicate that the IDPPE has the intention to carry out frame surveys and other statistical surveys in other parts of the country.

The Sofala experience has brought to light some shortcomings and problems that should be solved before the execution of other statistical surveys.

A Statistical Unit, integrating two or three senior IDPPE staff, should be permanently involved in organising and carrying out statistical surveys. This involves the necessity of further training and technical assistance and a certain amount of equipment and materials.

The field recorders will continue to be recruited from the staff of local fisheries and other administrations (mainly "Combinados Pesqueiros"). The number of recorders involved in each exercise should be kept to the minimum. During the Sofala survey many of the material and transport difficulties encountered were due to an excessive number of recorders. Generally the large number of recorders necessary when surveying the few large centres hamper the mobility of the team when surveying sparse and small sites.

Although food and part of the material requirements during field work can be arranged through the "Combinados Pesqueiros" some of the standard equipment should be provided for the Survey Program by the IDPPE directly or through external cooperation.

During the present survey, the ability of the surveying team to carry out effective work in the field was reduced by the weather (rain) and by transport problems encountered in moving between the F. Sites and between the villages (where some of the fishermen go during rainy periods) and their fishing camps.

To reduce these type of problems during future surveys, pre-survey activities should be extended to exploratory field trips so to optimise human and material requirements and carefully choose the period of the year for the actual survey.

The surveying team should be equipped with their own boats (possibly one or two rubber inflatable boats with outboard engines) and light modern camping equipment.

The Statistical Unit should be provided with a good set of maps and office equipment necessary to prepare the pre-survey documentation and to process the data. One microcomputer together with the necessary software should be exclusively made available to the Statistical Unit.

The staff should be provided with training in the use of the above mentioned equipment.

Administrative arrangements between the IDPPE and the "Combinados Pesqueiros" for the purchase of food and materials and transfer of funds should be streamlined and standardised to facilitate the organisation of future surveys.

The Sofala survey provided baseline information on the artisanal fisheries. Future statistical studies in this zone could be directed at providing other types of information as catch statistics, costs and earnings data, or other socioeconomic information.

Any future statistical work however should be carefully aimed at and limited to providing useful information that can be really used for fisheries development.

Continuous surveys, as for example those used in more developed fisheries to monitor catch and effort on a continuous basis, should be avoided since they use large amounts of human and financial resources and provide information that are of limited use in artisanal fisheries were management is costly and difficult to achieve.

Catch and effort indicators can be obtained through limited (in time) and light sampling surveys that can be repeated every few years (e.g. 5 years).

These sampling surveys will make use, in their estimators, of the information provided by frame surveys of the type presented in this report. It is therefore important that frame surveys are updated or repeated at the same interval as the sampling surveys.

Table 1 - Characteristics of the Fishing Sites#Geographical position, conditions of access and market.

