3.3 These Training Courses were subsequently rationalised as:
3.4 The training courses fall into two categories:
3.5 Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course
3.6 Storm Safety Field Extension Officer Guidance
3.7 NGO Committee to Develop Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course
3.10 Procurement of VHF Mobile Sets
3.15 Allocation of Life Jackets and Life Buoys
3.18 Workshop "Measures to Reduce Loss of Life Amongst Fisherfolk During Cyclones"
3.19 Improved Cyclone Warning and Dissemination
3.20 Heads Indication of Project Spending against Training and Equipment
AD Assistant Director (of Fisheries)
AFPRO Action For Food Production an NGO
AIF Assistant Inspector of Fisheries
AIR All India Radio
CASA Church's Auxilliary for Social Action
CCPA The Cyclone Contingency Plan of Action of GOAP
DoF Department of Fisheries
DRDA District Rural Development Agency
FDO Fisheries Development Officer
FTO Fisheries Terminal Office
GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh
GOI Government of India
HP Horse Power
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
MMD Mercantile Marine Department
NGO Non Government Organisation
NIO National Institute of Oceanography
NPD National Project Director
OBM Out Board Motor
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RDD Regional Deputy Director
SLHPSC State Level High Power Standing Committee
SSAG Storm Safety Action Group
SSEO Storm Safety Extension Officer
TCDC Technical Collaboration among Developing Countries
VHF Set A Very High Frequency Radio Set
VHF Very High Frequency
Following FAO Fishery Industry Officer Jeremy Turner's visit to Hyderabad and Kakinada in May 1997 to check on all matters relevant to the effective implementation of TCP/IND/6712 the first visit by the Team Leader, Paul Calvert, was held pending completion of certain prerequisites, namely:
Clearance for radio tower erection and shore station construction;
Block License for fishing vessel VHF operators;
Radio towers erected;
Base line survey completed;
Renovation of the project headquarters at Department of Fisheries Terminal Office Building at the Kakinada Fisheries Port. Installation of telephone and fax.
These largely being achieved, with the exception of erection of the two radio towers, the next stage of the project is clear to proceed.
The baseline survey by AFPRO clearly indicates that the two primary groups amongst whom loss of life was heaviest in the cyclone of 6 November 1996 were the shrimp seed collectors and crews of mechanised boats.
Consequently the project feels justified in making these groups their primary target groups.
Since the principal causes of loss of life were lack of a clear timely warning and poor disaster preparedness, the project will endeavor to reduce the vulnerability of these groups to cyclones through the following activities:
Establishment of a VHF communication system to enable both villages and mechanised boats to receive more timely and specific cyclone warnings in their own dialect.
Establishment of volunteer Storm Safety Action Groups in the villages to develop a greater level of disaster preparedness in the villages and ensure there are contingency plans to rescue shrimp seed collectors from the outlying sand banks.
Improvements in safety of mechanised boats and their crews.
A workshop entitled "Measures to Reduce the Loss of Life Amongst Fisherfolk During Cyclones" to review the events of the November 1996 cyclone, share regional experience and develop a set of recommendations to GOI and GOAP.
Others in the community and groups such as inland fishers should also benefit.
The Team Leader's visit started with meeting Jeremy Turner in Hyderabad on 11 March followed by a project review meeting at the Department of Fisheries (DoF) on the 12th. That evening they proceeded to Kakinada, Jeremy Turner and this consultant returning to Hyderabad on 13th and 19th respectively, and the National Consultants to Vishakhapatnam on 20th to make arrangements for the September workshop.
During the period in Kakinada the villages of Balusutipa, Bhairavapalem, Masanitipa and Teerthalamundi were visited with DoF, AFPRO and ACTION. The VHF shore station sites, project office and Fisheries Training Institute were inspected. The details of the Workshop, Training Courses and Project Workplan (Annex 1) were developed. Meetings were also held with a number of NGO's involved to varying extent with disaster preparedness, management and relief.
Back in Hyderabad the team leader subsequently had meetings with the National Project Director (NPD), and with NGOs on 20 and 21 March to develop the Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course through an NGO Committee. Amongst these, AFPRO, CARE and OXFAM expressed a positive interest in participating in the committee and Mr. C. M. Muralidharan of AFPRO is presently the acting coordinator.
2.1 The findings of Jeremy Turner in his Report of 11- 18 May 1997 and of the AFPRO base line survey report were generally reinforced by the short visits made to the affected areas.
2.2 A considerable pace of rebuilding/replacement of housing often with own funds was very much evident in Balusutipa and Bhairavapalem. These houses were invariably on a raised (infilled) plinth and were of RCC frame construction with RCC roof terrace. This is obviously seen by inhabitants as their chief insurance against loss of life and property in future.
2.3 Outboard motors were not at all in evidence in the project area. Motorised navas use principally 10HP inboard and occasionally 20 HP inboard diesel engines.
2.4 The foundations for the radio towers at Balusutipa and Kakinada (adjacent to the project office) were under preparation. Similarly the radio room at Balusutipa was at the foundation stage. The FAO national expert (Radio Communications) assured that all this work would be completed by 25 May.
2.5 The project office, in the Fisheries Terminal Office Building opposite Kakinada Fishing Harbour, has been renovated to a good standard and a fax/phone installed. The number is 0884 72658 though operation seems to be intermittent and requires attention. The address is Training in Sea Safety Development Programmes, Fisheries Terminal Office Building, Opposite Fisheries Harbour, Kakinada, 533007, Andhra Pradesh.
2.6 The DoF's Fisheries Training Institute, funded by the World Bank, is nearing completion and will provide a suitable venue for most training courses.
2.7 The village of Masanitipa and adjacent shrimp seed collection area are visited. Accounts from these survivors who had lost relatives there, and who were again engaged in shrimp seed collection during our visit, told of the warning signs they experienced. "From 4 to 8 pm the wind came from the west very strong and in fact caused problems for operators who had picked up collectors in that they couldn't get back to the villages. After 8 pm the wind stopped for five minutes then came very strong from the East with rain. The sea water rose to 7 - 10 feet (2-3m) in half an hour or so, but also during the time of water receding, currents were very strong - this was when most lives were lost by being swept out to sea".