STRATUM	NAME OF SITE	CODE	DATE SURVEYED	POSITION		PERMANENT SITE	MARKET	ACCESS ROAD	TRANSPORT BOAT	P.A.C. 2)
				LAT.	LONG.
	SAVANE	S0010	1)	19,38	35,11	Y	*	Y	*	N
	NHANGAU	S0020	05/02/90	19,44	35,3	Y	Y	Y	N	N
	RIO LADRÄO	S0030	06/02/90	19,46	35,1	Y	Y	Y	N	N
GREATER BEIRA	RIO MARIA	S0040	05/02/90	19,47	35,0	Y	Y	Y	N	Y
	RIO NHAMATANDA	S0050	06/02/90	19,48	34,57	Y	N	N	N	N
	RÉGULO LUIS	S0060	06/02/90	19,49	34,56	Y	N	Y	N	N
	ESTORIL	S0070	29/01/90	19,50	34,55	Y	Y	Y	N	N
	PRAIA NOVA	S0080	31/01/90	19,50	34,50	Y	Y	Y	N	N
	PRAIA DAMAS	S0085	02/02/90	19,50	34,50	Y	Y	Y	N	N
	MACIQUE	S0090	1)	19,50	34,47	N	*	N	Y	N
	CHAME-CHAME(2)	S0095	1)	19,55	34,46	Y	N	N	N	N
	DINGUE-DINGUE	S0100	08/02/90	19,56	34,46	Y	N	N	N	N
	MASSANJANE	S0105	08/02/90	19,57	34,46	Y	N	N	N	N
	BARADA	S0110	09/02/90	19,59	34,45	Y	N	N	N	N
	SOFALA	S0120	04/03/90	20,8	34,47	Y	Y	Y	N	N
	NOVA SOFALA	S0130	1)	20,9	34,45	Y	Y	Y	*	N
	MASSAUGUE	S0140	1)	20,15	34,45	*	*	*	*	N
	AMPARA	S0150	1)	20,18	34,43	*	*	*	*	N
	NHABINGO	S0160	1)	20,19	34,42	*	*	*	*	N
SOFALA	BUENE	S0170	15/02/90	20,30	34,42	Y	N	N	N	N
SOUTH	INHANJUE	S0180	15/02/90	20,32	34,44	Y	Y	N	N	Y
	INHAGOSSE	S0190	17/02/90	20,34	34,46	Y	N	N	N	N
	CUGOSSE	S0200	17/02/90	20,36	34,49	Y	N	N	N	N
	PONTA CHINGUNO	S0210	14/02/90	20,37	34,53	Y	Y	N	Y	N
	GUBO	S0215	1)	20,39	34,54	N	*	N	*	N
	CHILOANE	S0220	14/02/90	20,38	34,56	Y	Y	N	Y	Y
	NHANGUAI	S0235	21/02/90	20,40	34,58	Y	N	N	N	N
	CHIDANO	S0240	22/02/90	20,41	34,55	Y	N	N	Y	N
	CHIPHAMA	S0250	17/02/90	20,43	34,57	Y	N	N	Y	N
	NHANGUVO	S0260	22/02/90	20,42	34,57	Y	N	N	Y	N
	CHEQUECHE	S0270	21/02/90	20,43	34,59	Y	N	N	Y	N
	CHIZUIMBE	S0280	21/02/90	20,44	34,59	N	N	N	Y	N
	INHARINGUE	S0290	23/02/90	20,45	34,56	Y	N	N	Y	Y
	INHAHUCO	S0300	23/02/90	20,46	35,9	Y	N	N	Y	N
	NHAMBWEMBWE	S0310	20/02/90	20,49	35,2	N	N	N	Y	N
	CHAME-CHAME	S0320	20/02/90	20,51	35,3	Y	N	N	Y	N
	MUNHANGUA I	S0340	17/02/90	20,55	35,3	N	N	N	Y	N
	MUNHANGUA II	S0350	17/02/90	20,55	35,5	Y	N	N	Y	N
	MBENDE	S0360	18/02/90	20,55	35,6	Y	N	N	Y	N
	CHINHUMBO	S0370	18/02/90	20,56	35,7	Y	N	N	Y	N
	NHAMITITE	S0400	17/02/90	20,57	35,4	Y	N	N	Y	N
	GUACHA	S0410	18/02/90	20,58	35,3	Y	N	N	Y	N

1) Site not surveyed. Information obtained from alternative sources.
2) Trading post of the "Combinado Pesqueiro" of Beira.
* No information available.

Table 2 - Characteristics of the Fishing Sites. Repair of boats, cooperatives and fish processing.

NAME OF SITE	REPAIR OF BOATS				COOPERATIVES		FISH PROCESSING
					(FISHING)		COOPERATIVES		FISHERMEN		INDIVIDUALS	PRIVATES
	CANOE	CHATA	LANCHA	NP 640	WOMEN	MEN	WOMEN	MEN	WOMEN	MEN
SAVANE	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
NHANGAU	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
RIO LADRÄO	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	54	0	0
RIO MARIA	S	S	N	S	0	11	0	0	0	13	0	0
RIO NHAMATANDA	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
RÉGULO LUIS	N	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ESTORIL	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	700	0	0
PRAIA NOVA	N	S	S	N	0	15	0	0	0	100	0	0
PRAIA DAMAS	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
TOTAL					0	26	0	0	0	867	0	0
MACIQUE	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
CHAME-CHAME (2)	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
DINGUE-DINGUE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	14	0	0
MASSANJANE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	0
BARADA	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	0
SOFALA	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	50	20	0
NOVA SOFALA	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
MASSAUGUE	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
AMPARA	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
NHABINGO	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
BUENE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0
INHANJUE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	34	0	0
INHAGOSSE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	72	0	0
CUGOSSE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	15	0	0
PONTA CHINGUNO	S	S	N	N	0	0	15	94	0	171	0	15
GUBO	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
CHILOANE	S	S	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	130	0	0
NHANGUAI	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	0
CHIDANO	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	20	0	0
CHIPHAMA	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0
NHANGUVO	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	17	0	0
CHEQUECHE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	12	0	0
CHIZUIMBE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0
INHARINGUE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
INHAHUCO	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	40	0	0
NHAMBWEMBWE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	11	0	0
CHAME-CHAME	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	13	0	0
MUNHANGUA I	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0
MUNHANGUA II	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	11	0	0
MBENDE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	16	0	0
CHINHUMBO	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	60	0	0
NHAMITITE	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	18	0	0
GUACHA	S	N	N	N	0	0	0	0	0	7	0	0
TOTAL					0	0	15	94	0	787	20	15
GRAND TOTAL					0	26	15	94	0	1654	20	15

N.B. The number of private companies is expressed in entities.
* Information not available

Table 3 - No. of Fishing Units by type and Fishing Site

STRATUM	NAME OF SITE	CODE	CANOE	CHATA	LANCHA	NP 640	NP 680	NP 750	TOTAL BOATS	UNITS ON FOOT
GREATER BEIRA	SAVANE	S0010	15	0	0	0	0	0	15	0
	NHANGAU	S0020	42	0	0	0	0	0	42	0
	RIO LADRÄO	S0030	53	3	0	0	0	0	56	0
	RIO MARIA	S0040	31	9	0	1	3	0	44	0
	RIO NHAMATANDA	S0050	29	3	0	0	0	0	32	0
	RÉGULO LUIS	S0060	7	4	0	0	0	0	11	0
	ESTORIL	S0070	142	11	0	0	0	0	153	0
	PRAIA NOVA	S0080	64	100	8	5	2	0	179	0
	PRAIA DAMAS	S0085	37	18	0	0	0	0	55	2
	TOTAL		420	148	8	6	5	0	587	2
	PERCENTAGE		71.3	25.1	1.4	1.0	0.8	0.0	99.7	0.3
SOFALA SOUTH	MACIQUE	S0090	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	CHAME-CHAME (2)	S0095	100	0	0	0	0	0	100	0
	DINGUE-DINGUE	S0100	24	7	0	0	0	0	31	0
	MASSANJANE	S0105	55	19	0	0	0	0	74	0
	BARADA	S0110	70	10	0	0	0	0	80	0
	SOFALA	S0120	70	2	0	0	0	0	72	0
	NOVA SOFALA	S0130	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
	MASSAUGUE	S0140	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
	AMPARA	S0150	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
	NHABINGO	S0160	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
	BUENE	S0170	100	10	0	0	0	0	110	0
	INHANJUE	S0180	26	8	0	0	0	0	34	0
	INHAGOSSE	S0190	74	23	0	0	0	0	97	0
	CUGOSSE	S0200	31	15	0	1	0	0	47	0
	PONTA CHINGUNO	S0210	70	15	0	0	0	0	85	13
	GUBO	S0215	300	20	0	0	0	0	320	0
	CHILOANE	S0220	56	0	0	0	0	1	57	0
	NHANGUAI	S0235	25	0	0	0	0	0	25	0
	CHIDANO	S0240	31	0	0	0	0	0	31	0
	CHIPHAMA	S0250	16	0	0	0	0	0	16	0
	NHANGUVO	S0260	22	0	0	0	0	0	22	0
	CHEQUECHE	S0270	24	0	0	0	0	0	24	0
	CHIZUIMBE	S0280	6	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
	INHARINGUE	S0290	47	0	0	0	0	0	47	0
	INHAHUCO	S0300	60	0	0	0	0	0	60	0
	NHAMBWEMBWE	S0310	6	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
	CHAME-CHAME	S0320	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
	MUNHANGUA I	S0340	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	0
	MUNHANGUA II	S0350	25	0	0	0	0	0	25	0
	MBENDE	S0360	15	0	0	0	0	0	15	0
	CHINHUMBO	S0370	80	0	0	0	0	0	80	0
	NHAMITITE	S0400	21	0	0	0	0	0	21	0
	GUACHA	S0410	11	0	0	0	0	0	11	0
	TOTAL		1369	129	0	1	0	1	1500	13
	PERCENTAGE		90.5	8.5	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.1	99.1	0.9
GRAND TOTAL			1789	277	8	7	5	1	2087	15
PERCENTAGE			85.1	13.2	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.0	99.3	0.7