2.8 In general all the circular cyclone shelters visited were in an appalling state of disrepair. Built mostly in the early eighties using reinforced concrete they are severely damaged by corrosion as a result of poor quality control in construction and total lack of maintenance. Large, dangerous sagging blisters of concrete from ceilings, missing balustrades on the external stairway and stairways of very suspect integrity. In one village a woman recounted how people had been injured by part of one of these balustrades falling. It is not surprising that people were afraid to use these so-called shelters during the cyclone. The newer pattern shelters were structurally in better condition but also suffering from neglected maintenance and lack of creative use and a sense of community ownership.
2.9 The Collector and District Magistrate, JSV Prasad IAS was welcoming and positive towards the project and accepted the invitation to present a paper at the September Workshop and also to inaugurate the Storm Safety Extension Officers Training Course at the Department of Fisheries in April. He also assured full support of his staff in the installation and operation of one of the project VHF sets in his communications control room at the Collector's Residence for communication of cyclone warnings direct to the shore station at Kakinada Fishing Harbour
2.10 The Department of Fisheries supported the visit very positively and welcomed the contribution and cooperation of NGOs proposed by the FAO Team.
2.11 The NGOs CARE, AFPRO, OXFAM, and ACTION all expressed a positive interest in the project and in forming an NGO committee to develop the Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course and subsequent extension work in close collaboration with DOF.
2.12 The AFPRO report is a most useful and valuable document and is not only of benefit to the project but will also be appreciated by NGOs in the area. It is worthwhile to reiterate some of its findings here:
The cyclone warning system was set in operation on November 5 itself, but due to various limitations the messages reached very late or were not taken seriously. The message did not reach the fisherfolk villages or the fisherfolk at their fishing grounds at all. Hence the large death toll.
The report states unequivocally and from various sources that the fishing communities did not receive a warning in advance of the cyclone.
At least 300 families used to camp on the sandbank (near Bhairavapalem) for six months in temporary huts completely engaged in shrimp seed collection, but after the large loss of life in November 1996, seed collection is now only a daily or short term affair (partly also due to closure of shrimp farms and low prices).
In Bhairavapalem 60% of lives were lost amongst shrimp seed collectors, 29% at sea. 6% river fishing and only 5% in the village. For Balusutipa the corresponding figures are 88% for shrimp seed collectors, 6% at sea, 6% in the river and one person in the village (0.27%). The obvious observation is that the safest place to take refuge is the village, and specifically in concrete houses (and serviceable cyclone shelters).
2.13. The following were contacted in Kakinada:
Programme Coordinator OXFAM - This local office is engaged in rehabilitation projects wherein there is a component of disaster preparedness education. This work is funded by HIVOS and DRA (Disaster Research Agency, London). She is keen to actively participate in the training course and field work.
Field Officer of CASA, Machilipatinam. CASA is the Church's Auxiliary for Social Action. They have done work in that area on mobilising community disaster preparedness activity in coastal villages with good response. They are a potential resource for the project training course.
Executive Secretary of ACTION based in Rajamundry. He has several years experience in practical disaster preparedness training after training at AIT Bangkok.
2.14. A personal observation of the consultant is that whilst there is much in the CCPA that is commendable, the long intervals between live (or even simulated) testing of the system results in a poor response, especially down the line. For most people in the chain (including the fisherfolk themselves) it may be the first time they are ever taking the prescribed actions. The chain is also clearly too long. Not only that but the fear arising out of such a terrifying experience (remember it was dark, wild, noisy and the water was rising fast. No one had any idea if it was going to stop rising) would be enough to make anyone forget anything other than the basic instincts for survival. A much more direct warning, and education to believe and heed that warning, is required to save time and lives.
The CCPA has a provision for alerting the military right from the first stage of a cyclone warning. No doubt the military meteorologists are keeping a close watch on the situation anyway. The CCPA calls for military aircraft to be ready for assessment of damage by VIPs immediately after the occurrence of a cyclone. It seems a tragedy that these aircraft have been on standby throughout the prelude to the disaster when they could be used with good effect to minimise it. What could be more direct and targetable than flares, smoke and sound signals dropped directly over the threatened villages and fishing fleets? And all this by services that are trained to respond around the clock.
Jeremy Turner had suggested the use of aircraft in his visit of May 1997 and has since found that the Vietnamese use military aircraft to give cyclone warnings to fisherfolk.
On 12 March, a project review meeting was held, chaired by the Principal Secretary to Government, Agriculture and Fisheries Department, Hyderabad and with participation of all project staff besides OXFAM & AFPRO.
The main conclusions of the review follow:
In response to the FAO request that the NPD should be nominated by name rather than post, Mr. C Krishnamurthy was appointed as National Project Director (NPD).
The construction of the radio towers is proceeding on schedule and completion is expected by mid April.
The provision of additional towers will be considered as the project progresses.
Though permission for five VHF channels had been requested, only two VHF channels had been granted. Justification for additional channels will be provided by the FAO national consultant (radio communications) and forwarded by NPD to Fisheries Development Commissioner. At least four channels are required as a basic minimum, and the originally requested five channels will greatly facilitate effective communications.
It was agreed that the target group include the crews of mechanised fishing vessels as well as village fisherfolk.
It was agreed that the type of engine appropriate for distribution amongst the project villages (with regard to communicating cyclone warnings to remote settlements) should be decided during the forthcoming field visit to those villages
The findings of the AFPRO report were discussed and generally endorsed with the exception of those recommendations pertaining to the operation of mechanized fishing vessels.
It was confirmed that the DoF/FAO workshop would be held in Kakinada 15 - 18 September, 1998.
The FAO national consultant (coastal fisheries) will visit Vishakhapatnam to investigate workshop arrangements.
Following extensive discussions with DoF officials, it was agreed that training courses/participatory dialogue will be held covering the five distinct subjects of
(i) disaster preparedness
(ii) volunteer safety groups
(iii) VHF radio skills (shore based operators)
(iv) VHF radio skills (vessel operators)
(v) mechanised fishing vessel design, construction and maintenance.
Detailed course contents and modus operandi will be developed over the coming month. To take full advantage of the existing links between the fisherfolk communities and NGOs, courses (i) and (ii) will be developed in close cooperation with NGOs who through their chosen coordinator will provide detailed and costed proposals for their participation.
It is foreseen that these two courses will be undertaken in two stages: training to extensionists (DoF and grass roots NGOs) by FAO and NGOs, followed by participatory dialogue between extensionists and fisherfolk on disaster preparedness."
1. Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course for 20 extension officers to teach disaster preparedness in up to 50 villages in the project area and build up Storm Safety Action Groups in each village.