* Information not available

Table 4 - Level of coverage as percentage of total number of Fishing Units by type of information and Fishing Site.

NAME OF SITE	NO OF FISHING UNITS	TYPE OF UNIT	LENGTH	PROPULSION	AGE	CONDITION	OWNERSHIP		CREW	REMUNERATION	GEAR USED	CATCH DISPOSAL	CONTACT WITH PACs
							BOAT	GEAR
SAVANE	15	15	0	15	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
NHANGAU	42	42	42	42	2	42	42	41	42	41	42	42	42
RIO LADRÄO	56	56	55	55	24	55	50	51	50	52	52	51	51
RIO MARIA	44	44	44	44	26	44	39	40	39	35	43	36	35
RIO NHAMATANDA	32	32	32	32	23	32	25	25	29	25	30	25	25
RÉGULO LUIS	11	11	11	11	6	11	9	9	10	8	11	9	9
ESTORIL	153	153	105	151	65	105	83	82	81	83	100	126	126
PRAIA NOVA	179	179	154	153	106	146	107	106	107	107	112	108	108
PRAIA DAMAS	57	57	56	57	45	57	57	57	57	53	57	57	57
TOTAL	589	589	499	560	297	492	412	411	415	404	447	454	453
PERCENTAGE		100.0	84.7	95.1	50.4	83.5	69.9	69.8	70.5	68.6	75.9	77.1	76.9
MACIQUE	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
CHAME-CHAME (2)	100	100	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	100	0	0
DINGUE-DINGUE	31	31	29	31	17	30	27	26	27	27	31	31	29
MASSANJANE	74	74	74	74	51	73	69	69	69	69	74	72	68
BARADA	80	80	80	80	36	78	36	36	37	36	61	52	44
SOFALA	72	72	70	72	52	68	61	61	60	61	65	63	70
NOVA SOFALA	*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
MASSAUGUE	*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
AMPARA	*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
NHABINGO	*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
BUENE	110	110	92	109	47	92	57	57	73	80	105	89	88
INHANJUE	34	34	34	34	18	34	25	25	25	33	33	33	33
INHAGOSSE	97	97	77	95	53	77	71	71	87	70	95	72	69
CUGOSSE	47	47	46	47	24	47	25	25	40	40	40	40	40
PONTA CHINGUNO	98	98	98	98	22	96	67	68	69	53	96	98	98
GUBO	320	320	0	300	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CHILOANE	57	57	56	57	21	56	55	55	55	55	57	53	55
NHANGUAI	25	25	24	25	22	25	25	25	25	25	25	24	24
CHIDANO	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31	31
CHIPHAMA	16	16	16	16	14	16	16	16	16	16	16	16	16
NHANGUVO	22	22	22	22	21	22	22	22	22	22	22	22	22
CHEQUECHE	24	24	15	24	13	13	16	16	16	16	16	16	16
CHIZUIMBE	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
INHARINGUE	47	47	39	47	38	38	39	39	39	39	47	39	39
INHAHUCO	60	60	27	60	25	27	27	27	27	27	27	27	27
NHAMBWEMBWE	6	6	6	6	5	5	6	6	6	6	6	6	6
CHAME-CHAME	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
MUNHANGUA I	2	2	2	2	0	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
MUNHANGUA II	25	25	25	25	22	23	25	25	25	20	25	25	25
MBENDE	15	15	15	15	14	14	15	15	15	9	15	15	15
CHINHUMBO	80	80	48	80	44	46	47	47	48	36	48	47	47
NHAMITITE	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	21	17	21	21	21
GUACHA	11	11	11	11	9	11	11	11	11	10	11	11	11
TOTAL	1513	1513	966	1490	628	953	804	804	854	808	1077	913	904
PERCENTAGE		100.0	63.8	98.5	41.5	63.0	53.1	53.1	56.4	53.4	71.2	60.3	59.7
GRAND TOTAL	2102	2102	1465	2050	925	1445	1216	1215	1269	1212	1524	1367	1357
PERCENTAGE		100.0	69.7	97.5	44.0	68.7	57.8	57.8	60.4	57.7	72.5	65.0	64.6