2. VHF training for mechanised boat crews
3. VHF training for shore station operators and District Collector's communications staff
4. VHF training for Storm Safety Action Group operators
Storm Safety Extension Officer (SSEO) Training Course
VHF Training Courses
The former category encompasses the many activities which are essential to reduce vulnerability to cyclones. In no way can these be taught in a top down approach or over a short time scale. Thus the aim is to train a team of extension officers with a range of skills and knowledge and with a participative interactive approach to long-term contact with vulnerable communities (actually almost nine months in the course of this pilot project) to develop locally sensitive and effective storm safety action groups.
The latter will essentially deal with effective technical use and maintenance of a VHF set and will address its performance and limitations and protocols in communication, as well as its use in receiving and sending crucial warnings and information regarding cyclones.
The development of the details of this course and coordination of the key resource people are to be undertaken by the NGO Committee described below and presently being formed. The proposed outline is attached as Annex 2. The objective is to develop a competent team of Extension Officers (composed of DoF/NGO) to teach a wide range of locally appropriate disaster preparedness skills. This training course acts as a foundation for the extension team to work from. Their work will be participative and responsive to the needs of the communities and their situations. The array of skills and alternatives they are able to use to stimulate action within the communities will be expanded by the interaction and adaptation that will form a key theme of the process.
After the training course the NPD, the team leader and national consultant (coastal fisheries) together with the NGO coordinator, will visit villages with the Extension Officers to observe, advise and demonstrate as required. The extension officers' work will be monitored by the RDD Fisheries and the NGO coordinator together through a monthly feedback meeting and reported on a quarterly basis by the national consultant. By this method shortcomings in skills, training and methodology can be identified and corrected.
In cooperation with DoF, NGOs with a presence in the project area have been invited to form a committee to develop the Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course. This committee will be formed from among CARE, AFPRO, OXFAM, CASA, ACTION and others. This is seen as having a variety of benefits within and beyond the duration of the project. There is a variety of skills and experience amongst the NGOs in Andhra Pradesh which can be best brought out by the NGOs having their own committee to coordinate and recruit the key individuals for the Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course. The development of this course will be of benefit in the future to both the Department of Fisheries and all the participating NGOs. It will strengthen their position to respond to the need for disaster preparedness training throughout this and neighboring states. It should also improve and strengthen linkages between the NGOs and Government bodies, in particular the Department of Fisheries.
The detailed proposal is to arrive by mid-April 1998 for approval. On finalisation the NGO committee are to provide a costing which on approval by the project management will be forwarded to FAOR Delhi for advancement of funds to the designated NGO account. The Course is scheduled to commence on 29 April.
Since there are many families who spend much of their time in migratory fishing around the estuary and on the sand banks (e.g. 28% of Balusutippa families), the extension officers will have to ensure their programme meets the needs of these groups who may not be at the village at the time of programmed visits.
The VHF Training Courses will be detailed by the national consultant (radio communications) and will comprise the following: (Indicative costing is given in annex 4)
3.8.1 Storm Safety Extension Officers VHF Appreciation Course
A module within the Storm Safety Extension Officer Training Course (Two Half Days). This will be to appraise these officers of the capabilities and limitations of VHF communications; train them in basic operation and maintenance and make them aware of the project's intended use of this equipment.
3.8.2 Mechanized Boat Crew VHF Operators Course
A series of short courses, initially 4, for mechanized boat crews. These courses will be of two days duration and train groups of 20 trainee VHF operators. The trainees will comprise two members of crew from each boat purchasing a subsidized VHF set. A per diem of Rs. 250 will be paid to each trainee in lieu of lost earnings whilst attending the course and lunch will be provided on both days. The trainees will be responsible for finding their own accommodation over night.
3.8.3 Shore Station Operators Course
This will be a three day course for the full time operators of the two shore stations (Kakinada and Balusutipa). Ten DoF Fieldmen cadre personnel will be trained. An extra half day at the end of the course will be devoted to the District Collector's radio communication operators who will also be receiving one project VHF set.
3.8.4 Storm Safety Action Group VHF Operators Course
After establishment of SSAGs it is anticipated that specific villages should be allocated VHF sets (at least during the cyclone season). Nominees from the SSAGs will receive operator training later in the project. Two nominees from ten key locations for a three day course. Per diem and lunch provided as for Mechanized Boat Operators course.
The mechanized boat VHF operators will be visited within one month of their training and thereafter each month of the remainder of the project, by DoF FDO's. Initially the FDO's will be accompanied by the national consultant (radio communications). These visits will be to check the skills and encourage good practise of VHF operators through some simple practical tests and questions with corrective training being given as required.
50 VHF marine sets and 2 VHF shore sets are currently being purchased. Of the 50 marine sets, the majority will be distributed to mechanised fishing vessel owners. Following an assessment of the demand for the radios, they may be distributed on a subsidy basis. It was agreed that if demand is high, the subsidy could be set at 50%, enabling double the number of sets to be procured. The national consultant/team leader will draft a letter to the mechanised boat owner association, to be sent out by the DoF, inviting expressions of interest in this scheme. Proceeds from the scheme will be collected by DoF for the purchase of additional radios. A decision on the purchase of the remaining 100 VHF sets will be taken following the initial reaction from boat owners.
Mechanised Boats crewed by fishermen of Balusutipa (NB. Actually there are no mechanised boats from Balusutipa but there are many crews from there, i.e. 346 as per AFPRO Report table 4.5, working on mechanized boats out of Kakinada. This intervention is aimed at, amongst others, these crews)
Mechanised Boats of Balusutipa 20 Sets
Mechanised Boats of Bhairavapalem 25 Sets
District Collector's Communications Office 1 Set
Bhairavapalem, Masanitipa, two other locations 4 Sets
Total number of VHF Mobile Sets 50 Sets
There are still some questions concerning the use of VHF sets in the villages by Storm Safety Action Groups. (the two dedicated shore stations are to be operated by DoF staff). This is because apart from the two shore station sets all the other sets are licensed to be on boats. The national consultant (radio communications) is to clarify this situation and explore what options are open for deployment of sets in this way. One suggestion was for these sets to be held by the DoF and installed in key villages only during the cyclone season. Another issue is the potential difficulty of ensuring power supply for such sets. The key to it must be a simple system and permanent installation in a key building or the cyclone shelter in the village, and operation by trained volunteers from the SSAGs is perhaps the most workable and sustainable.