- Site temporary abandoned by fishermen
* No information available

Table 5 - Number of Fishing Units by type of gear used and by stratum.

GREATER BEIRA
	B.SEINE		SURFACE GILLNET		BOTTOM GILLNET		SHARK NET		HAND LINE		B.TRAP CRAB		B.TRAP FISH		STAKE TRAP		OTHER GEARS		TOTAL
	NO.	%	NO.	%	NO	%	NO.	%	NO	%	NO.	%	NO.	%	NO	%	NO.	%	NO.	%
CANOE	98	29.2	47	14.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	184	54.8	4	1.2	1	0.3	2	0.6	0	0.0	336	100.0
CHATA	69	39.9	61	35.3	5	2.9	0	0.0	20	11.6	0	0.0	0	0.0	18	10.4	0	0.0	173	100.0
LANCHA	6	66.7	2	22.2	1	11.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	9	100.0
NP640	1	20.0	2	40.0	2	40.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	100.0
NP680	5	71.4	2	28.6	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	7	100.0
NP750	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0
ON FOOT	2	50.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	50.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	4	100.0
TOTAL	181	33.9	114	21.3	8	1.5	0	0.0	206	38.6	4	0.7	1	0.2	20	3.7	0	0.0	534	100.0
SOFALA SOUTH
CANOE	355	36.4	210	21.6	4	0.4	0	0.0	353	36.2	32	3.3	0	0.0	4	0.4	16	1.6	974	100.0
CHATA	72	69.2	31	29.8	1	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	104	100.0
LANCHA	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0
NP640	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0
NP680	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0
NP750	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	100.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	100.0
ON FOOT	0	0.0	13	100.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	13	100.0
TOTAL	427	39.1	254	23.3	5	0.5	1	0.1	353	32.3	32	2.9	0	0.0	4	0.4	16	1.5	1092	100.0
AREA TOTAL
CANOE	453	34.6	257	19.6	4	0.3	0	0.0	537	41.0	36	2.7	1	0.1	6	0.5	16	1.2	1310	100.0
CHATA	141	50.9	92	33.2	6	2.2	0	0.0	20	7.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	18	6.5	0	0.0	277	100.0
LANCHA	6	66.7	2	22.2	1	11.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	9	100.0
NP640	1	20.0	2	40.0	2	40.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	100.0
NP680	5	71.4	2	28.6	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	7	100.0
NP750	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	100.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	100.0
ON FOOT	2	11.8	13	76.5	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	11.8	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	17	100.0
TOTAL	608	37.4	368	22.6	13	0.8	1	0.1	559	34.4	36	2.2	1	0.1	24	1.5	16	1.0	1626	100.0

N.B. Boats with several gears counted under each gear.
Boats with unknown gear not included.

Table 6 - Estimated No. of Fishing Units and Collectors by fishery type.

GREATER BEIRA
	BEACH SEINE	SURFACE GILLNET	HAND LINE	OTHER GEARS	SMALL SHRIMPS	CRAB	CLAMS	TOTAL
CANOES	120	61	234	5	-	-	-	420
CHATAS	74	59	6	8	-	-	-	148
ALL OTHERS	13	3	0	5	-	-	-	21
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	25	0	168	193
TOTAL	207	123	241	19	25	0	168	782
SOFALA SOUTH
CANOES	500	285	504	79	-	-	-	1,369
CHATAS	91	37	0	1	-	-	-	129
ALL OTHERS	0	14	0	1	-	-	-	15
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	70	22	10	102
TOTAL	591	336	504	82	70	22	10	1,615
AREA TOTAL
CANOES	620	346	739	85	-	-	-	1,789
CHATAS	165	96	6	10	-	-	-	277
ALL OTHERS	13	17	0	6	-	-	-	36
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	95	22	178	295
TOTAL	798	459	745	100	95	22	178	2,397

Table 7 - Estimated No. of fishermen by fishery type

GREATER BEIRA
	BEACH SEINE	SURFACE GILLNET	HAND LINE	OTHER GEARS	SMALL SHRIMPS	CRAB	CLAMS	TOTAL
CANOES	680	130	307	11	-	-	-	1,128
CHATAS	682	387	13	61	-	-	-	1,143
ALL OTHERS	109	25	0	40	-	-	-	174
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	25	0	168	193
TOTAL	1,471	542	320	112	25	0	168	2,638
SOFALA SOUTH
CANOES	2,920	853	617	106	-	-	-	4,496
CHATAS	659	215	0	7	-	-	-	881
ALL OTHERS	0	37	0	9	-	-	-	46
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	70	22	10	102
TOTAL	3,579	1,105	617	122	70	22	10	5,525
AREA TOTAL
CANOES	3,600	983	924	117	-	-	-	5,624
CHATAS	1,341	602	13	68	-	-	-	2,024
ALL OTHERS	109	62	0	49	-	-	-	220
COLLECTORS	-	-	-	-	95	22	178	295
TOTAL	5,050	1,647	937	234	95	22	178	8,163

Table 8a - General characteristics of the Fishing Units by type

STRATUM GREATER BEIRA

	CANOE	CHATA	LANCHA	NP640	NP680	NP750	TOTAL	ON FOOT
No. of Units	420	148	8	6	5	0	587	2
Length (m)
Average	4.3	7.4	7.8
St. Deviation	1.0	1.3	1.0
Number of Observ.	354	124	8
Age (yrs)
Maximum	30	16	20	8	5		30
Average	5.6	5.2	4.5	5.8	3.2	0.0	5.4
Number of Observ.	180	98	8	4	5	0	295
Propulsion (No.)
Paddles/Oars	415	39	0	0	0		454
Sail	0	50	0	0	0		50
Inboars Engine			3			0	7
Outboard Engine		34	5	4	3		47
Number of Observ.	415	123	8	4	3	0	558
Average HP		21	28	20	35		24
Number of Observ.		29	8	3	5	0	46
Condition (No.)
Operational	349	105	7	5	5	0	471
Under Repair	3	14	1	1	0	0	19
Ownership (No.)
Skipper Only	141	22	0	0	0	0	163
Skipper + Others	1	1	0	0	0	0	2
One non Skipper	133	70	7	2	4	0	216
> One non Skipper	19	6	1	2	1	0	29
Crew (Skipper included)
Average	2.6	7.9	10.6	8.5	6.6	0.0	4.1	1.0
St. Deviation	2.5	2.4	3.1	3.2	0.5	0.0	3.5	0.0
Number of Observ.	294	99	7	4	5	0	409	1