It is hoped that the letter from DoF to the Boat Owners Association regarding VHF Radios at 50% subsidy and free training course will elicit a good response. If so the appropriate training courses will take place from mid-May. However if response is poor, demonstration of the capabilities and uses of the VHF set will be done by trail installation and operation on a boat at Kakinada and Bhairavapalem. Communication and sample messages will be transmitted and received between these vessels and the shore stations at Kakinada and Balusutipa. In this case the training courses for mechanized boat operators would take place in June/July.
As the Shore Stations VHF sets are licensed to the Department of Fisheries they are to be operated by trained DoF staff. However in the longer term it may be more appropriate and sustainable to have all the village based sets operated by the SSAGs.
These base stations are being established at Kakinada at the Fisheries Terminal Organisation (FTO) building by the Kakinada fishing harbour and at Balusutipa on the edge of the village in a raised RCC frame shack extending from the water tank bund.. Construction work for both aerial tower foundations and for the radio shack at Balusutipa are under way and are expected to be complete by mid-May. The base station VHF sets will then be installed and commissioned by Phillips with approvals by the national consultant (radio communications).
To be developed by the International Consultant Naval Architect. Among his requirements will be :
An able and well equipped mechanised boat building yard with engineering facilities close to Kakinada.
Cooperation from the Boat Owners Association, through DoF, in ensuring participation and attendance at the training workshop and demonstrations of improved sea safety.
It is recommended that the NPD ensures that there are senior representatives from the Coast Guard, MMD, Department of Fisheries and other appropriate authorities available to attend the workshop and demonstrations by the International Consultant Naval Architect and interact with him on safety matters.
The Carley Floats (buoyant apparatus or rigid liferaft) purchased from the safety equipment budget for use on mechanised boats should be installed and tested under the supervision and guidance of the Naval Architect.
Diesel Engines for the Navas. The DoF Kakinada should designate a suitable yard in or very close to Kakinada for installation of the Kirloskar diesel engines in Navas. The International Consultant Naval Architect can give detailed instruction on installation practices there during his visit.
The FAO Naval Architect Consultant will undertake his visit to the project during the month of June.
100 lifejackets are currently being purchased. The remainder will be purchased following the advice of the NPD/project leader later in the project.
100 Lifebouys are currently being purchased. It was agreed that the remainder will not be purchased. In their place, Carley floats (rigid liferafts, buoyancy apparatus) for the crews of mechanised fishing vessels will be purchased, the number being dependent on the savings anticipated in item 4, Annex 3 of the project document. The national consultant (radio communications) will obtain quotations and proforma invoices and forward to FAOR Delhi.
The allocation of Carley Floats and other equipment which may be supplied to mechanised boats is to be on 50% subsidy basis as agreed in consultation with DoF and representatives of mechanised fishing vessel operators during Jeremy Turner's visit of 11-22 May 1997. The funds so collected by DoF/Project are to be used to provide more of the same equipment.
This safety equipment is envisaged as being donated to volunteers through the SSAGs as is seen most appropriate. The obvious beneficiaries would be the volunteers who take their boats to the sand banks to retrieve the shrimp seed collectors at the time of a cyclone warning. These and others will be identified through active SSAGs during the course of the project.
Following receipt of proforma invoice for the supply of 12 Kirloskar DM20/20HP/1500 rpm inboard diesel engines together with sterngear, 12 units should be purchased. The national consultant (radio communications) will obtain quotations and proforma invoices and forward to FAOR Delhi.
3.16 Selection and Allocation of Engines
The rationale for proposing outboard motors (OBMs) in the project area was not supported by the actual situation in the field. The standard form of motorisation of Navas is by inboard diesel engine 10 -20 HP.
The project proposes to provide 20 HP inboard diesel engines as these are intended for craft that will go to collect shrimp seed collectors. The additional horsepower is favoured since larger Navas would be preferred for capacity and speed and (ideally) seaworthiness. They should not be under-powered as they may have to travel a considerable distance against strong winds, waves and tides.
As such the project will purchase 12 units of Kirloskar 20 HP diesels, and these will be designated for selected beneficiaries who volunteer for Storm Safety Action Groups for Shrimps Seed Collector retrieval from sand banks. The actual purchase and delivery of these engines has been held until September as the preferred method of deciding the actual beneficiaries is by the Storm Safety Action Groups themselves. Until these are formed and somewhat established, the diesel engines would undesirably influence participation in the SSAGs.
The International Consultant Naval Architect was to have supervised the installation of these engines but this will not be possible under the present timetable. It is recommended that he make detailed recommendation s of how this is to be done and leave these with the Project Team for implementation in September when the Team Leader will again be in the project area.
These are to be allocated later in the project as the needs are clarified.
This is to be held at Vishakhapatnam from 15 to 18 September 1998. The proposed programme is given in Annex 3. The National Consultant and Team Leader are responsible for working with the NPD, Commissioner for Relief and DoF to ensure all preparations are in order.
Improvement of cyclone warning dissemination through National and State TV and radio broadcasting networks will be addressed both during the May-June training courses and at the Workshop in September through a clearer understanding of their present shortcomings elicited from the work of the storm safety extension officers and further field visits by FAO project consultants.
Similarly the short comings of the CCPA will be addressed through the Workshop.
This is given in Annex 5
The AFPRO report should be reproduced for wide distribution.
Reports required by the FAO team are listed below and shown on the workplan (Annex 1)
A. Team Leader Mission Report
B. National Consultant (Fish) Report on Training Course
B National Consultant (Radio) Report on VHF Training
C. National Consultants Mid-Term Report
D. Team Leader Review of Mid Term Report
E. Team Leader Workshop Report
F National Consultants Prep.of all documentation and information for Final Reports
G. Team Leader Final Reports
The National Consultants are also required to write a mission report for each period engaged in project work for the team leader to keep him abreast of project progress and developments
3.22.1 The national consultant (radio communications)
As per Terms of Reference and specifically:
1. Write a mission report for each period engaged in project work for the team leader to keep him abreast of project progress and developments;
2. Provide justification for additional VHF channels to NPD for forwarding to the fisheries development commissioner for action;
3. Investigate licensing of the VHF sets. If SSAGs are to use mobile sets in selected villages, the implications of licensing and ownership should be clarified both for the project duration and beyond when licenses come up for renewal. (Who will be responsible and who will pay? What happens when new sets are purchased either for village SSAGs or Mechanized Boats?) The national consultant will investigate all aspects of this issue and write a report with proposals and recommendations on how to proceed;
4. Check dimensions of Carley Floats against available space on Mechanized Boat wheelhouse top prior to obtaining pro forma invoices;
5. Investigate supply of quality fireworks of a variety of forms, colours, and sounds to be tested as warning signals by SSAGs and possibly also from lighthouses;
6. Investigate supply of 100% water tight containers for storage of fireworks by village SSAGs.
3.22.2 The national consultant (coastal fisheries)
As per Terms of Reference and specifically:
1. Write a mission report for each period engaged in project work for the team leader to keep him abreast of project progress and developments. This will include the initial and three quarterly reports on Storm Safety Extension Officer fieldwork;
2. Follow up all arrangements for the Workshop in September with NPD and Commissioner of Relief. This will include finalising brochures, list and invitation of participants and special guests and VIPs, ensure key persons will be available, venue has all facilities required for the number of participants, including facilities for 4 working groups to operate, power, secretarial support, photocopying, printing, fax and telephone etc;
3. Note the inclusion of the following in the list of invitees:
Sebastian Matthew. Executive Secretary, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, 27 College Road, Madras 600 006;
Satish Babu, Chief Executive. South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies, Karamana, Trivandrum, Kerala. (This is a strong NGO with extensive links with the fishing communities throughout south India. They have had notable success with the introduction of appropriate technology and training. They will shortly be opening an office in Kakinada.)
Other suggestions include: PREPARE in Madras, The National Fishworkers Forum representative in East Godaveri
4. Contact leading animation and video producers to identify suitable companies to undertake the production of the video outlined in this report. Liaise with Team Leader.
5. Produce course material for the modules of his competence in the Storm Safety Extension Officers Training Course.
6. Meet Director General of Light Houses and Light Ships in Delhi to explore the possibility of using light houses and their crews as a possible link in cyclone warning dissemination. Could the lighthouse crews hold a project VHF set and activate pyrotechnical devices or other signals to alert inshore fishing craft (principally Navas) and shrimp seed collectors on the sand banks on receipt of a VHF message?
7. Liaise with NPD as required to ensure timely commencement and completion of all project activities as per the workplan.
3.22.3 Team Leader
1. Liaise with National Consultants as required re courses, equipment, shore station completion and commissioning and workshop preparations.
2. Liaise with NGO Committee Coordinator to approve SSEO course details and costs.
3. Prepare materials for SSEO course modules.
4. The Team Leader will plan to visit the project again from 24 April for approximately six weeks to supervise final preparations and conduct of the SSEO Course and subsequent field trials of the trained extension officers. Participate in early fieldwork with extension officers and actively participate in and guide work with Storm Safety Committees in the use of flares/fireworks/pyrotechnics etc. to extend warning signal to nava fishermen to retrieve seed collectors He will also see that the preparations for the International Consultant Naval Architect are in place. He will inspect and appraise VHF installations and courses. He will also meet key members of the SLHPSC, Military, AIR, IMD and Doordashan.
5. Oversee arrangements for workshop, also participation, presentation and
workshop report preparation.
3.22.4 NPD
1. Liaise with the NGO Committee to ensure all preparations for the SSEO course in April are completed on time.
2. Keep the State Commissioner of Relief and the Collector and District Magistrate closely informed of project activities through regular meetings with project staff and concerned officers at State and District level. Coordinate actions and disseminate information regarding project activities.
3. Liaise with the GOI State Commissioner of Relief and national consultant (coastal fisheries ) to ensure effective and timely conduct of the workshop in Vishakhapatnam 15 -18 September.
4. Ensure in conjunction with the national consultant (coastal fisheries) that the reporting required of the DoF is fulfilled.
3. The NPD agreed in Hyderabad to provide the following staff at DoF Kakinada:
- 2 FDO's To provide direct assistance and support to the FAO Team commencing with supervision of the VHF shore station construction, erection and commissioning works. Also to ensure mechanised boat VHF trainee operators come for the training. Support installation of marine sets and coordination and organisation of Mechanized Boats/Owners to facilitate this. Support all VHF courses and Storm Safety Extensionist Courses.
- 2 AD's Part-time To coordinate and supervise the work of the trained extensionists.
- 10 Fieldmen For receiving training in shore station operation (3 on duty at Kakinada, 3 at Balasutipa and 4 to return to their normal duties but to be available as reserves.
- 10 FDO/AIF Full time for 8 months for training as extension officers and subsequent field work. They must be fully available and committed to the idea of spending their working time in the villages for the purpose of developing storm safety committees and action groups for the duration of the project. Ideally 50 % should be women. For these 10 the FAO project will cover their TA/DA for the period of field work.
| Project Workplan | ||||||||||||||
| Feb | March | April | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | ||
| Completion and Commissioning of Shore Stations | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XX | ||||||||||
| Procurement Radios L.Jkts/Buoys | XXXX | |||||||||||||
| Procure Diesel Engines | XXX | |||||||||||||
| Procure Carley Floats | XX | X | ||||||||||||
| Calvert | XX | X | XXXX | X | XXX | XX | ||||||||
| Radha Krishna | XX | X | XXX | XX | X | XX | XXX | X | X | XX | ||||
| Raghu Ram | XX | XX X | XXX | XXX | XXX | X | XX | |||||||
| Guldbrandsen | XXXX | |||||||||||||
| Project Area Survey with NGOs | X | |||||||||||||
| Video Cyclones+Disaster Prep. | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Formulation Storm Safety Extensionist Course, NGOs | X | XXXX | ||||||||||||
| Training Extensionists + Trials | X | XXXX | X | |||||||||||
| Extension Work Training SSAGs | XXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | XXXX | |||||
| Select Mech. Boats for VHF+Inst | XXX | XX | XXX | |||||||||||
| Train VHF Shore Station Ops | ||||||||||||||
| Train Mech. Boat VHF Ops | XX | X | ||||||||||||
| Select Benefic. Engines + LJkts | XX | |||||||||||||
| Install Engines | XXXX | |||||||||||||
| Overseas Visit Selection | X | |||||||||||||
| Reporting | ........A | B | CDE | FG | ||||||||||
Storm Safety Extension Officers Training Course
To: NGO Committee formed at request of FAO to develop and run a Training Course for NGO and DoF Disaster Preparedness Extension Officers within TCP/IND/6712
From: Paul Calvert, FAO Team Leader.
Pulari, TC42/937(11), Asan Nagar, Vallakadavu, Trivandrum, 695008.
Tel 0471 502622 Fax 450541 email paulc@md2.vsnl.net.in
Date: 20 March 1998
Subject: Training Course for NGO and DoF Disaster Preparedness Extension Officers and Video.
Further to Jeremy Turner's (FAO) visit to AFPRO earlier this week I would like to confirm that we invite you to form a committee to propose, develop and ultimately deliver a training course for disaster preparedness extension officers. The guidelines attached are indicative and are to be developed in conjunction with the FAO Team Leader. On agreement of content and methodology the NGO committee should provide a quotation to the FAO Team Leader. Additionally the idea of an Awareness Raising Video is proposed. The NGO committee is invited to develop this also and provide a quotation as above.
Training for DoF/NGO Extension Workers in Developing Storm Safety Committees in the Fishing Communities in and around Balusutipa and Bhairavapalem
To be followed by development of Storm Safety Committees/Action Groups in 50-60 villages in this area by the so trained extension workers.
Venue: DoF Fisheries Training Institute (FTI) Kakinada
Date: 29 April 1998 for approx. 3 weeks
An indicative outline is provided below:
| Content of Module | Resource Person | Duration (hours) |
| 1. Introduction and background to TCP/IND/6712 | FAO | 0.3 |
| 2. Presentation of AFPRO report and its findings. | AFPRO | 2 |
| 3. Cyclones; their nature, behavior, effects, tracking, prediction of surge height, wind strength, rain and the effect of tides etc. | IMD | 4 |
| 4. The Cyclone Contingency Plan of Action (CCPA). How it works and its strengths and weaknesses | FAO/RK | 4 |
| 5. AIR and Doordashan cyclone warnings and information bulletins. Strengths and weaknesses and interpretation for local use. | NGO | 2 |
| 6. Indigenous knowledge about cyclones and storm indicators. | NGO | 2 |
| 7. Communication skills and participative training methods. | NGO | 4 |
| 8. Radio Communications; use, capabilities limitations and maintenance including power supplies and weather effects | FAO/RR | 4+4 |
| 9. Alerting of shrimp seed collectors, small fishing craft etc. e.g. by flares, fireworks, lights, smoke, sound, etc. focus on what is affordable and reliable. | FAO/PC | 4 |
| 10. Rescue of shrimp seed collectors and others from outlying areas | FAO/PC | 4 |
| 11. Disaster Preparedness in the community. The formation of Storm Safety Committees, Disaster Task Force teams; maintenance of cyclone shelters, preparation with food grains, drinking water, cooking fuel, assistance to aged/infirm/pregnant women and unattended children, first aid, etc. | NGOs | 24 |
| 12. Cyclone Shelters; design and construction, the good and the bad and the ugly. Multiple uses and a sense of pride and ownership. | DRDA NGO FAO/PC | 6 |
| 13. Particular issues affecting women. | NGO | 8 |
| 14. Organisation of Annual Remembrance Day incorporating commemoration of those lost in earlier cyclones (Nov 96) and preparedness exercises where skills are practiced and demonstrated. (e.g. trial evacuation of a shrimp seed collection site). Possibly Best Maintained and Prepared cyclone shelter awards and prizes. | FAO/PC | 3 |
| 15. Safety equipment use and care. e.g. life jackets and life buoys, radios and telephones, TV's and their aerials, etc. | FAO/RK/RR | 8 |
| 16. Craft Safety and Stability, essential equipment e.g. bailers, ropes, paddles, life jackets and improvised buoyancy aids, tarpaulins to keep out heavy spray, additional buoyancy, etc. | FAO/PC | 4 |
| 17. Insurance of life and property. | NGO/ | 2 |
| 18. Land Use Patterns and Environmental Degradation as factors in increased vulnerability. | NGO | 3 |
| 19. Government's responsibilities and Government Schemes for development, aid, assistance, loans, insurance etc. and how to access them. | DRDA/ DoF/ NGO | 2 |
Together with field visits the total duration of the course would probably be about three weeks.
Resource persons would include: FAO Team National Consultants (Dr. Radha Krishna and Raghu Ram), FAO Team Leader Paul Calvert, National Institute of Oceanography (?), Indian Meteorological Department, etc. Where NGO is tabled the Committee should find the best resource person from NGO , public or private sector etc. as appropriate.
DoF to nominate 10 staff (of which ideally half would be women) who will be able to fully participate in the course and subsequent fieldwork.
Similarly NGOs to nominate or recruit 10 participants (at least half of which are to be women) who will be able to fully participate in the course and subsequent fieldwork. (Up to Feb. 1999)
Methodology for extension work in the villages themselves is to be further developed by the NGO committee. However it must be borne in mind that regular interaction over a longer period say 6 months is far more valuable than a few intensive short courses. Weekly visits over six months may be the preferred scheduling. Since the communities are busy throughout most days in their primary activities the fieldwork has to be adjusted to fit with their preferred timings(e.g. early mornings, evenings )
The extension teams would identify a key community organiser in each village to continue the work during the week. The community organiser and the extension team would develop a Storm Safety Committee/Action Group in each village. Actual practise of, and participation in, the skills and actions developed would form a key component of the village training interactions.
Possibly the 10 DoF and 10 NGO extensionists could be paired thus giving ten extension teams. They could then each be assigned five to six villages for a period of six months. This way 50 to 60 villages would be reached with disaster preparedness training. (In larger villages there may be several groups to work with rather than one).
One day per week the extension teams (and community organisers?) would meet to share and review progress and solve problems. On a monthly basis this would be a review with DoF and NGO coordinator where, additionally, methodology may be refined.
Training and Awareness Raising Video:
Cyclones and Community Disaster Preparedness.
Audience Primarily coastal and estuarine fishing communities of Andhra Pradesh
Secondly other communities and audiences e.g. September Workshop) for which the video may be dubbed in English, Tamil, etc.
Purpose: To raise awareness about:
The causes, nature and behavior of cyclones and the effects they induce and why their track is hard to predict.
What communities themselves can do to be better prepared.
Language: Colloquial Telegu
Duration: 15-20 minutes
Content: Include:
Cyclones / Hurricanes in Action
IMD tracking and reporting
What is a cyclone, how and why they form. Animation
Cyclone growth, approach and crossing coast, erratic unpredictable behavior, storm surge/wind and pressure and sea bed and coastal features. Animation and Archive footage.
Effects (because audiences who have never been in a cyclone often have a rather indifferent attitude towards them compared with those who have survived them) Archive footage Doordashan, BBC, etc.
Disaster Preparedness in the community (examples from NGO work e.g. CASA, ACTION, FAO/DoF etc.
Workshop on Measures to Reduce Loss of Life amongst Fisherfolk during Cyclones 15 - 18 September 1998
Proposed programme:
| Day 1 | ||
| Registration | 0830 - 0930 | |
| Welcome Address | Commissioner. of Fisheries AP | 0930 - 0945/ 1000 |
| Keynote Address | 1000 - 1030 | |
| message from FAOR Representative, Delhi | FAOR Delhi | 1030 - 1040 |
| Chief Guest's Address | 1040 - | |
| Coffee Break | ||
| Cyclones and Cyclone Forecasting at National and State Level | IMD | 1130 - 1200 |
| Storm Surges | NIO | 1200 - 1215 |
| Cyclone Contingency Plans and Procedures at the National And State Levels | Commissioner of Relief | 1215 - 1230 |
| Cyclone Contingency Plans and Procedures at the National And State Levels | District Collector East Godaveri | 1230 - 1245 |
| Discussion | 1245 - 1315 | |
| Lunch | 1315 - 1400 | |
| A Description of the events occurring at sea and on land on 6 and 7 November 1996 in East Godaveri District | National Consult. FAO and Fishermen and women reps | 1400 - 1430 |
| Discussion | 1430 - 1500 | |
| Cyclone Warning and Dissemination Systems in Bangladesh | TCDC Consult. | 1500 - 1515 |
| A description of the events occurring on 17-20 May 1997 in Chittagong area | TCDC Consult. | 1515 - 1530 |
| Cyclones in Vietnam | TCDC Consult. | 1530 - 1550 |
| Cyclones in Philippines | TCDC Consult. | 1550 - 1610 |
| Discussion | 1610 - 1640 | |
| DAY 2 | ||
| Loss of Mechanised Vessels from Kakinada | Fishermen's Assoc. | 0930 - 1000 |
| Search and Rescue | Coast Guard / Military | 1000 - 1015 |
| Discussion | 1015 - 1040 | |
| The Fisherfolk of East Godaveri - Demography and Fishing Operations | FAO Consultant | 1040 - 1100 |
| Analysis of the events occurring on 6 and 7 Nov 1996 in the affected villages | FAO Consultant | 1100 - 1130 |
| Awareness Programmes for Disaster Preparedness | FAO Consultant | 1130 - 1200 |
| Discussion | 1200 - 1220 | |
| Improvements of Mechanised Fishing Vessels and their equipment | FAO | 1220 - 1245 |
| Lunch | ||
| Cyclone Shelters: Design Construction Maintenance and Use | DRDA | 1400 - 1415 |
| Discussion | 1415 --1430 | |
| The Use of Radio Transceivers at sea and on land for Cyclone Warnings | National Consultant FAO | 1430 - 1500 |
| Discussion | 1500 - 1515 | |
| Introduction to Working groups: 1. Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems and Co-ordination from State to Fisherfolk 2. Evacuation and Protection 3. Use of Radio, Safety Equipment and SAR 4. Fisherfolk Storm safety action Groups / Disaster Preparedness |
1530 - 1700 | |
| DAY 3 | ||
| Brief Presentation of Working Group Progress (Max 5 min each group) | 0930 - 1000 | |
| Interaction | 1000 - 1015 | |
| Resumption of Working Groups and drafting of reports | 1015 - 1300 | |
| Lunch | 1300 - 1400 | |
| Presentation of Working Group papers (20 min each) followed by 30 min Discussion and Finalisation, typing and distribution of | 1500 - 1630 | |
| DAY 4 | ||
| Presentation of the Main Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations | FAO | 1000 - 1100 |
| Valedictory and Closing session | 1100 - 1300 | |
| LUNCH | 1300 - 1430 |
Cost of VHF Training Courses:
1. Storm Safety Extension Officers VHF Appreciation Course.
Comes within the Storm safety Extension Officer Training Course
2. Mechanized Boat Crew VHF Operators Course.
Rp250pd x 4 courses x 20 people x 2 days = 40,000
Rp50 per lunch x 160 = 8,000
Total = 48,000
3. Shore Station Operators Course.
These are all DoF staff. Only lunches to be provided
Rs50 x 4 days x 10 people = 2,000
4. Storm Safety Action Group VHF Operators Course
Rs250pd x 1 course x 20 people x 3 days = 15,000
Rs50 per lunch x 60 = 3,000
Total = 18,000
Total VHF Training Costs: Rps = 68,000
(Approximately $2000)
Budget Projections
1. Training: Estimates of Costs: US$
| VHF Training Courses | 2,000 |
| SSEO Training Course including NGO Fees and Supervision | ?6,000 |
| Mech. Boat Sea Safety Course | ?1,000 |
| Contingency | 1,000 |
| TA/DA for 20 Extension Officers for 6 months@100Rs x 20 officers x 6days x 40 weeks = 480,000Rs | 13,000 |
| NGO Extensionist Salaries 10 x 4000Rs? x 9mnths=360,000 | 9,500 |
| Overseas Study Tours upto | 20,000 |
| Towards September Workshop in Vishakapatanam | 6,000 |
| Video with Animation of Cyclone | ?15,000 |
| Total Estimated Spend | 73,500 |
| Total Budget | 70,000 |
| Estimated Overspend | 3,500 |
2. Equipment: Estimate of Costs:
| Kirloskar Diesel Engines for Navas (12@1700) | 20,400 |
| Carley Float Buoyant Apparatus (12 @ 700) | 8,400 |
| Lifejackets (100@75) | 7,500 |
| Lifebouys (100@75) | 7,500 |
| Shore Station Sets (2@7,750) | 15,000 |
| Bhairavapalem Set with Battery etc. | 1,325 |
| More like this = village SSAG sets x5? | 6,625 |
| Mech. Boat VHF Sets ( ?150@ 370) | 55,500 |
| Returned from 50% contribution to VHF Sets from MechBoatOwners | (27,750) |
| Misc. Equipment for Mech. Boat Sea Safety Course | 1,000 |
| Total Estimated Spend | 95,500 |
| Total Budget | 130,000 |
| Estimated Underspend | 34,500 |
Net Estimated Balance from training and equipment budgets = $31,000
Alternative uses of remainder of training and equipment budget: i.e. $31,000
| Village SSAG VHF Sets ( 5 @1325) | 6,625 |
| VHF Sets for mech. boats upto 150 at 50% subsidy = 150@370) | 27,750 |
| Shore Station Sets (2@7,750) with towers. (to extend network.) | 15,500 |
| Carley Floats (should they be at 50% subsidy after first 12 or for all?) (? @700) | ? |
| Training Course for New Extension Officers at project end? | ? |
| Waterproof Firework Packs for SSAGs 50@?30 | 1,500 |
| Cyclone Shelter Micro Maintenance Grants to SSAGs to be matched 50-50???? (for painting for e.g.) | ? |
| Annual Day Celebration Grants for Bhai and Balu | ? |
Itinerary
Trivandrum 11 3.98
Hyderabad 11.3.98 12.3.98
Kakinada 13.3.98
Balusutipa, Masanitipa 14.3.98 14.3.98
Bhairavapalem, Teerthalamundi 17.3.98 17.3.98
Kakinada 19.3.98
Hyderabad 20.3.98 22.3.98
Trivandrum 22.3.98
Schedule
11.3 Travel to Hyderabad. Meet Jeremy Turner
12.3 Meeting at Dept. of Fisheries Hbad. Catch night train to Kakinada
13.3 Visit Project office at Kakinada Port. Inspect foundations for aerial tower. Discussions with JT and Project consultants
14.3 To Balusutipa with Consultants JT, Dept. of Fish, AFPRO
15.3 Project Office, discussions and Project and Workshop Planning with JT and Consultants
16.3 Discussions with DFID, OXFAM, CASA and DoF. Develop Project workplan and training Course.
17.3 To Bhairavapalem and Teerthalamundi with Consultants, DoF and ACTION
18.3 Meeting with District Collector, visit to Fisheries Training Institute and DoF offices, discussions
19.3 Project Office. Detailing training course workplan and workshop. Catch night train to Hyderabad
20.3 Prepare training course outline, meeting with DoF NPD, OXFAM and AFPRO
21.3 Meetings: Centre for Development Communications; CARE and AFPRO
22.3 Travel to Trivandrum
Persons met:
Hyderabad
T Gopalrao Principal Secretary to Govt., Agr and Fisheries Dept., Hyderabad
N Ramarao Jt Secretary (Fisheries) Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
P Dayachari Commissioner, Fisheries, Hyderabad
C Krishnamurthy Jt Director of Fisheries, Hyderabad
B V Raghavulu Regional Deputy Director of Fisheries, Kakinada
Ms C Mohana (Ms.) Oxfam (Programme Coordinator)
C M Muralidharan AFPRO
J M Turner Senior Fishery Industry Officer, FAO, Rome
K Radhakrishna FAO National Consultant (Fisheries)
P Raghu Ram FAO National Consultant (Radio communications)
Roy D'Silva OXFAM Regional Representative
C.S.Reddy Director, CARE Andhra Pradesh
Rajendra Shaw Director, Centre for Development Communication
Kakinada
J.S.V.Prasad Collector and District Magistrate, East Godavari Dist.
Y.S.Prasad Project Director, District Rural Development Agency
B.V.Raghavulu Regional Deputy Director of Fisheries Kakinada
C.Mohana (Ms.) Programme Coordinator, OXFAM
Venkatesh Salagrama Field Liaison and Extension Officer, DFID (ODA)
M.Gurudutt Prasad Exec. Secretary, ACTION, Rajamundry
T.Yesupadam Field Officer, CASA, Machilipatnam
KSN Murthy Asst Dir of Fisheries Kakinada
V.Rama Mohana Rao Fisheries Development Officer (asst to RDD)
Clips from the Web
13) Tropical cyclone myths: 13a) Doesn't the low pressure in the tropical cyclone center cause the storm surge?
No. Many people assume that the partial vacuum at the center of a tropical cyclone allows the ocean so rise up in response, thus causing the destructive storm surges as the cyclone makes landfall. However, this effect would be, for example, with a 900 mb central pressure tropical cyclone, only 1.0 m (3 ft). The total storm surge for a tropical cyclone of this intensity can be from 6 to 10 m (19 to 33 ft), or more. Most (>85%) of the storm surge is caused by winds pushing the ocean surface ahead of the storm on the right side of the track (left side of the track in the Southern Hemisphere).
Since the surface pressure gradient (from the tropical cyclone center to the environmental conditions) determines the wind strength, the central pressure indirectly does indicate the height of the storm surge, but not directly. Note also that individual storm surges are dependent upon the coastal topography, angle of incidence of landfall, speed of tropical cyclone motion as well as the wind strength.
18) How does El Nino-Southern Oscillation affect tropical cyclone activity around the globe?
The effect of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Atlantic tropical cyclones is described in subject 32).
The Australian/Southwest Pacific shows a pronounced shift back and forth of tropical cyclone activity with fewer tropical cyclones between 145 and 165E and more from 165E eastward across the South Pacific during El Nino (warm ENSO) events. There is also a smaller tendency to have the tropical cyclones originate a bit closer to the equator. The opposite would be true in La Nina (cold ENSO) events. See papers by Nicholls (1979), Revell and Goulter (1986), Dong (1988), and Nicholls (1992).
The western portion of the Northeast Pacific basin (140W to the dateline) has been suggested to experience more tropical cyclone genesis during the El Nino year and more tropical cyclones tracking into the sub-region in the year following an El Nino (Schroeder and Yu 1995), but this has not been completely documented yet.
The Northwest Pacific basin, similar to the Australian/Southwest Pacific basin, experiences a change in location of tropical cyclones without a total change in frequency. Pan (1981), Chan (1985), and Lander (1994) detailed that west of 160E there were reduced numbers of tropical cyclone genesis with increased formations from 160E to the dateline during El Nino events. The opposite occurred during La Nina events. Again there is also the tendency for the tropical cyclones to also form closer to the equator during El Nino events than average.
The eastern portion of the Northeast Pacific, the Southwest Indian, the Southeast Indian/Australian, and the North Indian basins have either shown little or a conflicting ENSO relationship and/or have not been looked at yet in sufficient detail.
